asifevenif与whatifasifevenif与whatif
as if , even if 与 what if
?崔长平 河南遂平一高(463100)
一、as if = as though 常用来引导一个让步状语从句或表语从句，常译为“俨然，”“仿佛”，“好像”“犹如”。如:
Crusoe heard a noise as if someone was breathing.
He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales and passed ...
asifevenif与whatif
as if , even if 与 what if
?崔长平 河南遂平一高(463100)
一、as if = as though 常用来引导一个让步状语从句或表语从句，常译为“俨然，”“仿佛”，“好像”“犹如”。如:
Crusoe heard a noise as if someone was breathing.
He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales and passed me like a spirit.
下面几点在使用时应注意:
1.当as if 引导的从句所表示的内容并不是事实或真实性很小时，一般该从句要用虚拟语气。但如果表示的内容真实性较大，就要用陈述语气。
He walked as if he were still sleeping.
An automatic machine works as if it were operated by a man.
It looks as if it is going to be very hot today.
When the space ship leaves the earth at very high speed, the astronauts feel as if they are being crushed against the space ship floor.
再比较下面的两个句子:
He walks as if he is drunk.
他走起路来像喝醉了似的。 (使用陈述语气说明很可能是喝醉了)
He walks as if he were drunk. (使用虚拟语气，表示他根本就没有喝醉)
在as if 或as though引导的从句中，谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式一般用were，在口语中，主语是一、三人称时也可以用was )表示与现在实事或情况相反的虚拟:用“had+过去分词”表示与过去实事或情况相反的虚拟。如:
He looks as if he were (was) ill.
I feel as if I were (was) in a terrible dream.
She spoke as if she had known it.
有时也可不用“had +过去分词”而只用动词的过去式来体现虚拟意义。如:
„ he walked past the pole and the soldiers as if they didn’t exist.
2.在非正式文体中，尤其在美国英语中，常用like 代替as if。如:
It looks like it’s going to rain today .
He sat there smiling like it was his birthday.
3(as if 后有时可直接跟动词不定式(短语)、分词(短语)或介词短语等。这实际上可以看作从句的简略形式。不过，as if 后是虚拟语气，还是陈述语气，从字面上不易看出，要根据上下文加以判断，如:
She stood up, as if to go out of the room.
Father was sitting at the desk, as if thinking about something.
( He )„ talking all the while excitedly, as if to himself.
4. as if 前可用程度副词加以修饰或加强语气。如:
My teacher treated me exactly as if I were a seeing and hearing child.
二、even if = even though 常用来引导一个让步从语从句，表示让步，译为“尽管”，“纵然”，“即使”等。如:
But nothing could have saved him even if he had been tended without delay.
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Even though the enemy had wings, they couldn’t escape from our encirclement.
Even if you fail, you will have gained experience.
even if 和even though 与连词though 引导的让步从句在意义上稍有差别。请比较:
He will not reveal the secret though he knows it.
尽管他知道这个秘密(肯定是知道的)，他也不肯说出来。
if 也可以用来引导让步状语从句，其意义相当于even if ，但容易译成条件句，if 引导的是条件句还是让步从句，只有从句意上去理解。如:
If she has a lot of money, she never buys anything like that.
(X)如果她有很多钱，她也从不买那种东西。
(?)尽管她有很多钱，她也从不买那种东西。
由上句的汉译中可以看出:让步从句与主句在意义上大多是对立的。
三、what if what if 常用来引导表示建议或担心的语句，大多用于疑问句，意义相当于what shall we (will you)do if ?或what will happen if ? 常译为“万一(要是，如果)„„ 会怎么样(该怎么办),句中的动词可用现在时，也可用过去时。如果用过去时，则表示可能性不大。在谈到过去的情况时，要用过去完成时表示不曾发生的事。如:
What if you go instead of me?
Don’t move ! What if we are seen by them?
But what if you had slipped?
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