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1997考研英语阅读真题及详细解析

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1997考研英语阅读真题及详细解析1997考研英语阅读真题及详细解析 Part One It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors ...

1997考研英语阅读真题及详细解析
1997考研英语阅读真题及详细解析 Part One It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history.” The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death — probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says. 1 . From the second paragraph we learn that _____ . A)the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries B)physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia C)changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law D)it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage 2 . When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means _____. A)observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia B)similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries C)observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes D)the effect taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop 3 . When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will _____. A)face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia B)experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient C)have an intense fear of terrible suffering D)undergo a cooling off period of seven days 4 . The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of _____. A)oppositionB)suspicionC)approvalD)indifference 重点词汇:parliamentary(议会的,国会的)?parliament+ary。A parliament is nothing less than a big meeting of more or less idle people. 议会无非是多少有些懒散的人们的一个大聚会。 incurably(不可治地)即in+cur+ably,in-否定前缀,cur词根“治疗”,-ably可„„地;形容词形式为incurable?in+cur+able。a incurably disease 不治之症。 turn back 逆转,往回走。 euthanasia(安乐死)看作eu+than+asia,eu谐音“已有”,than比,asia亚洲,“安乐死在亚洲之外的地方已有了”。 domino(多米诺骨牌)用谐音记。 diagnose (v.诊断)?diag+nose,diag看作dog(元音替换),nose鼻子,“狗鼻子”?闻(联想中医之“望闻问切”)?诊断。 certificate (证书)即certif(y)+ic+ate,certify证明,-ic形容词后缀,-ate作名词后缀 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf “物”,于是“具证明性质的东西”?证书。 objection(反对)即ob+ject+ion,ob-前缀“朝向”,ject词根“投掷”,-ion名词后缀,“向别人扔东西”?反对。同根词:reject?re(=back)+ject?扔回去?拒绝;inject?in+ject?向里扔?注入。 sink in 被了解;cool off 使冷静。 难句解析:? After six months of arguing and final 16hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. 句子的主体结构是Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority...,其中,句首是表示时间的介词词组作状语:after six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,后面的动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die非常于定语从句which allows doctors to...,修饰legal authority,who引导定语从句who wish to die修饰前面的patients。 理解句子的关键在于剔除庞杂的修饰成分,抓住句子的主干。 ? Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. 第一句话中,有用逗号松散地连接的两个表示对比的句子:Some have breathed... others... bitterly attacked...,其中others之后是介词词组: including churches,right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association对others开展进一步的解释。its passage中的its指代前面提到的the bill。第二句使用了被动语态,与第一句是转折关系。 tide本意是“潮水,潮汐”的意思,这里的引申含义是“趋势,趋向”; turn the tide使形式转变,改变局面。bill这里是“法案”的意思。另 外要理解some和others的对比关系。 ? In Australia — where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing commUnity attitudes have all played their Part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. 这个句子的主体结构是... other states are going to consider...。句首的In Australia是介词词组表示地点状语,后面where引导定语从句where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing commUnity attitudes have all played their Part,进一步解释Australia的具体情况。 注意破折号中说各种因素都发挥了作用,是指对其它州考虑制定关于 安乐死的法律这件事而言的。另外注意consider的用法,consider后面一般接v.-ing的形式或that引导的宾语从句。 ? After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. 两个句子都是简单句。第一句中前面是介词词组作时间状语:After a "cooling off" period of seven days。第二句使用了被动语态。 "cooling off"这里是指“给病人充足的考虑时间以做出冷静的决定”。 meet这里是“满足”的意思,可以和demand,need,requirement等和wish类似的词连用。 试题解析:1. 【正确答案】 [D] 意为:理解该法获批准的意思尚需 要时间。第二段第一句是该段的主题句,该句意为:其(即这一立法 的)整体含义(import)可能需要一段时间才为人彻底理解(sink in)。其实,该段的第二句是对第一句更具体的阐释,该句可译为:北部地 方州(此处NT是Northern Territory的缩略形式,指澳大利亚中北部 地区)晚期病人权利法的批准使医生和普通人都在思索其道义与实践 地方的含义。本段下文提到了支持和反对该法的两种观点。 A意为:在(除澳大利亚以外的)其他国家,对安乐死的反对意见缓 慢而至。这一点该段没有提到。现实上,听到该法批准后,远在美国 和加拿大的人也很快作出了反应。B意为:在安乐死这一问题上,医 生和普通人观点相同。正像该段第三句所指出的,对于该法的批准, 意见分歧很大。有些人松了口气,而有些人——包括教堂、保卫生命 权益组织与澳大利亚医学会——对该法开展激烈的抨击,认为它的批 准过于仓促。C意为:技术(条件)的变化应对该法的仓促批准负主 要责任。该段第五句意为:在澳大利亚,其他州也将考虑通过制定同 样的一项法律来解决安乐死问题,而促成这一形势的是澳大利亚老化 的人口、生命延续技术、正在变化的社会态度等因素。可见,这与C所表达的内容不一样。 2. 【正确答案】 [B] 意为:美国、加拿大及其他国家也可能批准类 似法律。第二段最后一句指出,在美国和加拿大“死之权利”运动正 在集结力量,观望者正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倾倒。多米诺骨牌是一 种西洋骨牌游戏;游戏中将不少长方形的骨牌竖立排列成行,碰倒第 一张时,其余骨牌将依次纷纷倒下。用于比喻时,这种游戏指一系列 的连锁反应,即:牵一发而动全身。这里喻指:澳大利亚的形势会波 及北美等国家,引起类似的做法。 A意为:观察者对安乐死的未来持观望态度。根据对B的分析,观察者等待的是是否美、加等国会在对安乐死的态度地方步澳之后尘,通 过类似立法,而并非是指他们对安乐死态度暖昧、莫衷一是。C意为:观察者正等待看多米诺游戏的结果。这种解释未免太拘泥于字面的意 思。D意为:所批准的法案的影响也许会最终停止。与原文不符。 3. 【正确答案】[A] 意为:死时表现出安乐死的平静特征。这现实上 是说他将采用安乐死的方法离开人世。第三段提到,住在达尔文市(位 于北部地方州)的尼克森患肺癌,对他来说,允许安乐死的法案的批 准意味着他可以心情平静地生活,而无需惧怕将要遭受的死亡的折 磨:由死时所产生的呼吸困难所带来的痛苦折磨。他说:从思想认识 上讲,我并不怕死,但是,我怕的是如何死去,因为我曾亲眼目睹过 医院的病人死时由缺氧而挣扎并抓挠氧气罩的情景。从以上的分析可 以看出,尼克森先生知道自己已患绝症并依法为自己选择安乐死的方 法告别人世。 B意为:经历肺癌病人所要遭受的痛苦。不对,相反,尼克森将会平 静死去。C意为:对痛苦的折磨极度恐惧。D意为:将经历7天的平静阶段。第三段指出,根据北部地区新通过的法律,规定安乐死的病 人必须具备以下条件:1)该病人必须由两名医生诊断为晚期病人;2) 平静考虑7天后,病人签署一个申请证书;3)48小时后再给病人实施安乐死。可见,这里所说的“平静”7天是让病人(及其家庭)平 静、认真地考虑一下是否选择采用安乐死这一形式。 4. 【正确答案】 [C] 意为;赞同。这是一篇新闻体文章,在新闻体 文章中,写作者往往通过引用相关者的观点来完毕讨论,并将自己的 态度通过引用间接地表述出来。本文以尼克森的话完毕了对安乐死的 讨论,而尼克森是安乐死的支持者。另外,文章的大部分文字陈述了 对安乐死法案的褒扬态度,而反对态度却一带而过。从这两地方来看, 作者对安乐死持赞同态度。 A意为:反对。B意为:怀疑。D意为:不关心。 全文翻译: 凌晨3:45开展了最终表决。经过6个月争论和最后16 个小时的国会激烈辩论,澳大利亚北部地区(澳北州)成为世界上第 一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来完毕其生命的合法当局。这一 法案是以令人信服的15票对10票通过。基本上同时,该消息就出现 在互联网上。身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利执行主席约翰?霍夫 塞斯在收到该消息后便通过协会的在线服务“死亡之网”发了公告。 他说:“我们整天都在发布公告,因为这件事的意思不在于它是在澳 大利亚发生的事情,而是因为这是世界历史的一件大事。” 要充分理解这一法案的深刻意思可能需要一段时间。澳北州晚期 病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都同样地力图从道义 和现实意思两地方来对待这一问题。一些人如释重负,另一些人,包 括教会,生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会成员都对这一决议及其仓 促的通过开展了猛烈的抨击。但这一潮流已无法逆转。在澳大利亚, 人口老龄化,延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用。 其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。在美国和加拿 大,死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量。观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌产生 的效应。 根据澳北州所通过的这项新法案,成年病人可以规定安乐死—— 可能是通过注射致死药剂或服用致死药片——来完毕痛苦。但此前病 人必须由两名医生诊断其确实已病入膏肓,然后再经过7天的冷静思 考期,方可签署一份申请证明。48小时后,才可以满足其安乐死的愿望。对于居住于达尔文现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德?尼克森来说,这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须整天惧怕即将来临的 苦难:因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去。“从思想上说,我并不害 怕死,但我怕的是怎样死,因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣 扎,用手抓他们的面罩时的情景。”他说。 Part Two A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are of course, exceptions. Small minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner — amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily meant that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many American value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers. 5. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, _____. A) rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US B) small minded officials deserve a serious comment C) Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors D) most Americans are ready to offer help 6. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that _____. A) culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship B) courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated C) various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends D) social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions 7 . Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers _____. A) to improve their hard life B) in view of their long distance travel C) to add some flavor to their own daily life D) out of a charitable impulse 8. The tradition of hospitality to strangers _____. A) tends to be superficial and artificial B) is generally well kept up in the United States C) is always understood properly D) was something to do with the busy tourist trails 重点词汇: 1.courteous (有礼貌的)即court+eous,court看作单词“宫廷”,-eous形容词后缀,“宫廷的”?有礼貌的。 2.observation (观察;pl.观察后的言论)?observe观察+ation。God creates by intuition; man creates by inspiration, strengthened by observation.上帝凭着直觉创造,人类凭着由观察加强的灵感创造。 3.deserve(v.应受,值得)与desert一起记,“沙漠是应该受到重视的”。 4.charitable(仁慈的)即charit(y)+able,charity仁慈,-able形容词后缀。 5.assumption(假定;承担;呈现)是assume的名词形式; assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆断——把事情弄糟的根源。 6.interrelationship (相互关系)即inter+relation+ship,inter-相互,relation关系,-ship抽象名词后缀。 7.encounter (v.n.遭遇)即en+counter,en-使,counter对面,“使面对面”?遭遇。If we encountered a man of rare intellect, we should ask him what books he read.若遇到才智非凡的人,就应该问他读的是哪些 书。 8.individual(个别的;个体)即in+divid+ual,in-否定前缀,divid词根“分”,-ual后缀,“不可再分的”?个别的。同根词:divide(v.分配;除);subdivide?sub在下+divide?“在下面分”?再分。The worth of a state, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it.归根结底,国家的价值就是组成它的个人的价值 9.exclusively (专有地;排外地)是exclude(v.除外)的副词形式。 Freedom is always and exclusively freedom for the one who thinks differently.对于独立思考的人,自由永远是也只能是自由。 10.entertain(v.招待;使快乐)即enter+tain,enter-(=inter),tain词根“容纳”,于是“使容纳进来”?招待?使快乐;名词形式为 entertainment?entertain+ment。同根词:contain?con+tain?“一起容纳”?容纳。 难句解析: ? There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. 第一个句子使用了there be句型,其中of course是插入语。第二句是 主语+系动词+表语结构。第三句话中使用了so... that结构:其中made so frequently是过去分词作定语,修饰前面的observation。 第一句中的of course作插入语,用逗号与句子的其它部分分开,在 开始阅读的时候可以不看。注意第二句话中使用了双重否定表示肯 定:hardly unknown等于pretty well-known。另外注意so... that结构的用法:太„„以至于。另外observation这里的意思是“因观察而 得出的意见”。另外it deserves comment中的it指代前面的observation。 ? Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. 句子的主干结构是Strangers and travelers were... and brought...。 注意diversion在这里的含义是“解闷,取乐的事情,消遣,娱乐”, 而不是“转移,转向”的意思。 ? Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. 这是一个简单句。traveling alone是现在分词作定语修饰前面的 someone,if hungry, injured, or ill...现实上是简略的if引导的状语从句,非常于if (he is) hungry, injured, or ill,这里作插入成分。另外have sth.+动词不定式,这一结构中的动词不定式通常是非常于定语部分, 修饰前面的sth.,这里就是:没有可以投靠(to turn to/动词不定式)的地方(nowhere/sth.)。 注意turn to这里的引申含义是“投靠,求助于,求教于”的意思。 ? It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the Part of the settlers. 句子的主干结构是It was not a matter of choice... or merely a charitable impulse...,是主语+系动词+表语的结构。表语由并列的两部分组成, 由or来连接。 on the Part of非常于前面的for,意思是“在„„地方,对„„而言”。 ? The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. 这个句子的主干结构是The casual friendliness should be interpreted neither as A nor B, but as C,使用了被动语态。其中neither... nor...结构后用的是同样词性的成分:形容词superficial和artificial。 注意neither... nor... but结构的使用:既不是„„也不是„„而是„„, 重点在but之后。as the/a result of:作为„„的结果,由于„„而„„。 ? As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. 句子的主干结构是... cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies... interrelationships。 注意as在这里是一个代词,表示“这一情况,这一事实”。可以参考 以下的例句来理解as的用法:The night had turned cold, as is usual around here.夜晚变得很冷,在这一带频繁如此。 试题解析: 5. 【正确答案】[D] 意为:大部分美国人乐于助人。文 章第一句指出,去过美国的人所带回的印象总是(consistently):大多数美国人表现为友好、礼貌、乐于助人。本文从历史及文化的角度 探讨了产生这一现象的缘故。 A意为:粗鲁的出租车司机在美国罕见。B意为:心胸狭窄的官员值 得严肃的一提(或:应受严肃的批评)。C意为:加拿大人不如其邻 国(当主要指美国)人民友好。注意:[A]、[B]、[C]表达的观点都不 是第一段中所提到的访美者的观点,第一段的第二、三、四句表达的 是本文作者的观点。在作者看来,公平地讲,不少到过加拿大的人对 加拿大人也有同感,因此可以说:这是一种北美现象——北美人大都 友好、礼貌、乐于助人。同时,在他看来,这种情况也有例外:心胸 狭隘的官员、粗鲁的侍者、无礼的出租车司机也不乏其人,但总的来 看这并不构成主流。 6. 【正确答案】 [A] 意为:文化影响社会关系。最后一段的第一句是全段的主题,该句可译为:像其他发达国家一样,在美国,人际关 系的背后是一系列复杂的文化符号、信念和习俗。换言之,美国的文 化决定了美国人的做法。 B意为:礼貌的习惯与个人兴趣互相影响。最后一段第五句可译为: 仅靠在公共汽车上瞬时相遇来区别礼貌是出自于文化习惯还是个人 的兴趣是不够的。根据本段的主旨和全文的主旨,这句话应该理解为: 判断一个人表现出的礼貌做法究竟仅产生于其个人素质还是产生于 文化的熏陶,仅看其个别的、偶然的做法是不行的。换言之,如果他 随时随地表现为礼让,或者,如果生活在某一区域或国家的人都表现 为礼让,那末,你才能判定礼貌做法不是一种个人现象,而是一种社 会文化现象。C意为:各种美德仅表现在朋友关系中。这一点文章最 后一段没提到。最后一段所举的“朋友”一词的例子旨在说明:在不 一样文化中,“相同”的概念未必有同一内涵或外延。D意为:社会关系等于一系列复杂的文化习俗。根据该段第一句,二者是决定与被 决定关系,并非等同关系。见上文分析。 7. 【正确答案】 [C] 意为;为自己的日常生活增添情趣。第二段指 出,在美国历史的很长一段时期(即所谓“拓荒”时代),对不少地 区来说,一个旅行者的到来是很受欢迎的,因为它可以对平时单调的 生活起一个调节(break)作用。离群索居的家庭一同的问题是日常 生活的单调与寂寞,陌生人或旅行者的到来可以使他们暂时摆脱这种 生活状况,另外.他们也可以因此获得外界资讯。 A意为:改善艰苦的生活。根据上文分析可见,陌生人受欢迎的缘故 主要是因为他们所带来的精神效应,而非物质生活效应。第三段提到, 拓荒地区(frontier)的残酷现实也是形成美国人礼貌传统的缘故。一 个孤独的旅游者有问题自然求助于路边最近的居住点,这对旅游者来 说不是一个选择问题(即:他别无选择),对就近的定居者来说,提 供必要的帮助也不仅仅是出于怜悯(charitable impulse)。这反映的是日常生活的严酷现实:如果定居者不接收并帮助他,就没有别人了, 另外,有一天定居者本人也可能处于同一境地。B意为:考虑到他们所做的长途跋涉。D意为:出于怜悯。见上文分析。 8. 【正确答案】[B] 意为:在美国得以广泛的保持。第二、三段探索 了形成美国人友善好客传统的缘故之后,第四段指出,虽然现在有不 少专门的机构帮助旅行者,但是,友善好客的旧传统在美国仍根探蒂 固,这突出表现在远离旅游热线的一些小城市中。本段最后一句指出, 不少美国人随意表现出的友善不应该被看作是表面或虚假的应酬,而 应该看作是一种历史文化现象。另外,文章最后一段指出,友善好客 是倍受美国人珍视的美德,他们同样希望邻国人和其他外国人也表现 出这一美德。 A意为:频繁是表面上的、虚假的。见上文分析。C意为:总是能被 正确理解。相反,第四段指出,不少外国人对美国人的一些友好表示 感到不可思议(amazing),这反映了他们对美国历史文化传统的不理解。参阅第四段第三、四、五句。D意为:与一些旅游热线有关。不 对,见上文分析。 全文翻译: 去美国访问的人频繁带回 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 说,大多数美国人对他 们友善、好客、乐于助人。公正的说,人们对加拿大人也有这样的评 论,因而,应当认为这是北美通通的现象。当然也有例外。在美国, 心胸狭隘的官员,举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕 见。尽管有不如意的地方,但因为人们常常得出美国人好客的观察意 见,因而也就值得议论一番了。 过去很长一段时间,在美国不少地方,旅行者的到来因暂时打破 原本的单调生活而受人欢迎。无聊、孤独是居住相对遥远的家庭的通 通问题。陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎,他们带来了娱乐消遣,还带来了 外面世界的消息。 开拓者的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统。单独旅行时, 如果挨饿、受伤或生病,通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行 者来说,这不是一个选择的问题;而对当地居民来说,这也并非是行 善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷:如果你不收留他,那他便 无处求助了。请记住,有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。 如今,有了不少的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过,热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行,尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城 镇。“我只是路过,和这个美国人聊了聊。很快,他就请我到他家吃 饭——这真令人惊奇。”来美国的旅客谈论此类事件很通通,但并非 总能得到正确理解。不少美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看做是表面 或虚假的应酬,而应该看成是文化传统的历史成长结果。 同任何发达国家一样,一系列复杂的文化特征,信念和习俗构成 了美国所有社会交往的基础。当然,会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解 该语言的社会和文化模式。不能正确“诠释”文化含义的旅行者往往 得出错误的结论。例如,美国人所说的“朋友”一词,其文化含义可 能与旅行者语言和文化中的“朋友”大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是 出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣,单凭一次公共汽车上的偶遇是不够的。 不过,友好是不少美国人推崇的美德,同时希望邻居和陌生人也能如 此。 Part Three Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. Drugs (substances)that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mindmanifesting”)because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness. 9. “Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1)is preferable to “drug abuse” in that _____. A) substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used B) “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers C) alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine D) many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous 10. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2)might mean _____. A) widespread B) overwhelming C) piercing D) fashionable 11. Physical dependence on certain substances results from _____. A) uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time B) exclusive use of them for social purposes C) quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases D) careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms 12. From the last paragraph we can infer that _____. A) stimulants function positively on the mind B) hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health C) depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances D) the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups 重点词汇:1.substance(物质;实质;财产)?sub在下面+st(=stand)+ance名词后缀。 2.addict(使成瘾;成瘾者)即ad+dict,ad-加强前缀,dict词根“说”,“欲罢不能地说某事”?成瘾。名词形式为addiction (成瘾)?ad+dict+ion。Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol or morphine or idealism.任何形式的瘾都是不好的, 无论上瘾的是酒精、吗啡还是唯心主义。 3.psychologist(心理学家)?psycholog(y)+ist,psychology心理学, -ist后缀表“人”。 4.cocaine(可卡因)即coca+ine,coca古柯(一种药用植物),-ine医药化学名词后缀“生物碱”,故cocaine也译作“古柯碱”。 5.pervasive(通通的)是pervade(v.遍及)的形容词形式,pervade即per+vade,per-(=through),vade词根“走”(约等于wade,因v与w形近可替换),“到处都走遍的”?遍及的。同根词:invade?in+vade?“未经允许走进来”?入侵;形容词形式为invasive(侵略的) 6.sociable (社交的)?soci社会+able形容词后缀。 7.negative (否定的,消极的)?neg否定前缀+ative形容词后缀; Eternity is a negative idea clothed with a positive name.永恒是一个冠以肯定名称的否定概念。 8.poisoning (n.中毒;毒害)?poison+ing,poison(v.n.毒害n.毒药),-ing后缀;poisonous (有毒的)?poison+ous形容词后缀。 9.distortion (扭曲;曲解)即dis+tort+ion,dis-“分离”,tort词根“扭曲”,-ion名词后缀,“使扭曲以离开过去状态”?曲解;动词为 distort?dis+tort。同根词:torture(v.n.拷问;折磨)?tort+ure后缀,“使身体扭曲的一种做法”。 10.tolerance(宽容)?toler+ance; 11.symptom(症状)可看作sym+ptom,sym-一同,ptom谐音“怕疼”,一同(sym)的症状(symptom)是怕疼(ptom)。 12.psychoactive (药物等对心理起作用的)即psycho+active,psycho词根“心理”,active“起作用的”。 13.stimulant(刺激物;兴奋剂)?stimul刺激+ant物;源自stimulate(刺激;激励)?stimul+ate动词后缀。 14.depressant (抑制剂;镇静剂)?depress+ant物。 15.psychedelic(致幻的;致幻剂)看作psyche+del+ic,psyche=psycho精神(e与o都可视为连接字母),del即DOC命令“删除”,-ic后缀,“能把精神删除的”?致幻的?致幻剂。 难句解析:? The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. 句子的主干是句子的前半部分The phrase "substance abuse" is often used... to make clear...,to make clear that...是动词不定式作状语,表示 目的。that后面接的是宾语从句作动词make clear的宾语。 注意make+sht.+adj.:make sth. clear,这里因为sth.是一个that引导的从句,所以放在了形容词clear的后面。另外注意as... as的用法。 ? We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. 句子的主干就是We live in a society...,后面which引导定语从句in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive,修饰society。冒号后面的部分是并列关系的名词词组,用来举例说明 前面提出的观点,开始可以略去不看。 注意冒号后面列举的前三个名词词组中的动词不定式都非常于定语 成分,修饰前面的中心名词,表示其功效。 ?Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. 句子的主干结构是Dependence is marked first by..., and then by...,其逗号隔开的成分是with+n.+过去分词:with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect作状语,用来进一步解 释药物依赖的第一种表现。when the substance is discontinued是表示时间的状语从句。 注意and连接两个by开始的介词词组是并列关系,这样就能抓住句 子的主干了。另外注意名词在这里的特殊意思:dependence指“对药物的依赖”,withdrawal的意思是“停止用药”。 ?Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. 这是一个简单句。句子的主干部分是Psychoactive substances are... grouped according to...,使用了被动语态。其中whether引导宾语从句whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens作介词according to的宾语。group这里用作动词,是“分类”的意思。 试题解析:9. 【正确答案】 [D] 意为:除海洛因或可卡因外,不少 其他物质也是有害的。第一段最后一句指出,不少医生(physician)和心理学家常使用“物质滥用”而不是“药物滥用“这一概念,他们 想以此说明:滥用像烟酒这样的物质与滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有 害。A意为:如果非法使用,物质可能改变我们身体或大脑的功能。 第一段第一句对“药物”这一概念下了一个定义:从专业角度来讲, 除食品以外,任何改变我们的身体或大脑功能的物质都是“药物”。 但是,正如第二句所指出的,不少人错误地认为“药物”这一概念仅 指某种医药或嗜毒者用的非法化学药品。B意为:“药物滥用”仅限 指一少部分人的吸毒做法。C意为:烟酒同海洛因和可卡因一样致命。 这里,fatal(致命的)一词太夸张了,与原文中所说的“有害” (harmfully)相去甚远。 10. 【正确答案】[A] 该词意为:普通的,广泛的。事实上,由第二 段第一句的冒号后部分所表达的内容,我们可以推断出该词的意思。 该句可译为:在我们生活的社会里,医用或社交用物质(药物)广泛 存在,如:用阿斯匹林制止头痛,用酒交际,早晨用咖啡振作一下精 神,抽支烟定定神(或:松弛一下)。 B意为:压倒一切的,占主流的。C意为:尖锐的,尖的。D意为:时髦的,流行的。 11. 【正确答案】 [A] 意为:长时间无节制地嗜用它们。根据第二段 第四、五句,频繁使用(repeated use)某种物质(药物)会使身体对 之上瘾或形成依赖。依赖起先表现为耐药量(tolerance)的增加:要达到满足,需要的剂量越来越多;停止服用后,一些不舒服的反应就 会出现。可见,用药量和用药时间是造成药物依赖的两个重要因素。 B意为:仅将它们用于社交目的。文章第二段第一句确实提到了 像酒这样的“物质”可以用于社交目的,但这不等于说只有用于社交 目的的“物质”才可以使人上瘾。C意为:将它们大部份地用来治病。 量大仅是可能产生药物依赖的缘故之一,而频繁使用也是形成药物依 赖的重要条件。D意为:粗心使用它们而产生不良症状。 12. 【正确答案】[B] 意为:幻觉剂本身就危害健康。根据第三段第 四、五句,幻觉剂主要影响人的感知觉,以各种方法(包括产生幻觉) 将它扭曲、改变。它们被称作“引起幻觉的药物”,因为它们似乎从 根本上改变了人的意识状态。 A意为:兴奋剂对心智有积极影响。第三段前三句指出,影响中 枢神经系统、改变感知觉和做法的药物属于对神经起显著作用的 (psychoactive)物质,它们通常分为兴奋剂、抑制剂或幻觉剂。兴奋剂具有开始加快或激活中枢神经的作用,而抑制剂则具有减缓作 用。但是,无论是哪种作用,其影响都是有害的。参阅第一段最后一 句。C意为:抑制剂是对神经起显著作用的物质中最坏的一种。第三 段提到了三种影响人的意识与做法的物质(见上文),但并未指出哪 种效果最坏。D意为:三种对神经起显著作用的物质频繁被一起使用。这一点第三段也未提到。 全文翻译: 从专业角度说,除食品外,任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。不少人错误地认为“药物”这个词仅仅指某 些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟 草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。这也是现在不少内科医生和心理学 家使用“物质”这个更加中性的词的缘故。他们常用“物质滥用”而 不用“药物滥用”来清楚表明滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质如同滥用海 洛因和可卡因一样有害。 我们生活在一个物质(药物)在医疗和社交地方的使用都很广泛 的社会里:用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林,用来应酬的酒,早晨用来提神 的咖啡,还有定神用的香烟。使用这些物质得到了社会认可,且显然 具有积极的作用,但什么时候就变成滥用了呢?首先,大多数物质的 过量使用都会产生负面影响,如中毒或严重的感知错乱。反复使用一 种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。依赖的最初表现是不断增长 的耐药量,要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大,而一旦中断使 用就会出现难受的停药症状。 影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和做法的药物(物质)属于对神 经起显著作用的物质,它们通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。兴奋 剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用,而镇静剂则相反:减缓 它的活动。幻觉剂主要影响人的感知,通过多种方法对感知加以扭曲 或改变,其中包括产生幻觉。这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉” (psychedelic一词源于希腊语,意为“心灵显现”),因为它们似乎能 改变人的意识状态。 Part Four No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It's a self examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line. At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increase to 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Streel Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats.” Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society's ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. The 15 member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.” 13. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for _____. A) its raising of the corporate stock price B) its self examination of soul C) its neglect of social responsibility D) its emphasis on creative freedom 14. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A) Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner. B) Gerald Levin is liable to compromise. C) Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate. D) Steve Ross is no longer alive 15. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman _____. A) stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression B) softened his tone and adopted some new policy C) changed his attitude and yielded to objection D) received more support from the 15 member board 16 . The best title for this passage could be _____. A) A Company under Fire B) A Debate on Moral Decline C) A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture D) A Form of Creative Freed 重点词汇:1.corrupt (腐败的v.贿赂)即cor+rupt,cor-一起,rupt词根“打破”,“全部被糖衣炮弹打破了”。同根词:bankrupt?bank银行+rupt?破产的;interrupt?inter+rupt?打断。Heaven is above all yet: there sits a judge that no king can corrupt.苍天高于所有的人:那里 坐着一位法官,任何国王都无法贿赂。 2.responsibility(责任;职责)是responsible的名词形式。 3.property (财产;性质)?proper固有的+ty名词后缀; Property has its duties as well as its rights.财产既有权力也有义务。Regrets are the natural property of grey hairs.懊悔是老年人的天性。 4.impatiently (不耐烦地)即im+patient+ly,im-否定前缀,patient耐心的,-ly副词后缀;去ly即为形容词impatient。latitude(纬度;言行的自由度)即lati+tude,lati-(=lateral),-tude名词后缀。Nothing makes the earth seem so spacious as to have friends at a distance; they make latitudes and longitudes.没有什么比得上有朋在远方更使地球显 得如此巨大,他们构成了纬度和经度。 5.irritate(v.激怒),名词形式为irritation,与irrigation一字母之差。 6.compromise (v.n.妥协;折中)即com+promise,com-一起,promise答应,“对别人的规定全部答应”?妥协;“对各方的规定一起答应” ?折中。There is no place for compromise in war.战争中没有妥协的余 地。难句解析:? "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?" 这是一个有直接引语的复杂句。首先抓住核心句Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week,其前后是直接引语。这个直 接引语的前半部分是一个一般疑问句,后面由两个转折关系的句子构 成,由连词but连接。第一个分句是一个简单句,but后面的句子是一个一般疑问句。由情态动词must引导,包括由and这个连词连接的两个并列部分,corrupt our nation和threaten our children as well。在后面threaten out children as well这部分的主语you被省略了。 关键要理解but后面的一般疑问句,这里并不是表示疑问,而是反问、 诘问的意思。当并列复合句的第二个子句的主语与第一个子句的主语 相同时,第二个子句的主语可以省略。as well这里是“in addition,also,too,也”的意思,频繁用于句尾。 ? It's a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line. 这是一个有定语从句的复杂句。阅读时首先注意主干为It is a self-examination...,that后面引导的是限定性定语从句,修饰 self-examination,定语从句的宾语是一个of词组,其核心是issues,在介词of后面是三个并列的短语,都是用来修饰和限定issues的。 这三个短语因为是并列的关系,所以只在最后一个短语前面使用并列 连词and。at various times是插入语,将动词的两部分分开了。 这句话的核心在于self-examination,后面的部分都是用于修饰这个 词,要正确理解其意思是“自我反省,自我检讨”。而corporate bottom line所指的是一个企业所能做出的事情或者所能容忍的新闻工作者自 由发挥的最大限度。 ? The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. 第一个句子是一个简单句。flap over rap是句子的主语,is making是谓语,使用了结构:make+n.+adj.。第二个句子也是一个简单句。 第一句中的重点是掌握to make life easier这个表述办法,其它部分都 是辅助这个短语的。另外,对于flap一词的理解也至关重要,在这里 它的意思是“焦虑,兴奋状态”的意思。第二句中的主干是defend somebody on the grounds of something(为某种理由或手段为某人辩 护)。expression这里的意思是the quality of singing or playing a musical instrument with feeling,即“表达方法、腔调”,尤指“雄辩的语调, 富有表情的唱腔”。注意consistently是“一贯地,一向地”的意思, 不要与constantly混淆。 ? "The test of any democratic society," he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..." 这里直接引语被分成两部分,一部分在主句前,另一部分放在主句之 后。在这个例子里面,直接引语是主句的宾语。直接引语的主干是 The test... lies not in... but in..., however...,这是一个用副词however连接的并列复合句。 阅读时可以先不看直接引语,可以在分别搞清楚主句和作为宾语从句 的直接引语的意思后再把主句和直接引语放在一起理解,这样就比较 容易了。另一地方,要理解however引导的句子的意思,在这里可以 把其理解为“不管,不论”,在这种用法中,however一般后面接形容词。 ? During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. 句子的主干是Levin asserted that... that even cited...。During... stockholder's meeting这一部分是表示时间的状语从句。music is not the cause of society's ills是直接引语,作为动词asserted的宾语。his son是动词cited的宾语,后面的a teacher in the Bronx, New York是宾语his son的同位语,最后面的who uses rap to communicate with students 是修饰his son的定语从句。 这个句子比较长,但是只要抓住... Levin asserted that... and even cited... 这样的句子主干,就能明晰Levin的主要观点,其它部分的理解也就 水到渠成了。 ?"I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this." I think...是这句话的主干,后面的部分是这句话的宾语从句。在宾语 从句当中that引导一个同位语从句,说明case的具体情况是some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this。associated with非常于简略的定语从句,修饰前面的people。 重点是要理解that引导的是同位语从句,后面的部分说明case的具体情况。名词fact,dream,idea,notion,proposal和news等等都常常被同位语从句所修饰。 试题解析:13. 【正确答案】[C] 意为:它对社会责任的忽视。第一段指出,没有哪个企业喜欢别人说 它导致了全国道德败坏,多尔参议员所指责时代华纳企业的正是这一 点。他说:难道这就是你们的经营目标吗,你们出卖了自己的灵魂, 难道你们也想毁了国家、危及我们的孩子吗?另从第三、四段来看, 这里多尔所指责的正是该企业用它的音乐作品带来的社会影响,多尔 认为这些音乐作品对社会和青少年有不良影响。 A意为:它将企业股价提高。从多尔所说的话来看,他关心的不 是该企业的经济状况。B意为:它对灵魂的自我检验。第一段第三句 指出,对时代沃纳企业来说,多尔所质疑的问题只不过是企业自创立 以来一直所开展的自我反省的最新表述,在企业成长的不一样阶段, 这一自我反省涉及(社会)责任、创作自由、企业利润(bottom line)。 换言之,在企业的成长过程中,社会责任、创作自由、企业能否赚钱 这三者之间的矛盾一直困扰着企业。根据企业董事长列文的话(见第 三段),企业把创作自由放在了成长的首位。这造成了它对作品的社 会影响的忽视,所以,后来列文改变态度以后,认可应该在创作自由 和社会责任上寻找一个平衡点(见第四段)。可见,多尔参议员所指 责的正是企业的所作所为带来的不良社会影响,这样他就击中了要 害。D意为:它对创作自由的强调。见上文分析。 14. 【正确答案】[D]回答这一问题主要涉及对第二段第一句中late的理解。除其他意思外,该词有“前”,“已故的”等意思。一般来讲, 该词加在人名或称呼前时译作“已故的”、如:the late Mr. Green已故格林先生,her late husband她的前夫(已故),若加在头衔前,则要 据情况而译,如:the late president前总统(也可能已故,也可能仅指 刚刚卸职)。第二段第一句可译为:处于争议中心的是董事长杰拉德?列文,他在1992年前董事长史蒂夫?罗斯去世后继任,本年56岁。 A意为:路斯是时代沃纳企业的发言人。在最后一段第二句,路 斯仅被称作insider(内部人士,知情人士),他说:我们有些人多年 来一直知道(宪法)第一修正案中所规定的自由并非是无限定的自由, 我想可能企业的某些人最近才意识到这一点。他的话说明了企业领导 内部对处理创作自由和社会影响这一对矛盾上的不一样看法、也暗含 着对企业一贯政策(过于强调创作自由)的批评。可见,他并非企业 指派的发言人,而仅代表自己。B意为:列文倾向于妥协。根据第三 段中列文所说的话,他是一个持强硬立场的人。他说:检验任何民主 社会的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 不是看它如何严厉地控制(思想的)表达,而是看它是否 给人以最大限度的思想和表达思想的自由。我们不会屈服于任何威 胁。但是,在这次的争议中,虽然列文也在为企业发行的音乐作品争 辩,但他也做出了某些程度的让步(参阅第四段第一句)。由此可见, 列文并非是个易于妥协的人。C意为:在这场争议中.时代沃纳企业 团结一致。不对,例如上文所提到的路斯的观点。 15. 【正确答案】[B] 意为:态度有所缓和,采取了某种新政策。第 四段指出,列文对上周的争议拒绝评价,但有迹象表明他正在放弃自 己的强硬立场——至少在某种程度上可以这样说。在上月讨论摇滚乐 歌词的董事会上,列文强调音乐并不引起社会丑恶现象,他甚至举了 他儿子的例子。但是,他同时也谈到了创作自由与社会责任保持平衡 的问题,他表示,企业将为音乐的发行和标识(labeling指:标识作品或产品的应用对象,如:是否适应于青少年使用等)制定标准。可 见,列文在做出妥协姿态的同时,也采取了现实的行动。 A意为:坚持强硬立场保护思想表达自由。C意为:改变其态度并向反对派屈服。与B表达的内容相比,C表达的内容语气太强。因为,正如第四段第一句所说的,列文仅做出了某种程度的让步(to some extent)。D意为:获得了董事会15位成员更多的支持。虽然董事会 一直支持列文及其企业经营战略,但在这次的争议中,意见出现了分 歧。参阅第64题题解。 16. 【正确答案】 [A] 意为:遭到责难的企业。从以上的分析可以看 出,本文主要是评述了时代华纳企业因发行新音乐专辑而受到的责难 及其反应。B意为:一场关于道德败坏的争论。这个题目太宽泛。更 何况,时代华纳企业所被指责的主要是它对社会责任的忽视,而并非 它所发行的作品所带来的现实社会影响。C意为:街头文化的合法表达(方法)。D意为:一种表现创作自由的形式。 全文翻译: 没有一家企业乐意听到别人说自己引起了社会的道德败 坏。参议员罗伯特?多尔上星期质问时代华纳企业高级人员时说:“难 道这就是你们要成就的事业吗?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂,难道你 们还非要腐化我们的国家,威胁我们的孩子不成?”不过,对于成立 于1990年的时代华纳企业而言,这样的质问仅仅只是企业自我反思 的最新表白,是在不一样时期涉及责任、创作自由和企业底线问题的 自我反省。 于1992年接替已故董事长斯蒂夫?罗斯的56岁的现任董事长杰拉德?莱文是争论的焦点人物。财政地方,他承受着抬高股价,减少 企业巨额债务的压力。在两笔新的有线电视交易谈妥后,债务将达到 173亿美元。他也答应出售部分财产并重组企业,但现在投资者们仍 在焦急地等待着。 人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子变得好过。莱文一向以它 是一种富于表现力的演唱方法为理由来捍卫企业的说唱音乐。1992 年企业因出品Ice-T乐队狂暴的说唱歌曲《警察杀手》后备受谴责时, 莱文说这是街头文化的合法表达方法,它应该有自己的宣泄方法。他 在《华尔街日报》一篇专栏文章中写道:“任何一个民主社会的检验 不在于它能多有效地控制各种情感的表达,而在于是否给予了人们思 考和表达的最广泛的自由,尽管有时这种结果会引起争论和愤怒。我 们不会在任何威胁面前退却。” 莱文不愿对上周的辩论做出评论,但有迹象表明这位董事长的强 硬立场起码在一定程度上有所缓和。在上个月的股东会议上,大家就 摇滚乐的歌词开展了讨论。莱文宣称“音乐不是社会问题的病因”, 他甚至还以自己为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师,用说 唱乐的表达方法与学生开展交流。但他也谈到了创作自由和社会责任 之间要“保持平衡”的问题。他还宣布企业将致力于为一些人们可能 会反感的音乐制定发行和标识的标准。 总的来说,时代华纳企业的15位董事是支持莱文和企业的经营 策略的。但内部人士透露其中几位对此事表示担忧。“我们中的一些 人多年来就知道宪法第一修正案所说的自由并非毫无限定,”鲁斯说, “我想与企业有关系的一些人可能是最近才意识到这一点。” Part Five Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel. Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilization, for example, his historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August)has fallen bellow most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment — the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past. Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. 17. From the passage we learn that _____. A) there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates B) economy will always follow certain models C) the economic situation is better than expected D) economists had foreseen the present economic situation 18. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A) Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car B) An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation C) A high unemployment rate will result from inflation D) Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy 19. The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that _____. A) the low inflation rate will last for some time B) the inflation rate will soon rise C) the inflation will disappear quickly D) there is no inflation at present 20. The passage shows that the author is _____ the present situation. A) critical of B) puzzled by C) disappointed at D) amazed at 核心词汇: analogyn.类似,相似,类比,类推(ana一样+log+y名词后缀?说的一样?类比) boast v.自夸,夸耀n.自夸,大话 defect[di5fekt9 5di:fekt]n.过失;缺点;不足(de向下+fect?往下做?过失) flash n./a.闪光(的)v.发闪光,闪亮;闪现 mild a.温和的,味淡的,不含有害物质的 monetary[5mQnitEri]a.金融的,货币的?monet+ary,monet=money,ary形容词后缀 percentage[pE5sentidV]n.百分数,百分率,百分比(percent+age名词后缀?百分率) poll n.民意测验;(pl.)政治选举v.获得„„选票.原指“人头”(head),“根据人头统计选票”。poll表“人头”可这样记:p=b(因为对称字母可替换), o=a(因为元音字母可替换),故poll=ball,人的头像“球” precise[pri5sais]a.精确的(pre+cise),pre在前,cise(=cide)词根“切”,于是“在前面切”?知道切多少的?精确的 rear n.后面,背后,后方v.饲养,抚养,栽培,举起 slack a.懈怠的,松弛的;萧条的n.淡季;(pl.)便裤 steer vt.驾驶,为„„操舵;引导vi.驾驶 thrilling a.激动的;颤抖的(thrill+ing),thrill(使激动;令人激动的事),ing形容词后缀 upend v.颠倒;打倒(up+end) windscreen n.挡风玻璃(wind+screen) 难句剖析:难句1Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. [分析]此句主干是“Much of the language..., makes it sound like...”。 句中used to describe monetary policy是用于修饰language的定语,后面的such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” of “a touch on the brakes”是对前面的language进行进一步说明。[译文]很多用来描述货币政 策的词,如“引导经济软着陆”,“让经济刹车”,听起来令人觉得这是一门严 谨的科学。 难句2Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel. [分析]此句没有谓语动词,只是一个名词性的短语。句中hence后面只是一个名词词组,中心词是the analogy,后面that引导定语从句修饰前面的analogy。 with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview and a faulty steering wheel是介词词组修饰前面的名词car。[译文]因此,才会有人将货币政策的 实施比作是驾驶一辆带有黑色挡风玻璃、后视镜破碎及方向盘失灵的汽车。 难句3This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.[分析]此句是一个并列句,前后用分号隔开两个子句,是递进关系。前一个分句中, no可以用not a代替。后面一个分句中inflation是主语,使用了被动语态的 现在完成时态。lower是表语,than expected和in Britain and America,以及前面的over the past couple of years都是介词短语作状语。 [译文]这不是昙花一现。在过去几年里,英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预 测水平。 难句4Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. [分析]此句主干是:“... economists argue that...”,代词that后面是宾语从句。这个宾语从句的基本结构为structural changes... have upended... models...,其中structural changes是主语,have upended是现在完成时态的谓语,models是宾语。这个宾语models后面是一个that引导的限制性定语从句,修饰models。 [译文]一些经济学家认为,世界经济结构强有力的变化已经打破了那个以经济 增长和通货膨胀之间的历史联系为基础的旧有的经济模式。文章类型:社会科学 ——经济学——美国经济 这篇文章的主题通过论述美国经济形势比预期的要好,通货膨胀比预期的要低, 进一步说明经济政策不一定对经济产生直接的影响。 试题解析:67. 从文章中我们可以知道 [A] 通货膨胀与利率有直接关系。[B] 经济(的运行)总是遵循某些模式。 [C] 经济形势比预想的好。[D] 经济学家们预测到了目前的经济形势。 推理题【正确答案】 [C]第三段指出,平均通货膨胀率也比多数预测者预测的 低。经济学家小组称:1995年美国平均通货膨胀率会达3.5%左右,但是,8月份它实际降至2.6%,全年也不过3%左右;在英国和日本,平均通货膨胀率比 上年底所预测的低半个百分点。而且,在过去几年里一直是如此:在英美两国, 平均通货膨胀率一直比预测的要低。所以[C]项正确。 68. 依据这篇文章,下面哪个选项是正确的 [A] 制定货币政策如同开车。[B] 极低的失业率会导致通货膨胀。 [C] 通货膨胀导致高失业率。[D] 利率对经济有直接而迅速的影响。 判断题【正确答案】[B] 第四段末句指出,在美国的生产力利用率今年初达到 历史最高水平,其失业率已低于多数人所预测的自然失业率——过去认为:失业 率低于正常失业率时通货膨胀率就会产生。所以选择[B]项。 69. “This is no flash in the pan”这句话是什么意思 [A] 低的通货膨胀率将会持续一段时间。[B] 通货膨胀将会很快上升。 [C] 通货膨胀将会很快消失。[D] 目前没有通货膨胀。 句子理解题【正确答案】[A]a flash in the pan意为:“昙花一现”,“偶然出现的情况”,“This is no flash in the pan”,即这不会是转瞬即逝,而 是要持续一段时间。所以选择[A]项。 70. 文章显示出作者对目前的经济形式 [A] 批评。[B] 困惑(不解)。[C] 失望。[D] 惊奇,认为„„不可思议。态度题【正确答案】 [D] 本文主要评述了目前良好的经济形势,它是由持续低的通货膨胀率造成的,是出 乎意料的情况。作者强调了目前形势的始料不及的一面(尤其是第二、三、四段 的描述),表达了他的惊奇,认为其不可思议。 全文精译:很多用来描述货币政策的词,如“引导经济软着陆”,“让经济刹 车”,听起来令人觉得这是一门严谨的科学。事实远非如此。利率和通货膨胀之 间的关系难以确定。在政策改变对经济产生影响前会有一段较长时间且变化不定 的后滞期。因此,才会有人将货币政策的实施比作是驾驶一辆带有黑色挡风玻璃、 后视镜破碎及方向盘失灵的汽车。第一段:指出经济政策的改变不一定对经济产 生影响。 尽管有这么多不利因素,中央银行家们似乎对近来的形势有了不少值得夸耀的东 西。西方七大工业国去年的平均通货膨胀率降至仅2.3%,接近30年来的最低水平。今年7月略微升高到2.5%。这远远低于许多国家在70年代和80年代早 期经历的两位数的膨胀率。 这也低于许多预测者预测的数字。1994年底,每月接受《经济学家》意见调查 的一组经济学家指出,美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率将达到3.5%。实际上,8月份就降到了2.6%。而且全年的通货膨胀有望持续在3%左右。去年年底,英国和日本的通货膨胀率实际上比预测的要低半个百分点。这不是昙花一现。在 过去几年里,英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。第二、三段:比经济 学家预期要低的通货膨胀率说明经济现状令人乐观。 经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率感到特别诧异,因为传统的计量方法表明两国 经济,特别是美国经济几乎没有生产萧条的时候。比如,美国的生产力利用率在 今年前段时间创历史新高,失业率(8月份为5.6%)却低于多数人所预测的自然失业率。而在过去,失业率低于此,通货膨胀将会产生。第四段:经济学家诧 异于有利的通胀率。 为何通货膨胀如此的缓和?可惜的是,这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。一些经 济学家认为,世界经济结构强有力的变化已经打破了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀 之间的历史联系为基础的旧有的经济模式。 第五段:经济学家的理论很难解释为何通货膨胀如此的缓和。
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