高一化学必修二第一章复习学案

高一化学必修二第一章复习学案 高一化学必修二第一章复习学案 一、物质结构 (一)原子结构 1、原子结构 原子由带正电荷的 和带负电荷的 构成，且正负电荷 ;而带正电荷的 又由带正电荷的 和不带电的 构成;原子核占原子的空间极 ，但质量极 ，电子占原子的空间极 ，但质量极 。 核电荷数(Z)= = = 质量数(A)= (Z)， (N) A原子的表达方式:X Z 阴离子的核外电子数 = 质子数 电荷数 ; 阳离子的核外电子数 = 质子数 电荷数 【相关练习】 131日本福岛核泄漏释放出的大量的放射性物质，其中有I 。该原子的原子序数为 、53 中子数为 、原子的核外电子数为 。 试按要求各举一例(用化学用语作答)写出10电子的原子、双原子分子、三原子分子、四原子分子、五原子分子、单核阳离子、单核阴离子、双核阴离子、五核阳离子: 写出18电子的原子、双原子分子、三原子分子、四原子分子、8原子分子、单核阳离子、单核阴离子、双核阴离子、: 。 2、元素、核素与同位素 ?元素:具有相同的 的一类原子的总称。 ?核素:具有一定数目的 和一定数目的 的一种原子。 ?同位素 相同而 不同的同一元素的原子互称为同位素。也就是说同一元素的不同核素之间互称为同位素。 3.核外电子排布 核外电子排布是分层排布的，能量低的电子排在离原子核较 的区域(电子层)，能量高的电子排在离原子核较 的区域(电子层);电子层数用字母n表示，每一层有自己字母代号1-7层分别是: 。 核外电子排布的规律:先内后外，每一层最多排 电子;最外层为第2层以外的电子loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 层时，电子数不超过 ;次外层不超过 。 【相关练习】(用化学用语作答) A元素原子最外层电子数是次外层电子数的3倍，B元素原子的最外层电子数与电子总数相等，C元素原子L层的电子数为5。A、B、C依次为 元素，试写出 。 这三种元素共同组成的物质的化学式(多多益善) 4、四同比较 比较项目 同位素 同素异形体 同系物 同分异构体 类别 原子 单质 有机物 化合物 相同点 不同点 化学性质 物理性质 【相关练习】 (4)、请将下例各组物质序号填入其应属的关系选项中。 3537?金刚石和石墨;?CH和CH;?正戊烷和新戊烷;?Cl和Cl;?O和O;?CHOH264102331717 23和CHCHOH;?H和H;?葡萄糖与蔗糖;?淀粉与纤维素;?异丁烷与2-甲基丙烷。 322211 属同位素的是 ;属同素异形体的是 ;属同系物的是 ;属同分异构体的是 ;属同种物质的是 。 (二)化学键 1、化学键:在原子结合成分子时，相邻的 之间强烈的相互作用叫做化学键。化学反应 的断裂和 的形成的过程。 的过程，本质上就是 2、离子键和共价键的比较: 离子键 共价键 概念 阴、阳离子间通过 所形成的化原子间通过 所形成的化学 学键 键 成键微粒 离子(存在阴阳离子间和离子晶体原子(存在分子内、原子间、原子晶体内) 内) loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 形成条件 活泼金属和活泼非金属化合时 非金属元素形成的单质或化合物 形成离子键 形成共价键 填表 所含化学键的种类 物质所属类别 实例 非金属 无化学键 稀有气体分子(单原子)He、Ne 单质 共价键 共价化合物 只有共价键 离子化合物 只有离子键 离子键、共价键 【相关练习】 物质 所含化学键类型 电子式 结构式 NaCl NaOH NaO 22 NaS 2 HO 22 CH 4 NH 3 CO 2 N 2 用电子式表示下列物质的形成过程 (1)N: ;(2)HS: 。 22 (3)KS: ;(4)CaCl: 22 二、元素周期表和周期律及其应用 1、元素性质递变规律 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: 项目 同周期(左?右) 同主族(上?下) ?电子层数 逐渐 ?原子半径 逐渐 逐渐 ?化合价 最高正价由+1?+7; 大多 ; 最低负化合价,,(8,主族序数) 最高正化合价,族序数 ?元素的金属金属性逐渐 ; 金属性逐渐 ; 性和非金属性 非金属性逐渐 非金属性逐渐 ?离子的氧化阳离子的氧化性逐渐 ; 阳离子的氧化性逐渐 ; 性和还原性 阴离子的还原性逐渐 ; 阴离子的还原性逐渐 ?气态氢化物 逐渐 逐渐 的稳定性 ?最高价氧化碱性逐渐 ; 碱性逐渐 ; 物对应水化物酸性逐渐 酸性逐渐 的酸碱性 2、元素在周期表中的位置、原子结构和元素性质之间的关系(位构性关系) 原子结构 决定 决定 反映 反映 判断 元素在周期表中的位置 元素性质 估测 由原子结构可推断元素在周期表中的位置:电子层数, ; ,主族序数。 由元素在周期表中的位置可判断元素的性质:同周期元素从左到右，元素的原子半径逐渐 ;原子失电子能力 而得电子能力 ;元素金属性 而非金属性 ;对应单质的 减弱而 增强;对于主族元素来说其最高正价等于 ，最低负价为 。 3、微粒半径的大小比较 同主族元素的原子(或离子)相比，微粒的电子层数越多，半径 (((( 同周期元素的原子(或离子)相比，微粒的最外层电子数越多，半径 (((((( 具有相同电子层结构的微粒，核电荷数越多，微粒半径 (((( 同种元素的不同微粒比较，核外电子数越多，微粒半径 【相关练习】 1、下列排列顺序错误的是 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: A(金属性 Rb>K>Mg>Al B(非金属性 As>S>Cl>F C(稳定性 AsH>PH>HS>HF D(半径 Na>P>O>F 332 2、A、B、C均为短周期元素，它们在周期表中的位置如左图所示。 已知:B、C两元素原子最外层电子数之和等于A元素原子最外层 电子数的2倍;B、C两元素的核电荷数之和是A元素原子序数的4 倍。则A、B、C分别是 A (C、Al、P B( N、Si、S C( 0、P、Cl D( F、S、Al 3、X、Y 是元素周期表种VIA族的两种元素。下列叙述能说明X的非金属性比Y强的是 A(X原子的电子层数比Y原子的电子层数多 B(X的气态氢化物比Y的气态氢化物稳定 C(Y的单质能将X从KX的溶液中置换出来 D(Y的最高价氧化物对应的水化物酸性比X的最高价氧化物对应的水化物强 2++3--A、B、C、D都具有相同的电子层结构，则下列叙述正确4、已知短周期元素的离子abcd 的是( )A 原子半径A>B>C>D B 原子序数的d>c>b>a C 离子半径C>D>B>A D 单质的还原性A>B>C>D 5、在元素周期表中金属元素与非金属元素分界线附近，能找到 ( ) A 耐高温的合金材料 B 制农药的元素 C 作催化剂的元素 D 作半导体材料的元素 +2+-2-6、短周期元素形成的四种简单离子A、B、C、D具有相同的电子层结构，则离子半径由大到小的顺序为 ，原子半径由大到小的顺序是 7、下表标出的是元素周期表的一部分元素，回答下列问题: 1 DB2A 3GJCFHEI K4L N 5M 6 (1)表中用字母标出的15种元素中，化学性质最不活泼的是 (用元素符号表示，下同)，金属性最强的是 ，非金属性最强的是 ，常温下单质为液态的非金属元素是 ，属于过渡元素的是 (该空用字母表示)。 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: (2)B，F，C气态氢化物的化学式分别为 ，其中以 最不稳定。 (3)第三周期中原子半径最小的是 。 8、已知X、Y、Z、W四种元素是元素周期表中连续三个不同短周期的元素，且原子序数依次增大。X、W同主族，Y、Z为同周期的相邻元素。W原子的质子数等于Y、Z原子最外层电子数之和。Y的氢化物分子中有3个共价键。Z原子最外层电子数是次外层电子数的3倍。试推断: (1)X、Y、Z、W四种元素的符号:X 、Y 、Z 、W (2)由以上元素中的两种元素组成的能与水反应且水溶液显碱性的化合物的电子式分别为 (3)由X、Y、Z所形成的离子化合物是 ，它与W的最高氧化物的水化 物的浓溶液加热时反应的离子方程式是 。 9、A、B、C三种元素均为短周期元素，且原子序数依次增大，三种元素原子序数之和为 ，35，A、C同主族，B核外有10个电子，则 (1)A、B、C三种元素分别是________、________、________。 (2)A、B、C之间可形成多种化合物，其中属于离子化合物的化学式分别为________、 ________、________(任举三种)。 (3)用电子式表示B和C形成化合物的过程________________________________。 10、某同学在画一种单核微粒的原子结构示意图时，忘记在圆圈内标出其质子数，请你根据下面的提示作出自己的判断 : ?该微粒是中性微粒，这种微粒的符号是 ?该微粒的盐溶液能使溴水退色，并出现浑浊，这种微粒的符号是 ?该微粒的氧化性很弱，得到1个电子后变为原子，原子的还原性很强，这种微粒的符号是 ?该微粒的还原性很弱，失去1个电子后变为原子，原子的氧化性很强，这种微粒的符号是 loan management (post) review: 1, approval criteria have been implemented; 2, the contract is correct; 3, in line with the contract, payment; 4, no other major cases against loan security;、Reviewed by: date of record form 9: qilu bank borrowing by single years of maximum amount a maximum no-loan borrowers: borrowers: ... Borrower name number, line of credit expiry date year month day to year month day maximum number of years in the loan contract are the top line opened, the borrowed and requested your bank opened credit lines above, is hereby requested. Borrower signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Customer Manager signature: date agreed to open credit lines. Loan review signature: date line cancellation-I did not use the loan amount, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date of record form 16: qilu self credit for credit card cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day year contract number self-service card-I do not use credit, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. -Credit loan principal repayment, your bank credit lines to be cancelled. Borrower signature: date-unused credit lines, agree to write off loans. -Credit loan principal repayment, agree to write off loans. Customer Manager signature: