综合教程 ppt课件

Optimism and Positive Thinking Choose Optimism 2019 - * - - - - - 1. What is optimism? 2. Do you think optimism is the key to a happier and better life? Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence. -----Helen Keller 2019 - * - - - - - Directions: Figure out the advantages of “optimistic attitude”. optimistic attitude ample happiness unlimited confidence great persistence problem-solving ability positive, constructive thinking positive affirmation positive attitude sufficient joy 2019 - * - - - - - Quiz Are you an optimist about the future? Or are you a pessimist? This quiz will help you find out. Directions: Answer the following ten questions. You will get some points for each answer. Then figure out the total mark of the ten. Your Answer Points Yes, definitely. 5 points each Yes, probably. 4 points each Maybe. 3 points each No. 2 points each No, definitely not. 1 point each 2019 - * - - - - - Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. people all over the world will be living in peace in twenty years? people will be enjoying longer, healthier lives in fifty years? hunger in the world will be eliminated in your lifetime? scientists will find a cure for cancer or AIDS in your lifetime? global warming will be stopped in your lifetime? the world will be a better place for everyone by the next century? you will live your entire life more comfortably than your parents or grandparents? the “information age” will result in higher education for everyone? That a new source of energy will be available when fossil fuels run out? human rights around the world will improve significantly in the next twenty years? Do you think that 2019 - * - - - - - Quiz Scoring Result 31~40 Occasionally optimistic — “Every dog has his day.” 41~50 Optimistic — You’re “on top of the world.” 0~10 Pessimistic — You’re “down in the dumps”. Cheer up! 11~20 Occasionally pessimistic — “Every cloud has a silver lining.” 21~30 Middle of the road — “You win some. You lose some.” 2019 - * - - - - - Read and Explore 2019 - * - - - - - Global Reading 1. What does a pessimistic attitude usually lead to in real life? 2. What is the relationship between optimism and success? According to Rich DeVos, there seems to be a natural cause-and-effect relationship between optimism and success. 3. What is the author’s choice? Why does he make such a choice? Rich DeVos chooses to highlight the positive and slip right over the negative, because he is an optimist by choice as much as by nature. And he finds that the good in life is far greater and more important than the bad. A pessimistic attitude usually leads to failure in real life. Answer the following questions 2019 - * - - - - - Global Reading Summary Setting 1 The author felt uneasy when the attendant told him he didn’t look well. In a service station Setting 2 Along the side of the road He looked at his face in the mirror, puzzled. Setting 3 Back home He began to feel a little sick and doubted whether he had picked up some rare disease. Setting 4 In the service station again He figured out it was the light reflecting off the walls that made everyone inside the service station look as though he had hepatitis. Conclusion A negative attitude may have a profound effect on the way we feel and act. 2019 - * - - - - - Global Reading F 1. We can be optimists if we think less or even ignore the difficulties. We can be optimists and still recognize that problems exist and that some of them are not dealt with easily. ( ) 2. Money spent on America’s space program is more valuable than that on the poverty problem on earth. F Instead of criticizing money spent on the space program, we should think about what we can do to solve the poverty problem with an optimistic attitude. ( ) 3. If we take an optimistic attitude towards life, we will look on the positive side of the situation and gradually cultivate a positive and constructive way of thinking. 4. To deal with such issues as big and ongoing as poverty, only a dreamer is needed. F To deal with such important problems, a dreamer, who is extremely optimistic, very persistent and full of confidence, is needed. ( ) T ( ) True or False 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases in reverse: in the opposite way to normal or to the previous situation US video recorders cannot play European tapes, and the same applies in reverse. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases shape: v. 1. influence sth. such as a belief, opinion, etc. and make it develop in a particular way 2. make sth. have a particular shape, especially by pressing it People’s political beliefs are shaped by what they see in the papers. It is true that a people’s character is, to a great extent, shaped by the environment they live in. The bird shaped its nest from mud and sticks. Children shaped the sand into a mound on the beach. We watched in amazement as she shaped the clay into a pot. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases ample: adj. 1. more than enough 2. (literary) large in a way that is attractive or pleasant There is an ample supply of consumer goods. The director of the company receives an ample salary. 他胸怀广阔。 He’s got an ample bosom. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases bless: v. ask God to protect sb. or sth.; have a special ability, good quality, etc. They brought the children to Jesus and he blessed them. 愿上帝保佑你。 May God bless you. In some countries, the priest blesses the fields before seed is sown. We were both blessed with good health. Pattern: N.B. 注意该词的词性变化，它的名词与形容词分别为：blessing和blessed。 be blessed with sth. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases curse: 1. v. 1) say or think bad things about sb. or sth. because they have made you angry 2) swear 2. n. 1) a swear word or words that you say because you are very angry 2) sth. that causes trouble, harm, etc. She cursed him for ruining her life. Gilbert was cursing under his breath. He muttered a curse under his breath. Mice are a curse in the country. Gambling is often a curse. 他的财富最后害了他。 His wealth proved a curse to him. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases perspective: n. 1. a way of thinking about sth., especially one which is influenced by the type of person you are or by your experiences 2. a sensible way of judging and comparing situations so that you do not imagine that sth. is more serious than it really is You have the wrong perspective on that situation. He views everything from a political perspective. The death of his father eight months ago has given him a new perspective on life. She was under such stress that she lost all sense of perspective. We must keep a sense of perspective about what he’s done. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases view: v. 1. think about sth. or sb. in a particular way 2. look at sth., especially because it is beautiful or you are interested in it I view his action as a breach of trust. The mountain is best viewed from the north side. view sth. as sth. view sth. from sth. Collocations: 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases highlight: 1. v. make a problem or subject easy to notice so that people pay attention to it The report highlights the problems of the unemployed. I would like to highlight three challenges in the process of the development of cultural traditions. 2. n. the most important, interesting, or enjoyable part of sth. such as a holiday, performance, or sports competition David Beckham viewed that season as the highlight of his career. 她的表演是那场演出中最精彩的部分。 Her performance was the highlight of the show. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases live through: experience difficult or dangerous conditions He has lived through two wars and three revolutions. The general has lived through more than five times of murdering. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases conversely: adv. used when one situation is the opposite of another You can add the fluid to the powder or, conversely, the powder to the fluid. American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers like brown eggs. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases feed on / upon: if a feeling or process feeds on sth., it becomes stronger because of it; if an animal feeds on a particular food, it usually eats that food Birds feed on seeds and berries. Cattle feed chiefly on grass. Hatred feeds on envy. 因妒生恨。 这些动词均含有“供养、提供、抚养”之意 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指给人或动物提供食物，又可指 给植物以养料或为机器等加燃料等。 指提供生长、健康或维持生存所必需的食物或养料，尤指用 促进生长的营养品。句中事物名称往往做该动词的主语。 表示在幼儿、幼苗的成长过程中予以细心的照料、保护或者 可以指帮助计划、想法、感情等发展。 表示提供所需物品。 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases Directions: Fill in the blanks with the four words above. Change the form where necessary. 1. Milk, eggs, and meat the bodies of growing boys and girls. 2. It is mother’s duty to her children. 3. Most large towns are with electricity. 4. The farmer’s wife cattle and sheep every morning. 5. We want to the new project, not to destroy it. nourish _______ nurture _________ supplied _________ feeds ______ nurture _______ 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases odd: adj. different from what is normal or expected, especially in a way that you disapprove of or cannot understand She gets odder as she grows older. We always meet in odd circumstances. 这些形容词均含有“奇怪的，奇异的，新奇的、好奇的”之意。 普通常用词，含义广泛，指陌生新奇的、奇怪的人或物。 例如： 通常指不同寻常或者出乎意料之外的人或事物，往往令人困惑 或感到奇怪。例如： 常指因为觉得陌生或者不熟悉而感到有点奇怪。例如： 通常指非常奇特从而能引起人们的好奇心。例如： The doctor thought her strange behavior was caused by stress. He is rather an odd man. This food has got a peculiar taste. It is a curious fact that he never works but has plenty of money. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases pull over: drive to the side of the road and stop your car, or make sb. else do this Pull (your car) over and let me pass! 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases 1. We can pick up the tickets an hour before the play begins. 2. Unfortunately, many children picked up the flu. 3. The economy is starting to pick up now. pick up: get an illness I picked up a virus while I was in America. Directions: Match the definitions with the sentences. 1. let sb. get into your car 2. learn sth. 3. catch (an illness) 4. recover; regain 5. get sth. 6. improve; become better 5 ( ) 3 ( ) 6 ( ) 4. She picked up quite a lot of French when she lived in France. 5. You’ll soon pick up health when you get to the seaside. 6. He picked up the child. 2 ( ) 4 ( ) 1 ( ) 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases figure out: think about a problem or situation until you find the answer or understand what has happened Have you figured out what’s wrong with your car? 我试图弄明白出了什么事。 I was trying to figure out what was happening. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases reflect: v. 1. if a surface reflects light, heat, or sound, it sends back the light, etc. that reaches it; if a person or a thing is reflected in a mirror, glass, or water, you can see an image of the person or thing on the surface of the mirror, glass, or water Look at the trees reflected in the lake. The sight of my face reflected in the mirror never pleases me. Although planets give off no light of their own, they reflect the light from the sun and look like stars at night. 2. show or be a sign of a particular situation or feeling Her sad looks reflected the thoughts passing through her mind. The increase in crime reflects rising unemployment. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases Modern society asks for modern facilities. Modern facilities reflect the modern flavour. 3. think carefully about sth., or to say sth. that you have been thinking about I need time to reflect on your offer. He reflected how difficult it would be to escape. 决定做一件事之前应考虑可能产生的后果。 You should reflect on the likely result before you decide to do something. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases profound: adj. 1. showing strong, serious feelings He has a profound sense of guilt. He opened the door with a profound sigh. 2. showing great knowledge and understanding We all consider him to be a profound statesman. 中华文明博大精深、源远流长,为人类文明进步作出了巨大贡献。 The Chinese civilization, extensive and profound, and with a long history behind it, has contributed tremendously to the progress of human civilization. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases 这两个形容词都有表示“深的”之意。 普通用词，可用于比喻，表示“深刻”、“深奥”、 “深谋远虑”等。例如： 语气较强，较为庄重，多指抽象的事物，多用于比喻， 含有“极为深刻的、深奥的”之意。例如： There is a deep wound in the old tree. It is hard for you to grasp such a profound theory. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases affirmation: n. stating publicly that sth. is true The movie Titanic is an affirmation of the power of love. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases accomplish: v. succeed in doing sth., especially after trying very hard We tried to settle the argument but accomplished nothing. We have accomplished all we set out to do. 这些动词均含有“完成”之意。 指经过艰苦的努力之后成功地完成了规定的工作、计划、 任务等，侧重达到预期目的的整个过程。 指通过持续的努力而完成或实现某事，特别强调由于非常 努力以及克服困难后达到目的。 指达到预定的目标，如计划的完成、 职责 岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载建筑公司岗位职责下载社工督导职责.docx 的履行、诺言的 实现、任务的完成等，侧重于完成心愿或者尽义务的意思。 指完成一件指派或预定的任务，或完善、完整未完成的 部分，一般指经过比较长的时间以后完成了任务。 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases 1. Brown was a brilliant musician but he had never his early promise. 2. They the difficult task assigned to them. 3. The construction work of the new steel plant has already been 4. It is more difficult for a woman to success in modern society. 5. I’ll my obligation to the best of my ability. Directions: Fill in the blanks with the four words above. Change the form where necessary. fulfilled _______ accomplished ____________ completed __________. achieve _______ fulfill _______ 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases address: v. 1. make a formal speech to a large group of people The letter is addressed to the occupier of the house. 2. if you address an envelope, package, etc., you write on it the name and address of the person you are sending it to The governor was invited to address the conference. He gave in to curiosity and opened the letter addressed to his wife. We must address ourselves to the problem of drugs among young people. 3. (formal) if you address a problem, you start trying to solve it It is time we addressed ourselves to the main item on the agenda. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases He was criticized by the committee for failing to report the accident. criticize: v. express your disapproval of sb. or sth., or to talk about their faults Ron does nothing but criticize and complain all the time. Pattern: criticize sb. / sth. (for doing sth.) N.B. 注意该词的词性变化，它的名词与形容词分别为：criticism和critical。 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases channel: v. 1. send water through a passage We must channel all our energies into the new scheme. 2. control or direct people or things to a particular place, work, situation, etc. The river had channeled its way through the soft rock. Drugs from government pharmacies were being channeled into illegal drug markets. 2019 - * - - - - - Words and Phrases tackle: v. 1. try to deal with a difficult problem You’ll have to tackle her parents about her bad behaviour. 2. talk to sb. in order to deal with a difficult problem We should be together to tackle all the challenges. When are you going to tackle your brother about that money he owes me? He tackles fearlessly. 3. start fighting sb., especially a criminal My husband tackled the burglar and made him drop everything. Police have launched an initiative to tackle rising crime. 2019 - * - - - - - Useful Expressions 1. 反之亦然 in reverse 2. 因果关系 cause-and-effect relationship 3. 塑造自己的前途与理想 shape one’s outlook and expectations 4. 积极向上 look up in hope 5. 垂头丧气 look down in despair 6. 积极向上的生活态度 the upward look 7. 忽视；遗漏 slip over 8. 凭选择；凭爱好 by choice 9. 天生地 by nature 10. 经过……仍然活着 live through 11. 归根结底 when all is said and done 12. 一个能自我实现的预言 a self-fulfilling prophecy 2019 - * - - - - - Useful Expressions 14. 加油站 a service station 15. 一个古怪问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 an odd question 16. 感到有点心神不宁 feel a little uneasy 17. 把（车）停路边 pull over 18. 染上怪病 pick up some rare disease 19. 理解；想出 figure out 20. 对……产生巨大影响 21. 积极的肯定 positive affirmation 22. 会产生很大影响 make a difference 23. 导致 result in 24. 矢志不移的坚韧 great persistence 13. 以……为食；因……变得更强烈 feed on / upon have a profound effect on … 2019 - * - - - - - Antonyms optimism pessimism cause effect bless curse hope despair usual odd sorrow happiness joy pain credible incredible blessing curse irrational rational negative positive necessity luxury 2019 - * - - - - - Detailed Reading Can you analyze the cause-and-effect relationship between optimism and success? There seems to be a natural cause-and-effect relationship between optimism and success. If you expect good things to happen, they usually do. 2019 - * - - - - - Detailed Reading Optimism and pessimism are with powerful forces, and each of us must choose which we want, so as to shape our outlook and our expectations. Why should each of us choose between optimism and pessimism to shape our outlook and our expectations? Because there is enough good and bad in everyone’s life, which serves as a rational basis for us to choose either optimism or pessimism. 2019 - * - - - - - Detailed Reading There is enough good and bad in everyone’s life — ample sorrow and happiness, sufficient joy and pain — to find a rational basis for either optimism or pessimism. Translate this sentence into Chinese. 每个人的生命中都有足够的幸运与不幸——丰富的哀伤和喜悦、充足的欢欣与痛苦——令我们找到或乐观或悲观的理由。 2019 - * - - - - - Detailed Reading I choose to highlight the positive and slip right over the negative. What can we infer from this sentence? The author chooses to be an optimist rather than a pessimist. 2019 - * - - - - - Detailed Reading But when all is said and done, I find that the good in life is far greater and more important than the bad. 1. What is the implied meaning of this sentence? Having experienced so many difficulties and crises, the author believes that the good in life is far greater and more important than the bad. 2. Translate this sentence into Chinese. 但是，当一切尘埃落定，我发现生命中的美好远比丑恶多。 2019 - * - - - - - Detailed Reading Conversely, negative thoughts, attitudes, and expectations feed on themselves; they become a self-fulfilling prophecy. 1. Why does the author say negative thoughts, attitudes, and expectations become a self-fulfilling prophecy? There seems to be a natural cause-and-effect relationship between pessimism and failure. If you expect something to turn out bad, it probably will. 2. Translate this sentence into Chinese. 反过来，悲观的想法、态度和期待也会自成因果：它们是能自我实现的预言。 2019 - * - - - - - Detailed Reading That seemed like an odd question, but I felt fine and told him so. What is the implied meaning of this sentence? The author was feeling great on that beautiful day. Although he was a bit surprised to hear the attendant’s question, he still told him the fact. 2019 - * - - - - - Detailed Reading Optimism doesn’t need to be naive. What does this sentence imply? To be optimistic doesn’t mean to be simple-minded or happy blindly. 2019 - * - - - - - Detailed Reading Optimism draws our attention away from negativism and channels it into positive, constructive thinking. 1. Paraphrase this sentence. If we take an optimistic attitude towards life, we will look on the positive side of the situation and gradually cultivate a positive and constructive way of thinking. 2. Translate this sentence into Chinese. 乐观精神使我们的注意力从消极的否定态度转向积极的、建设性的思考。 2019 - * - - - - - Detailed Reading According to Devos, why is it a matter of one’s own decision to choose between optimism and pessimism? Why does Devos believe in the upward look? Why does Devos mentions his age? Why does Devos say that an optimistic attitude is a necessity? Why did Devos feel a little sick when he got home? Why did his skin appear yellow when he was at the service station? What does the author’s experience at the service station show? What is one of the things that Devos is most thankful for? What is the author’s opinion about the relationship between a culture and individuals in terms of attitude? What is author’s opinion of the people who criticize America’s space program? Answer the following questions based on text information 2019 - * - - - - - Passage Structure Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas 1 2 1~3 4~7 It is necessary to choose optimism to shape our outlook and expectations. The author illustrates the effects of negativism through his own experiences. 3 8~10 The author suggests that we direct our attention to positive and constructive thinking rather than to negativism. 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。 1）不定式 时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动　　　　　　　　　 　一般式　　　　to do　　　　　 to be done 　 完成式　　　 to have done　　to have been done 2）动名词 时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动　　　　　　　　　 　一般式　　　　doing　　　　　being done 　完成式　　　　having done　　having been done 3）分词 时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动　　　　　　　　　 　一般式　　　　doing　　　　　being done 　完成式　　　　having done　　having been done　 　　 　否定形式： not +不定式，　not + 动名词，　not + 现在分词 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　不定式是动词的一种非限定形式。 不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能单独做谓语。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征， 所以它在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。 基本形式：         “to + 动词原形 ”（有时可以不带to） “to” 仅仅是个符号，本身无实义。 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 动词不定式的句法作用： 一． 作主语。 如：  To ask him for help is necessary.  但在多数情况下，特别是在口语中，常常用 it 作形式主语，不定式后置。 It is not easy to master a foreign language  二. 作表语。 如：  Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks. To see is to believe. （注意： 主语是不定式时，表语必须用不定式，不用v-ing） All you have to do is (to) finish the job quickly. （注意：当主语部分含有动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略 to ） 三． 作宾语。 如： I expect to see you tomorrow. She wanted to borrow my dictionary. 能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有want, like , wish, hope, hate, prefer, manage, try, ask, offer, start, conclude, demand, prepare, pretend, promise, learn, choose, refuse, expect, desire, agree,  care 等等。 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 四．作定语。   不定式作定语时， 通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如： I have a lot of work to do. Here are some books for you to read. She was the first person to think of the idea. 注意： 如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如： He is looking for a room to live in. He use a pen to write with. She is a very nice person to work with. There is nothing to worry about.  五．作宾语补足语 不定式可以和名词或代词构成复合结构， 作动词的宾语，不定式作宾语补足语。 1．用带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语，表示致使、希望、要求、请求、允许、命令等意义，常见的动词有 ask, tell, invite, force, advise, get , beg, allow, want, wish, order, expect, prefer, persuade, teach, warn, request, forbid, cause, permit, oblige(迫使)，encourage, lead, 等等。 如： 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 Mother told me to come back before 10 o’clock. I’ll get someone to repair the recorder for you. What caused him to change his mind? I wish you to come as soon as possible. ( 注意 hope虽有“希望”的意思，但其后不能用不定式作宾补, 不能说： hope sb. to do sth ) 2． 不定式不用带 to 的动词有： 感官动词（see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe）、使役动词（have, let, make ）、及动词词组 listen to , look at 后的宾语补足语。 如： I often hear them sing this song. I saw her put her hands into the pockets. 注意： 当这类动词转为被动语态时， 其后的不定式则要加上“ to” 如：  They were made to wait for two hours. 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 六．不定式作状语 1． 表示目的。 如： He went home to see his parents. To get the best result, use clean water.   不定式作目的状语，还可用 in order to , so as to 引起（in order to 可放在句首，而 so as to 不能放在句首）  In order to arrive before dark, we started early.  He decided to work harder in order to (so as to ) catch up with the others. 2. 表示结果。 如：  He returned to his bedroom to find everybody gone.  What have I said to make you so excited? 常见的表结果的句式有： 1） so…. as to… , such …as to …  He was so angry as to be unable to speak.  We are not such fools as to believe him. 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 2) … enough (for sb.) to …, too…to…  This book is easy enough for me to read.   He is too young to join the army.  3) only to…（常表示未曾料到的结果）  They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.  I went to see him only to find him out. 3． 表示原因 （与表示目的时形式相似，要根据句意判断）如：  We jumped with joy to hear the news. She was surprised to see how angry Mary was. I’m sorry to have to say good-bye to you. He is anxious to see her. 4．不定式作条件状语、方式状语  To hear him talk, you would think he owned the whole world.  听他谈话，你会以为他拥有整个世界。  She opened her lips as if to speak. 她张开嘴唇，仿佛要说话似的。 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 动词不定式的时态用法： 1． 不定式的一般式  与谓语动词表示的动作同时或是在谓语动词之后发生。如：  We are glad to see you again. （同时发生）  They invited us to go there this summer. （之后发生） 2． 不定式的完成式 它所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。 I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seemed to have bought a new dictionary. 3． 不定式的进行式 它用来表示当谓语动词的动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。 They are said to be building in that area now. He pretended to be listening to the teacher attentively. 4． 不定式的完成进行式 它表示在谓语动词动作之前已经开始，并一直进行着，到说话时为止，这个动作可能还在继续.  He is said to have been writing the book for ten years. 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 不定式省略 to 的情况： 1． 在某些动词（如：see, watch, hear, notice, observe, feel, listen to , look at, make, let, have ）后作宾语补足语的不定式。  Let me hear you play the piano. / He made them work for a long time. 2． 由why 引起的某些问句中 Why turn off the gas? Why not open the window? 3． 在 had better, would rather, would rather…than, would sooner, would sooner …than, can’t but(只好，不得不), do nothing but等结构后面。如： He cannot but agree. (他不得不同意) You’d better tell him the truth.  He would rather (sooner) die than surrender. （他宁死不屈）  My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive. 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 在介词 except, but 之后，如果其前有动词 do 的某种形式， 不定式一般不带 to ， 反之，则须带 to 。 如： There’s nothing to do except( but) wait till it stops raining. There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining. 4. 当两个或多个带 to 的不定式由并列连词 and 或 or连接在一起时，第二个及其后的不定式符号to 常可省略。如：  The teacher asked the students to read over the text carefully and (to) write down the important points or (to ) put forward questions if there is any.  如果两者有对比关系， 则在每个不定式前加to, 不能省略。  They didn’t tell me whether to go on or to stop. 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 1.　The girl is singing a song. 2.　The girl singing now is my sister. 3.　Singing is one of her hobbies（爱好）。 第一个句子的singing是常见的现在进行式（Present Continuous），是说眼下正在做什么； 第二个句子的singing是现在分词（Present Participle）它把sing这个动词转为形容词。 第三个句子的singing是动名词. 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 一、名词性的动名词（Nominal Gerund） 　　名词性的动名词可以加上定冠词或不定冠词，其他可加在动名词前的还有如：my， this， some，any， all， no 等等。举例如下： 　　1. The mellow（愉快地） singing of the birds announces the coming of spring.（singing前加定冠词 the及形容词mellow；coming 前加 the） 　　2.　We knew the robber was near when we heard a faint rustling（沙沙声） in the bushes.（rustling 前加不定冠词a及形容词 faint） 　　 从上面的例子可看出如何将一个动词转成名词；但它和真正的名词还是有区别的，那就是没有单数或复数之分。不过，有一些动名词是可以变成真正名词的喔，如： 　　saying， writing， opening， painting， cutting， heading， feeling，being，saving， surrounding， crossing， misunderstanding 等等。它们都可以有复数，方法就是在它们的后面加个s，如：paintings. 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 二、动词性的动名词（Verbal Gerund） 　　看看下面的句子： 　　 Carelessly writing essays annoys the teacher. 　　上面的句子里的writing是动名词，但前面有副词carelessly（粗心地），后面又有受词（Object） essays.因此writing就有动词的特征。 　　注意：Verbal Gerund 这类动名词的前面可不能加上任何冠词（the， a， an ……） 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 一、在句子中用作主语（Subject） Listening to music gives me pleasure. 主语置于句尾的句型 　　1.1 用 It + be + …… +v-ing 句型 　　1). It is fun speaking English. 2). It is of great importance fighting against pollution（污染）。 　　 1.2　用 It is 后接 no use. no good， fun 等的句型 　　1). It is no use learning theory without practice. 2). It is no fun being lost in rain. 　　 1.3　用 It is 后接 useless， nice， good， interesting， worthwhile 等的句型 　　1). It is worthwhile taking this into consideration. 　　1.3.4 用 There + be + no + v-ing 的句型 　　1). There is no joking about such matters. 2). There is no getting along with him. （简直无法与他相处） 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 二、动名词作宾语 　　2.1　作动词/动词短语的宾语（置于动词或动词短语的后面） 　　1). You should avoid quarrelling with your sister.　（宾语quarrelling） 　　这类动词还有：dislike, admit, repent, acknowledge, enjoy, escape, deny, postpone, resent, mind, miss, risk, finish, avoid, delay, consider, fancy, excuse, include, imagine, resist, 还有短语类：keep on, don't mind, cannot help, give up, put off, leave off, burst out …… 　　2.2　作介词（Preposition）的宾语（Object） 　　1). I'm sorry for giving you so much trouble. （介词for，宾语giving） 　　2). The book is worth reading. （介词worth， 宾语reading） 　　注意：在下列的句子结构中，介词 in 被省略掉： 　　1). She is busy （in） correcting her exercises. 2). He spent two hours （in） reading book. 3). There is no use （in） talking with him now. 4). Is it any good （in） taking cold water baths？ 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 　　2.3　 作"名词+介词"的宾语 　　1). I have the pleasure of speaking to the famous author. （pleasure of + 宾语speaking） 　　2). He takes a great interest in studying languages. （interest in + 宾语studying） 　　这一类"名词+介词"的还有： 　　danger of, fear of, objection to, delight to, habit of, opportunity for /of, excuse for, experience in, love in reason for… 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 3）作表语，对主语 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 、解释。例如： Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。 比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 4）作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如： a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台 a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池 有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如： boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点 a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 　　三、句子中动名词的逻辑主语（Implied Subject） 　　在句子中，除了原有的主语之外，属于动名词的"主语"，也就称为"逻辑主语"，一般位于动名词的前面。 　　3.1　在动名词前加"物主代词（如：my， his……）"或"名词所有格（如：Mary's，Dog's……）" 　　1. His coming here helped us a lot. 　　2. Tom's escaping from the prison made trouble for the jailer. 　　3. Do you mind my smoking in the room？ 　　注意：作为逻辑主语的名词/代词为无生命时，则用通格（of the）： 　　1.　I cannot say there is no fear of the news spreading among intimate friends. 　　3.2　在下列情况中，不能使用所有格： 　　a. 代词为 all， both， each， few， several， some， this 等作为逻辑主语时： 　　 I remember all of them saying it . 　　b. 数词、名词化形容词（如 the three， the old……）作逻辑主语时： 　　 In spite of the three telling the same story， I could not believe it. 　　c. 结构中的逻辑主语是名子或短语，或受从句或短语修饰时： 　　 Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room talking a little louder？ 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 四、动名词的语态 　　4.1　被动式（being + v-ed） 　　当动名词的逻辑主语所表示的是动作的对象时，动名词要用被动语态。 　　1. He dislikes being interrupted in his speech. 2. They couldn't stand being treated like that. 　　4.2　完成式 （having + v-ed） 　　动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。 　　1. We regret having been unable to inform you of the meeting. 2. The students' having done the work so well made us very happy. 　　4.3　完成式的被动语态 （having been + v-ed） 　　1.　I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team. 2.　Some of our customers complained of having been treated rudely. 　　4.4　在动词 need， want， require， deserve 之后的动名词（作为宾语），要用主动语态来表示被动的意思。 　　1. The flowers in the garden want watering（需要浇水）。 　　2. That's one of those questions that really don't need answering（不需回答）。 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 分词既有动词的特征，由有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示（以及物动词do 和不及物动词go为例）： do go 主动 被动 现在分词 doing being done going 过去分词 / done gone 完成式 having done having been done 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 分词作定语 不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given, left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如： 　We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日 　He is a retired worker.　他是位退休的工人 　There was a girl sitting there.　有个女孩坐在那里 　This is the question given.　　这是所给的问题 　There is nothing interesting.　没有有趣的东西 　分词作定语相当于定语从句，如 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists. 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 2 分词作状语 分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如： 1) Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 　 =As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. 　 2) Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 　 =If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better. 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 　　2.1　用作状语的分词和逻辑主语是"主动关系".表示动作和谓语的动作同时发生。 　　1). David was lying in bed crying. 　　2). We walked along the banks singing merrily…… 　　2.2　现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用现在分词完成式 　 1).　Having written the letter， I went out to post it. 　　2).　Having already seen the film twice， she didn‘t want to go to the cinema. 　 2.3　用作状语的分词和逻辑主语有"被动关系"，要用过去分词 　　1).　We went home exhausted. 　　2).　Encouraged by my teacher， I decided to work hard. 　　2.4　用作状语的分词和逻辑主语有"被动关系"，也可用被动式的现在分词 　　1).　Having been invited to speak， I'll start making preparations tomorrow. 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 2.5　 有的分词在句子中没有逻辑主语，这类特别分词有：regarding 关于，barring 除……以外，concerning 关于，granting /granted（that） 假定、即使，presuming 假定，admitting （that） 承认， considering考虑到，assuming 假设，seeing that 考虑 到，supposing （that） 假定，given （that）考虑到、如果…… 　　1).　He did poorly in his examinations， considering how hard he had studied for them. 2).　Granted that he has enough money to buy the house， it doesn't mean he's going to do so. 3).　He asked me questions concerning my health. 　　还有分词词组： 　　taking……into consideration 考虑到，judging by /from 从……判断，talking about 说到……，speaking of 说到……，looking at 考虑到、着眼于，generally speaking 一般说来，allowing for 考虑到…… 　　1).　Generally speaking, boys are more interested in such activities that girls. 2).　Allowing for the deficiencies, the show is a success. 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 3 连词+分词（短语） 　有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as.　但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如： 　　While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. 4 分词作表语 表示主语的状态等。例如： 　 She looked tired with cooking.　她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。 　 He remained standing beside the table.　他依然站在桌旁。 5 分词作补语 　　通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。see， watch， hear， set， keep， find， have，get， meet……例如： 　 1) I found my car missing.　我发现我的车不见了。 　 2) I’ll have my watch repaired.　我想把我的手表修一下。 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 独立主格结构的构成： 名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词； 名词（代词）+形容词； 名词（代词）+副词； 名词（代词）+不定式； 名词（代词） +介词短语构成。　 独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 　　 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 　　 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 　　例如： 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 　　The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 　　The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 　　Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　天气允许，我们明天去看你。 　　This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 　　The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 　　He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。 　　He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf ，走出了图书馆 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 　　 　　The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 　　The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 　　Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　天气允许，我们明天去看你。 　　This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 　　The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 　　He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。 　　He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 2019 - * - - - - - Grammatical Explanation 非谓语动词 with的复合结构作独立主格 　　表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如： 　　 He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised. 典型例题 The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied　 B. having tied　　C. to be tied　　D. tied　　 　　答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\"手\"与分词\"绑\"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.　 2019 - * - - - - - Home Writing Directions: Write a composition of about 120 words entitled “Be an Optimist”. You can support your arguments with words and expressions from the text. Be an Optimist 1. 2. 3. 对待同一问题的两种回答代表两种人生态度。 乐观主义的好处和悲观主义的坏处。 每个人都应做个乐观的人。 2019 - * - - - - - Proverbs and Quotations 1. Content is happiness. 知足常乐。 2. An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity; a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity. 乐观的人在灾难中看到希望；悲观的人在希望中看到灾难。 3. Care brings grey hair. 忧虑催人老。 4. An optimist sees the rose; a pessimist the thorn. 乐观的人看到玫瑰，而悲观的人只看到它的刺。 5. Rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation. — Kennedy, American President 从希望中得到欢乐，在苦难中保持坚韧。 —— 美国总统 肯尼迪 2019 - * - - - - - 后面内容直接删除就行 资料可以编辑修改使用 资料可以编辑修改使用 资料仅供参考，实际情况实际分析 - - - - - - - - Proverbs and Quotations 6. Most folks are about as happy as they make up their minds to be. — Lincoln, American President 对于大多数人来说，他们认定自己有多幸福，就有多幸福。 —— 美国总统 林肯 7. Optimists always picture themselves accomplishing their goals. — Seneca, Ancient Roman philosopher 乐观主义者总是想象自己实现了目标的情景。 —— 古罗马哲学家 西尼加 8. Tough-minded optimists approach problems with a can-do philosophy and emerge stronger from tragedies. — Seneca, Ancient Roman philosopher 意志坚强的乐观主义者用“世上无难事”人生观来思考问题，越是遭受悲剧打击，越是表现得坚强。 —— 古罗马哲学家 西尼加 2019 - * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -