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On Aestheticism in The Happy Prince

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On Aestheticism in The Happy PrinceOn Aestheticism in The Happy Prince A thesis Submitted to the Department of Foreign Languages of Changsha University In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Bachelor of Arts 论唯美主义与快乐王子 摘  要 童话被认为是奥斯卡·王尔德唯美主义理论的理想载体。然而,其童话与其唯美主义理论却存在矛盾...

On Aestheticism in The Happy Prince
On Aestheticism in The Happy Prince A thesis Submitted to the Department of Foreign Languages of Changsha University In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Bachelor of Arts 论唯美主义与快乐王子 摘  要 童话被认为是奥斯卡·王尔德唯美主义理论的理想载体。然而,其童话与其唯美主义理论却存在矛盾。虽然王尔德坚持“为艺术而艺术”和“生活模仿艺术”,但实际上没有任何文学作品能彻底脱离现实,其童话也不例外。在体现唯美主张的同时往往悖离对于美的纯粹性的追求,显示出复杂的内涵,反映出作者本人美学思想的内在矛盾与困惑。本文以《快乐王子》为例,探讨了王尔德唯美主义理论及唯美主义的矛盾性在这部童话中的体现,指出艺术与生活,道德,真实之间存在着固有的矛盾。 关键词:奥斯卡·王尔德,《快乐王子》,唯美主义,矛盾性 On Aestheticism in The Happy Prince ABSTRACT Fairy tales are thought to be the ideal carrier of Oscar Wilde’s aestheticism. However, there are also some paradoxical points between Wilde’s fairy tales and his main aesthetic theories. He always declares “art for art’s sake” and “life imitates art”, but in fact, no literary work can be divorced from life completely, no exception of his fairy tales. The Happy Prince shows Wilde’s aestheticism at the same time goes against the pursuit of the pure beauty, which expressed the complex connotation and reflected Wilde’s inner emotion contracdition on the Aesthetic Theories. This paper tries to illustrate how Wilde’s aestheticism and the contradictions of aestheticism are shown in The Happy Prince, pointing out art contradicts with the life, morality and reality. Key words: Oscar Wilde, The Happy Prince, aestheticism, contradiction Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all the people who have ever helped me in my thesis. My sincere thanks to my supervisor Professor Tu Jing whose suggestions, encouragement and help have given me much insight into study of Wilde’s aestheticism in The Happy Prince. It has been a great privilege and joy to study under his guidance and supervision, his positive work attitude produced far-reaching effects on me, it is my honor to benefit from his personality and diligence which I will treasure in whole life. I am also extremely grateful to all my friends and classmates who gave me assistance, companionship and opinions when I was during my period of preparing this paper. Finally, I am really grateful to all those who devote much time to reading this thesis and give me much advice, which will benefit me in my later study. CONTENTS 摘  要    I ABSTRACT    II 1  Introduction    1 2  Aestheticism in The Happy Prince    2 2.1 Imaginary World    2 2.2 Pursuit of Pure Beauty    3 2.3 The Beauty of Death    4 3  Contradictions of Aestheticism in The Happy Prince    6 3.1 Resource of Contradictions    6 3.2 Reflection of the Reality    7 4 Paradoxes of Aestheticism    9 4.1 Conflicts in the Aesthetic Theories    9 4.2 Conflicts between Aesthetes and Society    10 5  conclusion    12 References    13 1 Introduction Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) is a well-known poet, novelist and dramatist, born in Dublin, Ireland. He is regarded as one of the greatest British Writers in literary history. Wilde announces that he has nothing to declare but his genius on his arrival in New York City. He is an advocator of Aestheticism, and always challenges the traditional concept. Wilde is a prolific and talented writer. He writes a lot of works such as The Picture of Dorian Gray (novel), Lady Windermere’s Fan, A Woman of No Importance, An Ideal Husband, The Importance of Being Earnest (comedy) and so on. Compared with his novel and dramas, his fairy tales have always been ignored, but in fact, his fairy tales spread more widely than his other works. During his life time, Wilde writes nine fairy tales and publishes two collections (The Happy Prince and Other Tales and A House of Pomegranate). Wilde’s fairy tales are pure, beautiful and touching. They are thought to be the “ideal carrier of his aesthetic theories” and “Aesthetic fairy tales”.  Wilde is one of the controversial writers. Criticism on Wilde and his aestheticism has always been very active. One hundred years ago, his theories were regarded as fallacy, but nowadays a different point of view is held on his aesthetic theories. This paper illustrates Wilde’s aestheticism from his fairy tales. Wilde holds the belief of “art for art’s sake” and “art should not imitate life”. But “these ‘Aesthetic fairy tales’ have some paradoxes with Wilde’s main aesthetic ideas”, [Xue Jiabao, 1999] Paradox is a common writing feature of most aesthetic writers, and Wilde is one of them. Nowadays, some critics in our country are paying more and more attention to Wilde’s works and his aestheticism. In order to understand the meaning of Wilde’s aestheticism comprehensively, The Happy Prince is very famous we should read with an objective and fair evaluation. This thesis aims to analyze Wilde’s aestheticism in The Happy Prince. Through the study of the novel, it has been found the consistency between his theories and his fairy tales, the paradoxes in his theories, and the contradictions between his theories and his works. This paper tries to reveal how paradoxes and contradictions come into being in Wilde’s works. 2 Aestheticism in The Happy Prince Aestheticism was a popular cultural phenomenon in the middle of the 19th century. Wilde was regarded as the spokesman for the aesthetic movement in England. The term ‘aestheticism’ is used in art to refer to any trend which argues that art is self-sufficient and justifies its own existence, thus rejecting an opposing perspective which assumes that art has some other purposes for existence and by non-aesthetic standard. Studying Wilde’s fairy tales is the first step to study his aestheticism. His fairy tales are always beautiful and pure,occupying an important position in the literature world. The Happy Prince is one of Wilde’s fairy tales, reflecting his aesthetic theories. 2.1  Imaginary World Wilde is an imaginative writer. Numerous imaginations are used in his works. He uses imagination as a main pattern of The Happy Prince. “The aestheticism he pursues to is that ‘relates to things not exist’.” [Zhao Li and Xu Jing’an, 1988] It means the world that he builds with poetic language and imagination doesn’t exist in the reality. In Wilde’s point of view, no imagination means any meaning in art world. So imagination has great power in Wilde’s mind. Children’s nature is full of imagination. In children’s world, everything has soul, like cats, chairs, and fish. Generally speaking, fairy tales that aim to educate children served for children. By using the skill of imagination, Wilde creates many marvelous worlds in his fairy tales. In The Happy Prince, happy Prince is a gilded statue covered with gold leaves. When he is alive, he knows nothing about sadness. After his death, he sees all the misery of the society and often cries. A swallow, which is flying to Egypt to spend the cold winter, accidentally sees the prince’s tears and agrees to help the poor for the Prince. Happy Prince gives all his valuable belongings to the help-needed people. He asks the swallow to send his bright sapphires eyes, a large red ruby (on his sword-hint) and the gold leaves (on his body) to the poor people. When the winter comes, the swallow is frozen to death at one night and the prince’s heart of lead is broken. With no diamond and gold leaf on him, the happy Prince is not good-looking anymore and he is pulled down at last. The citizen tries to melt the statue in the furnace, but the Prince’s leaden heart could not be melt. So, the leaden heart is thrown to the place where the swallow’s body lies. God asks one of his angels to bring two most precious things in that city to him. The angel takes the prince’s leaden heart and the swallow’s body to God. It is the story that Wilde tells us in The Happy Prince. Wilde’s strange imaginations and lively descriptions show the readers a marvelous world in this fairy tale. In Wilde’s fairy tales, some imaginary scenery doesn’t exist in the reality. At the beginning of The Happy Prince, Wilde writes that, “High above the city, on a tall column, stood the statue of the Happy Prince. He was gilded all over with thin leaves of fine gold, for eyes he had two bright sapphires, and a large red ruby glowed on his sword-hilt”.[Oscar Wilde,1994] Under Wilde’s description, the happy Prince becomes a live and clear image. The Palace in which the Prince lived looks luxurious through our imagining. Wilde builds a beautiful, pure but unreal world through his description in The Happy Prince. The strange imaginations and lively descriptions make this fairy tale become a lasting famous one. How can Wilde write these famous stories? The combination of Wilde’s aesthetic theories and the fairy tales plays an important role. 2.2 Pursuit of Pure Beauty Wilde’s fairy tales are not only fairy tales of beauty, but also fairy tales of life. Every character in Wilde’s fairy tales has life, like the reed, the swallow and the statue. They have feelings like human beings. Wilde researches life at the position of art, so he can create a series of sceneries of the beautiful things in his works. He pursues beauty, and reveals beauty from a peculiar angle. Through describing many sharp comparisons, Wilde shows both the beauty and ugliness to us. That is because Wilde is very disappointed to the Victoria society. He thinks the reality is full of evils. There is no pure land in reality, so he creates beauty and purity in his imaginative world. In Wilde’s fairy tales, the true beauty belongs to the soul. In The Happy Prince, when the Prince is still a gold statue, his appearance is beautiful but his heart is pale. After he gives all his belongings to the poor, his appearance turns to ugly but his soul becomes honorable. Wilde tells us that the pure beauty comes from the inner world. Once, when telling his son the fairy tale The Selfish Giant, Wilde could not stop crying. His son asked him why he cried. He answered that he was always moved to weep by the true beauty in his fairy tales. It is no doubt that the beauty Wilde referred to is the kind heart of the giant. Wilde’s pursuit of beauty gives a rough definition to children what is beauty, what is right and wrong, and what we should do or not. And that’s the educational function of his fairy tales. In The Happy Prince, a swallow, being late for Egypt, becomes a messenger for the Prince, sending gifts to those who need help. Each Happy Prince’s precious decoration, which might be loved and appreciated by upper class, is given to the poor people in order to alleviate the suffering of the poor. The happy Prince used to stay in the pleasant palace where he only knows happiness but no sorrows. When he dies, he can see the miseries and ugliness of his city. He tries his best to help the weak and the poor. As he tells the swallow, “you tell me of marvelous things, but more marvelous than anything is the suffering of men and women. There is no Mystery so great as Misery”. [Oscar Wilde, 1994] The swallow has been delayed again and again to migrate to Egypt because of the happy Prince’s requests. Finally he devotes his own life and dies at the feet of the “shabby” statue. In order to alleviate the starvation of poor people, the Prince takes off the ruby in his sword, the sapphires eyes and the gold leaves on his body and gives them to the poor people. His behavior shows his sweetheart to the poor people. The Prince and the swallow devote their lives to the poor people. A spirit of internal beauty is more important than decoration. Their sweethearts move God, and they are taken to Heaven at last. The angel takes the two most precious things in that city to God—the statue’s leaden heart and the dead bird. God says, “In my garden of paradise, this little bird shall sing for ever. And in my city of gold, the happy Prince shall praise me.” [Oscar Wilde, 1994] Children have been taught that good returns go back to good deeds. They also know that if one treats other people sincerely, he will get more at last. This fairy tale educates children devoting their love to the society. 2.3    The Beauty of Death “On one hand, Oscar Wilde praises goodness and beauty; on the other hand he reveals the theme of human evil. In his works, beauty and ugliness, rich and poor, life and death, all these conflict themes are irreconcilable. Therefore they lead to the ending of death and terror at last.” [Xiao Mingli, 2000] Death is one of the themes in Oscar Wilde’s fairy tale. In traditional fairy tales, reunion and happiness are showed in the end, but Wilde makes a breakthrough. He puts death and sadness at the end of his fairy tales. “The worlds in Oscar Wilde’s fairy tales are full of suffering. In those worlds, death is the final destination of the characters.”[Zhang Li, 2003] The reason why Wilde has this thought is related to the times he lived in and his social background. At that time, the conflicts in society was more and more serious. The Victoria Times was stubborn and paid a great attention to ethnics and social behaviors. Wilde opposed to the authority and the government but in vain. So he wanted to create a world where has no anxiety and grave is the ideal destination. Death seems to be less coordination with the fairy tales. “And he (the swallow) kissed the Happy Prince on the lips, and then fell down at his feet. At that moment a curious crack sounded inside the statue, as if something had broken. The fact is that the leaden heart had snapped right in two”. [Oscar Wilde, 1994] When the Prince’s heart is broken, a bitter sadness emerges in readers’ hearts. In Oscar Wilde’s fairy tales, it always has a keynote of sadness. However, by the philosophy of life, Wilde praises the life through death. So Wilde praises the Prince and the swallow in The Happy Prince. They not only help people in material, but also support people’s spirit. In order to help the poor people, the Prince donats his precious things, and the swallow is delayed to travel to Egypt to avoid the cold weather. When winter comes, the swallow is frozen to death. When the Prince donats all his precious belongs, his leaden heart is broken. Those tragic images make readers think deeply. Wilde infers the meaning of life-doing more meaningful things to the society. The death image in Wilde’s fairy tales is a temporary tragedy for art. As the physical died, the soul is rebirth. The beauty of death and soul in his tragedy are integration and extension, which reaches a near-perfect state and the soul sublimation in death. Maybe that is Oscar Wilde fairy tale’s real charm. 3 Contradictions of Aestheticism in The Happy Prince In The Happy Prince, there is contradiction between prince’s appearance and his inner world. When he is alive, he is happy. However, his heart is pale and grim. After his death, he can see the suffering of the life, and his heart is bitter. He donates all his belongings to the poor, even if he has to be overturned, he is still happy. In this work, Wilde makes a comprehensive description of his aesthetic theories. Wilde holds the belief of “art for art’s sake”. It advocates art’s independence. Fairy tales are the ideal carriers of Wilde’s aesthetic theories, so his fairy tales are full of aesthetic senses. However, there are two conflicts in Wilde’s aesthetic theories. 3.1 Resource of Contradiction At the end of 19th century, the conflicts in European society became more and more serious. Aestheticism raised in this very period. This was an important period for Europe literature and art. During that time realism and romanticism evolved into naturalism and aestheticism. Old ideology affected new ideas, so new ideas are not very pure even carried with internal contradictions. The Victorian morals, which are obstinate and rigid, unavoidably show their negative influences while they dominate the British society. The traditional moral value hampers people’s development. Wilde is anxious about the art environment. He wants to explore a way for art which is very valuable.”[Zou Tao, 2003] “He was a key person in the period”, “He emphasized that art should be creative, surprising and beautiful and should break up traditional discipline.”[Xiao Mingli, 2000] As a representative writer of aestheticism, Wilde holds the revolted banner. He criticizes the traditional morals, but the limitation of his theory is isolated the art and reality. Wilde always declares that “art for art’s sake” and “art should surpass life”. However, there is contradiction in his view. In The Happy Prince, the Major, the Town Councilors, and the professor who give comments to the statue want to gain a reputation for having artistic sense. They represent the people who try to pursue fame in the 19th century. Wilde criticizes such people and looks down upon them. On one hand, he exposes the cruelty and selfishness of capitalism. On the other hand, he highly praises the happy prince and the swallow. Wilde advocates life should imitate art, he tries to build an ivory tower but cannot distract his attention from mortal world. Why Wilde advocates aesthetics so strongly? It has great relation with the times. At that time, Britain has lost the priority on world stage, and the social atmosphere is corruption. At the position of aestheticism, Wilde laughs at the reality of capitalism. He wants to get rid of the society, so he turns to aestheticism area, and he uses aesthetics to create an ideal world. All these are because he doesn’t have a correct outlook. He doesn’t like the class he was born in, but he can’t find way out either. His artistic concept can’t be separated completely from the contradiction of his social status. 3.2    Reflection of the Reality Every imagination, characteristic and plot in art works come from life and it is no exception for Wilde’s works. Wilde thinks art should surpass life, but in fact no literature can be divorced from life completely. The main way Wilde used to express his aesthetic theories in his works is imagination. He takes the view that “art is the product of artists’ soul”, Wilde tries his best to avoid reality in his works. Facing the ugly reality, Wilde holds high the banner of aestheticism. On one hand, Wilde proclaims “the independence of art” [Yang Lihong, 2006].on the other hand, there are many reflections of the reality in The Happy Prince. The Mayor and Town Councilors stand for the bourgeoisie. They do not care the hard life of the bottom class. The poor people in The Happy Prince stand for the bottom people of Britain. In the 19th century, people are indifferent with each other in Britain. They don’t care about others except themselves. When swallow send things to the help-needed people, nobody expresses his gratitude. One thinks he is good luck, another think “I am beginning to be appreciated.” [Oscar Wilde, 1994] That very period causes people’s indifference and cruelty. “In fact, Wilde never denies the reality of life. He just transforms the reality of life into beautiful imagination.” [Yang Lihong, 2006] In other words, Wilde’s fairy tales base on the reality. Wilde expresses his mercy, and kindness through the two characters, the happy Prince and the swallow. He preaches that to be good is to be beautiful not outside but inside. In order to send the jewels to the poor for the Prince, the swallow comes upon some scenes that are in sharp contrast, the rich and the poor. In contrast with the Mayor, there are the poor seamstress, the hungry play writer, the little match girl and the starving children. People of such kind all can be found in the 19th century. In the bottom society, the poor are suffering a lot. Wilde notices this social problem. So in his work he lets the Prince give all his valuable belongings to the poor. Such examples prove that although Wilde using imagination to create fairy tales, he does not forget to reflect the reality in his fairy tales. 4 Paradoxes of Aestheticism Wilde excludes many rational things and wants to promote a beauty of super-realistic. Wilde is disappointed to the social reality at that time, so he turns to the literary field.  The beauty Wilde’s aesthetic theories pursue does not exist in the real word. But his works base on the reality. The contradictions between the two arouse people’s reconsideration to his aesthetic theories. He thinks that art has the power to save the world. He is confused about the relationship between art and life. The paradoxes of aestheticism can be summarized as follow. 4.1 Conflicts in the Aesthetic Theories Aestheticism is a cultural phenomenon prevailed in Europe in the middle of the 19th century. Its basic theory is “art for art’s sake”. Aestheticism places art above life and hold that life should imitate art, not art imitating life. Wilde is the representative writer of the Aesthetic Movement, and his aesthetic theories can be summarized into three points.  The first point is “art for art’s sake”. Aesthetics thinks the beauty of the art work comes from form’s perfection. He highly emphasizes the form but at the same time unable to deny the content. The second point is “life imitates art far more than art imitates life”. This point puts a high mission and power on art, and stresses the effect of art which is always ignored by people. The third point is “aesthetic has nothing to do with morality”. He thinks aesthetics is more important than ethics. These are the main theories of Wilde. It seems perfect, but when describing these main ideas, he often falls into contradiction. Wilde insists on “art for art’s sake”. He thinks that in the real world “Only by means of art rather than other things, can we keep ourselves from the ugly of the reality”. Art should establish a fence with the reality. At the same time, Wilde also thinks that it could not avoid reality in literature. When he talks about his fairy tales, he says that his fairy tales try to use a way which is above live to reflect the lives. It means that although his fairy tales surpass the reality, their fundament is reality. So his words are paradoxical.  Wilde’s explanation of the relation between art and life is also contradicted. He believes that life imitates art rather than art imitates life. He confuses the relationship between art and life. On the surface, it looks like improve the position of art, but after thinking it over, we find that he denies the value of art. It means he denies the meaning of art. At the same time, he admits that art comes from lives. “Artists choose facts from the reality; change them according to the rule of beauty, and create a truer, more marvelous world.” [Xue Jiabao, 1999] It means Wilde admits that writer’s inspiration comes from life. In other words, art imitates life at least in a certain degree. From the above, it can be seen that Wilde’s aesthetic theories have many conflicts. 4.2 Conflicts between Aesthetes and Society The main reason that brings contradiction to Wilde’s aesthetic theories and fairy tales is the paradox in his aesthetic. Another reason is the conflicts between the aesthetes and society. “On one hand, Oscar Wilde exposes the contradiction in the capitalist world in the end of the 19th century, expresses sympathy to the weak and the poor and satirizes the upper class. On the other hand, he has no methods to save the world. Then he puts his expectation on ‘aesthetic’.”[Wang Guofeng, 2000] The aesthetic movement appeared in the end of the 19th century. During that time, the conflicts in European society and the conflicts among the European countries became more and more serious. As the industry movement developed rapidly, people’s life changed a lot. The view “money is everything” become popular. This phenomenon disappoints many artists. They want to find an ideal society where there is only beauty. It means that they want to use the beauty of art to stand against the ugliness of the social reality. “At the hopeless moment of this crazy time, only the paradise of beauty can give us happiness. We have no where to go except there.” [Cui Haifeng, 1994] by reading Wilde’s “life imitates art”, the readers can understand his expectation. He wishes he can found a model from art. Wilde mocks the decent London society by his gaudy dressing and long hair. He wants to tell people that he is an aestheticism, “dandy” [Li Yuan, 2003] and traitor of Victoria by his strange decoration. It is a challenge to the decent England upper class. Wilde argues for “art for art’s sake”. “He aims to use the beauty of art to against the ugliness of the reality.”[Wang Guofeng, 2000] When Wilde creates his fairy tales, he uses a lot of imaginations. The worlds he creates do not exist in reality and far from reality. But some reflections of the reality can be found. Under the pressure of the society, Wilde’s aesthetic theories seem to have conflict with his fairy tales. In The Happy Prince, Wilde tells the story that the happy Prince and the kind swallow help the poor at the cost of their lives. In fact, Wilde wants to give high praise to the people like the happy Prince and the swallow. Meanwhile, Wilde gives severe critic to those people like the Major, the Town Councilors and the professor. He wants people to learn from the Prince and the swallow. 5 Conclusion Wilde is a representative writer of aestheticism. His aesthetic theory is in accordance with his fairy tales. Wilde thinks art should surpass life, but in fact no literature can be divorced from life completely. The resources of contradictions can be seen from Wilde’s outlook on life and the certain times. The true beauty of art cannot be separated from life, on the contrary, it exists in rich, deep and rational thought. Wilde’s aesthetic theories can help readers to improve the appreciation of beauty. The positive value of aesthetic fairy tales should hold our attention, for it provides us with much experience to current fairy tale writings and has a positive effect to promote an artistic taste of fairy tales while enhances in artistic and charming work of art. Wilde infers the significance of life-doing more meaningful things to the society. The death image in Wilde’s fairy tales is a temporary tragedy for art. As the physical dies, the soul is rebirth. The beauty of death and soul in his tragedy are integrated and extended, which reaches a near-perfect state and the soul sublimation in death. Maybe that is the real charm of Oscar Wilde’s fairy tale. On one hand, he exposes the cruelty and selfishness of capitalism. On the other hand, he highly praises the happy prince and the swallow. Wilde advocates life should imitate art,and he tries to build an ivory tower but cannot distract his attention from mortal world. Wilde never denies the reality of life. He just transforms the reality of life into beautiful imagination. Wilde expresses his mercy, and kindness through the two characters, the happy Prince and the swallow. He preaches that to be good is to be beautiful in one’s inner emotion instead of the beautiful appearance.Wilde admits that writer’s inspiration comes from life. At the hopeless moment of this crazy time, only the paradise of beauty can give the writers happiness. He wishes he can establish a model from art. Wilde mocks the decent London society with his gaudy dressing and long hair. He wants to tell people that he is an aesthete. It is a challenge to the decent England upper class. He aims to use the beauty of art to against the ugliness of the reality. Due to the limitation of time and personal knowledge, this thesis is being far from perfect. References [1] Hart-Davis, Rupert, Selected Letters of Oscar Wilde[M]. (London, Oxford University Press, 1989) [2] Kohl, Norbert, Oscar Wilde -- The works of a conformist rebel -- Translated from German by David Henry Wilson [M]. (London, Cambridge University Press, 1989) [3] Knox, Millssa, Oscar Wilde in the 1990s [J]. (London, Camden House, 2001) [4] Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest [M]. (oversea publishing house,1996) [5] Oscar Wilde, The Happy Prince and Other Tales, Published by Penguin Group [M]. (London: Penguin Books, 1994) [6] 崔海峰, 王尔德唯美主义艺术观评析[J]. 辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 1994年第6期, 100. 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