句子的成分

句子的成分 在英文中句子成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语等 (一)主语:主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式,动名词或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如: 1. Comrade Chen is a well-known scientist. 陈同志是著名的科学家。(名词作主语) 2. He reads newspapers every day . 他每天读报。(代词作主语) 3. Smoking is harmful to the health . 吸烟对健康有害。(动名词作主语) 4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure . 在昆明湖里游泳是非常愉快的事。(不定式作主语) 5. What we shall do next is not yet decided . 下一步我们做什么还没定下来。(主语从句作主语) (二)谓语 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 如:His parents are teachers . (系动词和表语一起作谓语) We study hard . (行为动词作谓语) We have finished reading the book. (助动词和行为动词一起作谓语) He can speak English . (情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语) (三)宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。 She is doing her homework now. (名词作宾语) She said (that)she felt sick. (宾语从句做动词宾语) We often help him. (代词作宾语) He likes to play basketball. 他喜欢打篮球。(不定式作宾语) We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语) 说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外,动词不定式可做动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用做动词宾语。 说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象。直接宾语指物。间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。 不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟,如:give , show (给…看),bring , pass , buy 等。如: 1. Our teacher told us a story . (us为间接宾语)a story为直接宾语。 2. The sun gives us light and warmth. (us为间接宾语,light and warmth为直接宾语) 3. We sent him a telegram. 我们给他打了电报。 (him为间接宾语,a telegram为直接宾语) 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后。在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。在这种情况下, 间接宾语前加“to”的有: give , show , send , bring , read , pass , lend , leave (留给), hand (交给), tell , return , write , throw (仍)promise(答应)refuse(拒绝)等。 for的有:make , buy , do , get , play (演奏),order (命令),sing , pay (为…交钱) 例如: (1)I gave him a book. 改成:I gave a book to him. (2)He passed me the book. (他将书递给我) 改成:He passed the book to me. (3)He wrote me a letter. 改成:He wrote a letter to me. (4)He will buy me some books. 改成:He will buy some books for me. (5)She made me a cake. 改成:She made a cake to me. (四)宾语补足语: 在某些及物动词后面,需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语的补语才能表达完整的意思。在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式,分词等可用做宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。 如:They made her happy . (形容词) I saw her dance. (不定式) We’ll help make the Olympics a success. (名词) Please let him in . (副词) We heard her singing a song. (分词短语) (五)表语: 表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词,不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。 如:I am a teacher . (名词) He is always happy. (形容词) They are on the playground now. (介词短语) It gets cold. (形容词) 系动词除了有am , is , are 还有get(变得),sound(听起来),seem(看起来) feel等特殊的词。 如:It sounds interesting. (sound为系动词,interesting为表语) (六)定语 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。 单词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。 如:The black bike is mine. (形容词) 这辆黑色的自行车是我的。 What’s your name ? (代词) They made paper flowers. (名词) 说明1:当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything , something 等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语 如:I tell him something interesting . 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。 (形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语) He has something to do . 他有一些事情去做(to do 为不定式作后置定语) 说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。 如:The boys in the room are in Class Four. 这间屋子里的男孩子们是4班的。 in the room 是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。 (七)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。 如:He did it carefully . (副词) We often help him. (副词) Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday . (介词短语) When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . (从句作时间状语 五种基本句型 基本句型一:S V(主+谓) 基本句型二:S V P(主+谓+表) 基本句型三:S V O(主+谓+宾) 基本句型四:S V o O(主+谓+间宾+直宾) 基本句型五:S V O C(主+谓+宾+宾补) 基本句型一: S+ V i (主+谓) 此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 ┃1. The sun │was shining. ┃ ┃2. The moon │rose. ┃ ┃3. The universe │remains. ┃ ┃4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. ┃ ┃5. Who │cares? ┃ ┃6. What he said │does not matter. ┃ ┃7. They │talked for half an hour. ┃ ┃8. The pen │writes smoothly ┃ 基本句型二: S+V(系动词) + P(主+谓+表) 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意* 思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的* 意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem等属一* 类,表示情况;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表示变化。be 本身没* 有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。 ┃1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary.┃ ┃2. The dinner │smells │good. ┃ ┃3. He │fell │in love. ┃ ┃4. Everything │looks │different. ┃ ┃5. He │is growing │tall and strong. ┃ ┃6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. ┃ ┃7. Our well │has gone │dry. ┃ ┃8. His face │turned │red. ┃ 基本句型三: S(主语)+ V(及物动词)+ O(宾语) (主+谓+宾) 此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作, 但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 ┃1. Who │knows │the answer? ┃ ┃2. She │smiled │her thanks. ┃ ┃3. He │has refused │to help them. ┃ ┃4. He │enjoys │reading. ┃ ┃5. They │ate │what was left over. ┃ ┃6. He │said │"Good morning." ┃ ┃7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. ┃ ┃8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. ┃ 基本句型四:S+V(及物)+ o(多指人)+O(多指物) 此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整 的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略。 ┃1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. ┃ ┃2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. ┃ ┃3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. ┃ ┃4. He │denies │her │nothing. ┃ ┃5. I │showed │him │my pictures. ┃ ┃6. I │gave │my car │a wash. ┃ ┃7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. ┃ ┃8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. ┃ 基本句型五:S+V(及物)+ O(宾语)+C(宾补) 此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还 不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。┃1. They │appointed │him │manager. ┃ ┃2. They │painted │the door │green. ┃ ┃3. This │set │them │thinking. ┃ ┃4. They │found │the house │deserted. ┃ ┃5. What │makes │him │think so? ┃ ┃6. We │saw │him │out. ┃ ┃7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. ┃ ┃8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. ┃ 但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的 成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。下面以基本句型五为例: We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了。 We found the great hall full of students and teachers. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。 We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听一个重要 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 。 We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。 句子成分基础练习 (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 ①The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ②There is an old man coming here. ③The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 ①I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ②The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus ④There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast ⑥Tom didn't do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework ⑦What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is ⑧We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor ⑨He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music ⑩Whom did you give my book to? A. give B.did C. whom D. book (三) 划出列句中的宾语 ①My brother hasn't done his homework. ②People all over the world speak English. ③You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? ⑥The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. ⑦They made him monitor of the class. ⑧Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. ⑨You will find it useful after you leave school. ⑩They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is. (四) 划出下列句中的表语 ①The old man was feeling very tired. ②Why is he worried about Jim? ③The leaves have turned yellow. ④Soon they all became interested in the subject. ⑤She was the first to learn about it (五) 划出出下列句中的定语 ①They use Mr , Mrs with the family name. ②What is your given name? ③On the third floor are Class 1 and Class 3. ④I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ⑥I am looking for the cover of the bottle! 六) 划出下列句中的宾语补足语 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. ⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? (七) 划出下列句中的状语 ① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books. ⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. ⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machines. (八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me? 英语句型 (1)简单句:主-谓-(宾或其他)/主-系-表 (2)复合句:主句+连词+从句/ 连词+从句,主句 (3)并列句:句1 +连词+句2 基本概念 (1)有主语、有谓语方可称为句子,否则为短语。 (2)主句和从句必须有连接词衔接。连接句可在两个句子中间,亦可放置于句首。 解题要点 (1)寻找谓语动词或系动词以确定主谓结构 (2)寻找连接词以确定句子结构 (3)分别检查主句和从句的主谓结构 例题 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 1. 简单句中主语谓语要完整 (1)In addition to pleasure, _____ excitement, challenge, and relaxation. (A) the providing of garrets (B) games if providing (C) the games which provide (D) games provide (2) _____has won consistent praise for her novels about Black children. (A) Virginia Hamilton who (B) Because Virginia Hamilton (C) Virginia Hamilton (D) The fact than Virginia Hamilton (3)With affection and humor, poet Phyllis McGinley _____ of ordinary life. (A) the virtues were praised (B) praised the virtues (C) she praised the virtues (D) her praise of the virtues (4) _______ became a state in 1876. (A) When Colorado (B) Colorado (C) It was Colorado (D) Colorado which 2. 主句和从句皆要有完整的主语和谓语 (1)Because it hardens soft metals such as tin and lead, _____ in alloys(合金). (A) antimony is used (B) using antimony (C) antimony uses(D) to use antimony (2) The dominant philosophy of the Age of Enlighteners _____ in the universe in terms of forces that could be detected by the human senses. (A) an explanation for everything (B) attempted to explain everything (C) everything was an attempt (D) explained and attempted (3)_______ that the weather in England changes quite often , and some tourists can’t get used to it. (A) The truth (B) If true(C) It is true (D) To be true (4) As a result, the number of people who by plane in China is larger than ever before. (A) traveling (B) travel (C) they travel(D) are traveled 1. (1). [答案] D 空格前为一介词短语、空格后为三个并列名。此句即无主语,也无谓语,故选择含有动词的答案(D)。寻找动词是最快捷的途径。 (2) [答案] C 空格后面是谓语动词形式has won, 故空格内应填入主语,即(C)。 (3) [答案] B 此句有主语,但缺谓语动词,故选择(B)。 (4)[答案] B 空格后的谓动词became表明应选择一个名词作主语,即(B) 2. (1)[答案] A Because 引导的状语从句主谓结构完整,而主句却主谓俱缺,故选择主谓完整而句意正确的答案(A)。 (2)[答案] B 这是个含有定语从句的复合句。主句缺少谓语动词,故选择(B)。答案(D)亦为动词,但缺少宾语。 (3)[答案] C 空格后面的连接词That 表明此处应填入主句,即含有主语和谓语的答案。四项选择中只有(C)是完整的句子。 (4)[答案] B 空格前面的连接词who引导一个定语从句。此句缺少谓语动词,故选择答案(B)。答案(D)亦为谓语动词形式,但被动语态不适合本句。