unit03doctordilemma

Doctor’sDilemma:TreatorLetDie?AbigailTraffordBackgroundinformationAbouttheauthor:Abigail(/5Ab^el/)Traffordisanauthor,columnistandformereditorofthehealthsectionoftheWashingtonPost.Shehosts“HealthTalk,”anonlinetalkshowonwashingtonpost.com.TraffordistheauthorofCrazyTime:SurvivingDivorceandBuildingaNewLife(1982)andMyTime:MakingtheMostoftheRestofYourLife(2004).DukKooKim:(1959-1982)aSouthKoreanboxer,whodiedafterlosingalightweighttitlefightinabravedisplayofwillandcourageagainstpopularchampionRay“BoomBoom”Mancini.ThisfightfatallyinjuredDuk-KooKimin14throundofaboxingmatchonNovember13,1982.Minutesafterthefightwasover,Kimcollapsedintoacoma(昏迷),andwastakentoahospital.Emergencybrainsurgerywasdonetheretotrytosavehislife,butthateffortprovedtobefutile,asKimlosthislifefivedaysafterthematch,onNovember18.Followingthisfight,thenumberofroundswaschangedfrom15to12.TheHospiceMovement(临终关怀运动):Ahospiceisaplacewherepeoplewhohaveaterminalorfatalillnessaretreateduntiltheydie.Thehospicemovementspecializesinpaincontrolandtheaimofthehospicemovementistogivepeoplewithpainfulandterminaldiseasesthebestpossiblequalityoflife.Themodernhospicemovementbeganinthe1960sandmanyhaveaChristianfoundation.AlthoughmanyofthedoctorsandnurseswhoworkatthehospicesmaybeChristian,thepatientscanbeofanyfaithorofnone.Thestaffnotonlylookafterthepatients,theyhelpthempreparefortheirdeathsandalsohelptherelativesprepareforthelossoftheirlovedones.Theatmosphereatahospicewillbealovingandcaringone,wherethepatientsandtherelativesareencouragedtotalkaboutdeathanddying.Hospicesareconcernednotonlywiththephysicalheathoftheirpatients,butalsowiththeiremotional,psychologicalandspiritualhealth.Parkinson’sdisease(帕金森氏病):adiseaseofthenervoussystemwhichcausesthemusclestobecomestiffandthebodytoshake,andwhichgraduallygetsworseasapersongetsolder.Thediseasewasfirstdiscoveredanditssymptomsdocumentedin1817bytheBritishphysicianDr.JamesParkinson.IntheUnitedStates,theprevalenceofParkinson'sdiseaseis1per625people,thoughthisincreaseswithage,asindicatedbythemeanonsetof55yearsofage.Alzheimer’sdisease(阿耳茨海默氏病):aseriousdisease,especiallyaffectingolderpeople,thatpreventsthebrainfromfunctioningnormallyandcauseslossofmemory,lossofabilitytospeakclearly,etc.ThesymptomsofthediseaseasadistinctnosologicentitywerefirstidentifiedbyEmilKraepelin,andthecharacteristicneuropathologywasfirstobservedbyAloisAlzheimerin1906.Inthissense,thediseasewasco-discoveredbyKraepelinandAlzheimer,whoworkedinKraepelin'slaboratory.BecauseoftheoverwhelmingimportanceKraepelinattachedtofindingtheneuropathologicalbasisofpsychiatricdisorders,KraepelinmadethegenerousdecisionthatthediseasewouldbearAlzheimer‘sname.2-3%ofpersonsaged65showsignsofthedisease,while25%ormoreofpersonsaged85havesymptomsofAlzheimer’sandanevengreaternumberhavesomeofthepathologicalhallmarks(病理特征)ofthediseasewithoutthecharacteristicsymptoms.TheproportionofpersonswithAlzheimer‘sbeginstodecreaseafterage85becauseoftheincreasedmortality(死亡率)duetothedisease,andrelativelyfewpeopleovertheageof100havethedisease.spinabifida(脊柱裂//):aseriousconditioninwhichaperson'sspinedoesnotdevelopcorrectlybeforetheyareborn,sothattheirspinalcord(脊髓)isnotprotected.Spinabifidaresultsinvaryingdegreesofparalysis,absenceofskinsensation,incontinence,andspineandlimbproblemsdependingontheseverityandlocationofthelesiondamageonthespine.Inveryrarecases,cognitiveproblemsalsoresult.Mostbabiesbornwiththeconditionwillneedsurgeriestocorrectspinal,footorlegproblems,shuntsurgerytodrainfluidfromthebrain,applicationoftechniquestocontrolbladderandbowelfunction,andbracesandotherequipmenttoassistinwalking.IntheUnitedStates,spinabifidaoccursinaboutoneinevery1-2,000births.Down’ssyndrome(唐氏综合征):aconditionwhichsomepeoplearebornwithandwhichmeanstheyhavelowerthanaveragementalability,aflatfaceandnose,andslopingeyes.Down'ssyndromeencompassesanumberofgeneticdisorders,ofwhichtrisomy21isthemostrepresentative,causinghighlyvariabledegreesoflearningdifficultiesandphysicaldisabilities.ItisnamedforJohnLangdon-Down,theBritishdoctorwhofirstdescribedit.IncidenceofDownsyndromeisestimatedat1per660births,makingitthemostcommonchromosomalabnormality.Maternalageinfluencestheriskofconceivingababywiththesyndrome.Atage20-24,itisonly1/1490,whileatage40itis1/106andatage49itis1/11.IntroductiontothetextHumanbeingshavealwaysfacedbasicquestionsofethics.Butmoderntechnologyhasbroughtmanynewcomplicationsthatmakesuchdecisionsmoredifficultnow.Thisisespeciallytrueinmedicinewheretheethicaldecisionsaremattersoflifeanddeath.Thewondersofmodernmedicinedazzleusdailyaswereadaboutnewdiscoveriesandlifesavingtechniques.Smallpox(天花),oneoftheancientscourgesofhumanity,hasnowbeenvirtuallyeliminated.Patientswhosekidneyshaveceasedtofunctionliveonthankstotherecentlyinventeddialysis(/da5Alss/血液透析)machine.Peoplewhojustafewdecadesagowouldhavebeenpronounceddeadwhentheirheartsstoppedbeatingarerushedintosurgeryandgivenanewheart;manylaterreturntonormallife.Thisallseemslifewonderfulnews,butisthereadarkersidetothesemedicalmiracles?Asissooftenthecase,newbenefitsbringnewproblems.Itbecomesmoreandmoredifficultfordoctors,nurses,andpatientstoknowwhatisrightandwronginmedicine.Thearticlegivesanoverviewofthesecomplexquestions.Inthefirstpartofthearticle(para.1—7),AbigailTraffordintroducesustothemoderndilemmainmedicine:whethersurvivalorqualityoflifeistheparamountgoalofmedicine,whichgivesrisetothegrowingnewdisciplineofbioethics.Mostoften,hardchoicesconcerninglifeordeathhavetobemadeeitherattheendforthetreatmentofthedying(para.8—13)oratthebeginningfortheverysicknewborn(para.14—18).Doctorsmayfeeltheyareundersiegeandoftenrelyoncommitteestodecideforthemwhetherornottocontinuetreatment(para.19—21).Thisdilemmahasevenmovedontothelevelofnationalpolicyandwillremainas“thebasicquestioninmodernmedicine”(para.22—25).Textandlanguagepoints1.Medicaladvancesinwonderdrugs,daringsurgicalprocedures,radiationtherapies,andintensive-careunitshavebroughtnewlifetothousandsofpeople.Yettomanyofthem,modernmedicinehasbecomeadouble-edgedsword.1.在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。然而，对于他们中不少人而言，现代医学已成为一把双刃剑。wonderdrug:averygoodandeffectivenewmedicine特效药radiationtherapy:thetreatmentofanillnessorinjurybyheat,light,orelementaryparticlesoverafairlylongperiodoftime放射治疗；放疗法double-edgedsword:somethingthathasasmanybadresultsasgoodones;somethingwithonenegativeandonepositiveeffecte.g.——Beingfamousisoftenadouble-edgedsword.e.g.——Thecompetitionrulesmustberegardedasadouble-edgedswordbybusinesses.e.g.——Throughoutourhistory,judicialreviewhasbeenadouble-edgedsword.2.Doctor’spowertotreatwithanarrayofspace-agetechniqueshasoutstrippedthebody’scapacitytoheal.Moremedicalproblemscanbetreated,butformanypatients,thereislittlehopeofrecovery.Eventhefundamentaldistinctionbetweenlifeanddeathhasbeenblurred.2.医生采用一系列航空时代技术进行治疗的能力已超过人体本身的治愈能力。从医学的角度来说，有更多的疾病能够得以诊治，可对于许多病人而言，复原的希望却微乎其微。甚至生死之间的基本差别也难以界定清楚。anarrayof:agroupofpeopleorthings,especiallyonethatislargeorimpressivee.g.——Therewasaglitteringarrayoffilmstarsatthefestival.e.g.——Therewasavastarrayofcolorstochoosefrom.e.g.——Theysatbeforeanarrayofmicrophonesandcameras.outstrip:v.begreaterinquantitythansomethingelse;exceedorsurpass超过；超越e.g.——Thedemandforfoodoutstrippedthesupply.e.g.——Eventhemostprimitivecomputercanoutstripthehumanbrainincertaintypesofcalculation.e.g.——Girlsarenowoutstrippingboysinallschoolsubjects.blur.v.tomakethedifferencebetweentwoideas,subjectsetclessclear使…模糊不清e.g.——Hisnovelstendtoblurthedistinctionsbetweenrealityandfantasy.e.g.——Thedifferencebetweenmaleandfemaleroleswithinthehousehasbecomeblurred.e.g.——Theshowblursthedifferencebetweeneducationandentertainment..3.ManyAmericansarecaughtinmedicallimbo,aswastheSouthKoreanboxerDukKooKim,whowaskeptalivebyartificialmeansafterhehadbeenknockedunconsciousinafightandhisbrainceasedtofunction.Withthepermissionofhisfamily,doctorsinLasVegasdisconnectedthelife-supportmachinesanddeathquicklyfollowed.3.不少美国人身陷医学囹圄，形同南韩拳击手金得九（DukKooKim）的境遇。金得九在一次打斗中受到重击，人事不省，大脑停止运转，只能依靠人为方法赖以存活。经其家人允许，拉斯维加斯的医生切断了维持其生命的器械，死神便接踵而来。limbo:astateofuncertaintyaboutasituationthatyoucan’tcontrolandinwhichthere’snoadvancementandimprovement前途未卜的状况；悬而未决的状况e.g.——Hislifeseemedstuckinlimbo;hecouldnotgoforwardandhecouldnotgoback.e.g.——I'minlimbonowuntilIknowwhetherI'vegotthejob.e.g.——Untilwe’vegotofficialpermissiontogoaheadwiththeplans,we’reinlimbo.unconscious：a.unabletosee,move,feel,etc.inthenormalwaybecauseyouarenotconscious人事不省的；昏迷的e.g.——Kevinwasknockedunconsciousbytheimpact.——Billywasunconsciousfortwodaysaftertheaccident.——Theunconsciousmanwascarefullyliftedontoastretcher(担架).cease:v.stopdoingsomethingorstophappening停止；终了e.g.——Heceasedtobeamemberoftheassociation.——Thethingspeoplewilldoforcharityneverceasetoamazeme.——Therainceasedandtheskycleared.4.Inthewakeoftechnology’sadvancesinmedicine,aheateddebateistakingplaceinhospitalsandnursinghomesacrossthecountry—overwhethersurvivalorqualityoflifeistheparamountgoalofmedicine.4.医疗技术进步了，是力求生存还是注重生命质量，哪个目标更为重要，这一问题在全美的医院和疗养院里引发了激烈的争论。inthewakeof:(ofsomething,especiallysomethingbad)happeningafterwardsandusuallyasaresultofite.g.——Faminefollowedinthewakeofthedrought.e.g.——Theysubmittedtheresignationsinthewakeofascandal.paramount:moreimportantthananythingelse最重要的；首要的e.g.——Duringawar,theinterestsofthestateareparamount,andthoseoftheindividualcomelast.e.g.——Women’sroleasmothersisofparamountimportancetosociety.5.“Itgetsdowntowhatmedicineisallabout,”saysDanielCallahan,directoroftheInstituteofSociety,Ethics,andtheLifeSciencesinHastings-on-Hudson,NewYork.“Isitreallytosavealife?Oristhelargergoalthewelfareofthepatient?”5.“归根结底，问题在于，医疗的宗旨是什么？”位于纽约哈德逊河上黑斯廷斯的社会、伦理及生命科学学会主席丹尼尔·卡拉汉说，“是真的要挽救生命还是要为病人谋取更大的利益？”6.Doctors,patients,relatives,andoftenthecourtsarebeingforcedtomakehardchoicesinmedicine.Mostoftenitisatthetwoextremesoflifethatthesedifficultethicalquestionsarise—atthebeginningfortheverysicknewbornandattheendforthedyingpatient.6.医生、病患、家属，通常还有法庭都不得不在医疗方面作出艰难的抉择。而这些道德难题往往最容易产生于生命的两个极端——生命开初的重病新生儿和生命终端的垂死病患。ethics:moralrulesorprinciplesofbehaviorfordecidingwhatisrightandwrongExamples:ThisinsightintotheethicsofinternationaltradecomesfromtheGeneva-basedWorldEconomicForum,aresearchorganization.Furthermore,headmittedtohavinggiventheethicspaneluntrueinformationwhenitinvestigatedthoseprojects.welfare:thegoodhealth,happiness,prosperity,etc.ofapersonorgroup（个人或集体的）康乐；安康；幸福Examples:Ouronlyconcernisthechildren'swelfare.Igiveyouthisadviceforyourownwelfare.WeareveryconcernedaboutthewelfareofU.S.ethical:oforrelatingtoprinciplesofwhatisrightandwrong;morallygoodorcorrect道德的；合乎职业道德 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的Examples:Thepresidentmusthavethehighestethicalstandards.Thistypeofadvertisementmaybelegal,butisitethical?Theuseofanimalsinscientifictestsraisessomedifficultethicalquestions.7.Thedilemmaposedbymodernmedicaltechnologyhascreatedthegrowingnewdisciplineofbioethics.Manyofthecountry’s127medicalschoolsnowoffercoursesinmedicalethics,afieldvirtuallyignoredonlyadecadeago.Manyhospitalshavechaplains,philosophers,psychiatrists,andsocialworkersonthestafftohelppatientsmakecrucialdecisions,andoneintwentyinstitutionshasaspecialethicscommitteetoresolvedifficultcases.7.这些因现代医学技术而产生的两难问题已不断催生出生物伦理学的新准则。如今，全美127家医学院中已有不少机构开设了医学伦理学课程，要在十年前，根本没人会去注意这个领域。不少医院的员工队伍都包含了牧师、哲学家、精神病医师以及社会工作者，以求帮助病人作出关键性抉择，而有二十分之一的机构专门成立了伦理委员会解决这些难题。pose:existinawaythatmaycauseaproblem,danger,difficulty,etc.提出；引起；造成Examples:Officialsclaimthechemicalposesnorealthreat.Theeventsposeachallengetothechurch'sleadershipbioethics/baEeWks/n.thestudyconnectedwithlifeandlivingthingsofwhatismorallyrightandwhatisnot生物伦理学chaplain/5tFAplIn/n.apriestorotherreligiousministerresponsibleforthereligiousneedsofaclub,thearmy,ahospital,etc.牧师；教士psychiatrist/saI5kaIEtrIst/n.adoctortrainedinthetreatmentofmentalillness精神病医师；精神病学家DeathandDying8.Ofallthepatientsinintensive-careunitswhoareatriskofdying,some20percentpresentdifficultethicalchoices—whethertokeeptryingtosavethelifeortopullbackandletthepatientdie.Inmanyunits,decisionsregardinglife-sustainingcarearemadeaboutthreetimesaweek.8.在所有特护病房的垂死病人当中，有约莫20%的病例，其当事人面临艰难的道德抉择——是继续尽力挽救生命还是改变初衷、听凭病患死去。对于是否要维持生命的治疗，不少病房每周大约要作三次决定。9.Eventhedefinitionofdeathhasbeenchanged.Nowthattheheart-lungmachinecantakeoverthefunctionsofbreathingandpumpingblood,deathnolongeralwayscomeswiththepatient’s“lastgasp”orwhentheheartstopsbeating.Thirty-onestatesandtheDistrictofColumbiahavepassedbrain-deathstatutesthatidentifydeathaswhenthewholebrainceasestofunction.9.现在就连死亡的定义也已经改变。既然人工心肺机能够代替心肺维持人的呼吸和血液循环，死神往往不会随着病患的“最后一丝喘息”或是心脏停止跳动而如期而至。因此，哥伦比亚特区以及美国三十一个州已经通过了脑死亡法，将死亡界定为“大脑停止运转”。pullback:decidenottodoorbecomeinvolvedinsomething;getoutofabadsituationordangerousplace,ormakesomeoneelsedothisExamples:Intheend,hepulledbackfromfinancingthefilm.Manybanksarepullingbackfrominternationalmarkets.sustain:makesomethingcontinuetoexistorhappenforaperiodoftimeExamples:Shefounditdifficulttosustainthechildren'sinterest.Hewasincapableofsustainingcloserelationshipswithwomen.gaspn.aquickdeepbreathofpain,surprise,etc.喘气；喘息takeover:gainoracquirecontrolof;dosthinsteadoforobtainsthfromsomeoneelseExamples:You’veletthisjobtakeyouovercompletely.Thisfirmhastakenoverthreecompaniesthisyear.statute:alawpassedbyaparliament,council,etc.andformallywrittendownExamples:Protectionfortheconsumerislaiddownbystatute.InNewMexico,astatestatutepermitsoneminuteofsilentprayeratthebeginningofschool.10.Morethanadozenstatesrecognize“livingwills”inwhichthepatientsleaveinstructionstodoctorsnottoprolonglifebyfeedingthemintravenouslyorbyothermethodsiftheirillnessbecomeshopeless.AsurveyofCaliforniadoctorsshowedthat20to30percentwerefollowinginstructionsofsuchwills.Meanwhile,thehospicemovement,withitsemphasisonprovidingcomfort—notcure—tothedyingpatient,hasgainedmomentuminmanyareas.prolong:v.deliberatelymakesomethinglastlonger;toextend延长；延伸Examples:Thedrugcanhelpprolonglife.Theyprolongedthevisitbyafewdays.Iwastryingtothinkofsomewaytoprolongtheconversation.survey:asetofquestionsthatyouaskalargenumberofpeopleinordertofindoutabouttheiropinionsorbehaviorExamples:Weconductedapublicopinionsurveyinthearea.Thesurveyshowedthat75%approvedofthenewlaw.Arecentsurveyfoundthat36%ofthewomenaskeddidnotfeelsafewalkingaloneatnight.10.十几个州认可病患的“生存意愿”，即病患指示医生，如果病症医治无望则通过静脉注射或其他方式中止其生命。针对加州医生的一项调查 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明，20%到30%的医生遵循这样的意愿。与此同时，一项重在为晚期病人提供临终关怀而非救治的安养活动在许多地区颇有发展势头。11.Despiteprogressinsociety’sunderstandingofdeathanddying,thornyissuesremain.Example:Awoman,87,afflictedbythenervous-systemdisorderofParkinson’sdisease,hasamassivestrokeandisfoundunconsciousbyherfamily.Theirchoicesaretoputherinanursinghomeuntilshediesortosendhertoamedicalcenterfordiagnosisandpossibletreatment.ThefamilyoptsforateachinghospitalinNewYorkcity.Testsshowthewoman’sstrokeresultedfromabloodclotthatiscurablewithsurgery.Aftertheoperation,shesaystoherfamily:“Whydidyoubringmebacktothisagony?”Herhealthcontinuestoworsen,andtwoyearslatershedies.thorny:a.causingdifficulty;complicatedanddifficult棘手的；复杂困难的Examples:Hemaytouchonseveralthornyborderissues,suchasimmigration,sewagemanagement,andeconomicdevelopment.Thethreestillhavetosortoutthethornyquestionofwhowillrunthecenterandwhereitwillbe.Theongoingsuccessofhisdepartmentvalidatedhisapproachtothethornyproblemofappraisingindividualeffectiveness.afflict:affectsomeoneorsomethinginanunpleasantway,andmakethemsuffer使苦恼；折磨；困扰Examples:Anightmareafflictedmefromtimetotime.Unemploymentafflicts1.2millionworkersinthecountry.Kidneystonesafflictmostlymenbetween20and55.clot:athickalmostsolidmassformedwhenbloodormilkdries（血液等的）凝块；凝结Examples:Hedevelopedabloodclotonhisbrainanddied.Neurosurgeons(神经外科医生)havesuccessfullyremovedabloodclotfromherbrainandarekeepingaclosewatchonher.agony:averyseverepain;averysad,difficult,orunpleasantexperienceExamples:Itwasagonynotknowingifshewouldlive.Inthebookshedescribestheagonyofwatchingherchilddie.Theworstagoniesofthewarwerenowbeginning.intravenously/IntrE5vi:nEs/throughorintoavein(=tubeinthebodytakingbloodbacktotheheart)通过静脉地；静脉内地hospice//n.aspecialhospitalforpeoplewhoaredying临终安养院stroke//n.asuddenattackofillnessinthebrainthatcancauselossofthepowertomove,speakclearly,etc.中风；卒风opt//v.chooseonethingordoonethinginsteadofanother选择；决定11.尽管社会对于生死的理解有所进步，棘手的问题仍然存在。例如：一位87岁的老妪因受帕金森氏病神经系统紊乱病痛的折磨，严重中风，家人发现她已昏迷不醒。他们需作出决定：是将她安置在疗养院直至去世，还是将其送往医疗中心进行诊断、尽力救治。其家人选择了纽约城的一家教学医院。经检查发现，中风是由血管中的凝块引起的，可通过手术进行治疗。术后，她苏醒过来，却对自己的家人说：“你们为什么要将我带回痛苦的深渊？”她的健康状况每况愈下，两年后便告别人世。12.Ontheotherhand,doctorssayprognosisisoftenuncertainandthatpatients,justbecausetheyareoldanddisabled,shouldnotbedeniedlife-savingtherapy.Ethicistsalsofearthatundertheguiseofmedicaldecisionsnottotreatcertainpatients,deathmaybecometooeasy,pushingthecountrytowardtheacceptanceofeuthanasia.12.另一方面，医生们表明，仅仅根据症状就对疾病结果作出预测往往是不确定的，而病患如果只是年老或是伤残的话，就应该给予挽救生命的治疗。伦理学家也担心，有了对某些特定疾病不予治疗的决定做幌子，死亡可能会变得太容易了，会将整个国家推至接受安乐死的境地。13.Forsomepeople,theagonyofwatchinghigh-technologydyingistoogreat.Earlierthisyear,WoodrowWilsonCollums,aretireddairymanfromPoteet,Texas,wasputonprobationforthemercykillingofhisolderbrotherJim,wholayhelplessinhisbedatanursinghome,avictimofseveresenilityresultingfromAlzheimer’sdisease.Afterthekilling,thevictim’swidowsaid:“IthankGod,Jim’soutofhismisery.Ihatetothinkithadtobedonethewayitwasdone,butIunderstandsit.”13.对于某些人而言，看见别人依赖高科技术维持生命是极端痛苦的。今年早些时候，一位来自德州波提特从事乳品加工的退休工人伍德罗·威尔逊·科勒姆因对其兄长吉姆实施了安乐死而被判缓刑。吉姆不幸患有早老性痴呆症，昏聩糊涂的他只能无助地躺在疗养院的床上。在病患安乐死之后，他的遗孀说：“我感谢上帝，吉姆脱离了苦海。想到不得不用这种方式结束他的生命，我就特别难受，可我对此表示理解。”prognosis//n:adoctor'sopinionofhowanillnessordiseasewilldevelop预后；预断Examples:Doctorssayhisprognosisisgood,andtheyexpectafullrecovery.Herprognosis,byanyreasonablemedicalstandards,wasverypoor.Hisprognosisforone-yearsurvivalisfivepercent.guise//n.:thewaysomeoneorsomethingappearstobe,whichhidesthetruthorisonlytemporary表现形式；外观；伪装Examples:Theyoperatedadrug-smugglingbusinessundertheguiseofanemploymentagency.Thestoryappearsindifferentguisesindifferentcultures.Somerumors,hesays,havesurvivedforcenturies,merelybymutatingandreappearinginadifferentguise.euthanasia//n:thedeliberatekillingofapersonwhoisveryillandgoingtodie,inordertostopthemsuffering安乐死Examples:Theyarguedinfavoroflegalizingvoluntaryeuthanasia.Mostdoctorsareopposedtoeuthanasiaonethicalgrounds.probationasystemthatallowssomecriminalsnottogotoprisonortoleaveprison,iftheybehavewellandseeaprobationofficerregularly,foraparticularperiodoftime缓刑Examples:ThejudgesentencedJenningstothreeyears'probation.Hepleadedguiltyandwasplacedonprobation.Hefacesuptoayearinjailandfiveyears'probation.CrisisinNewbornCare14.Attheotherendofthelifespan,technologyhassorevolutionizednewborncarethatitisnolongerclearwhenhumanlifeisviableoutsidethewomb.Twenty-fiveyearsago,infantsweighinglessthanthreeandone-halfpoundsrarelysurvived.Thecurrentsurvivalrateis70percent,anddoctorsare“salvaging”somebabiesthatweighonlyoneandone-halfpounds.Tremendousprogresshasbeenmadeintreatingbirthdeformitiessuchasspinabifida.Justtenyearsago,only5percentofinfantswithtranspositionofthegreatarteries—thecongenitalheartdefectmostcommonlyfoundinnewborns—survived.Today,50percentlive.新生儿治疗危机14.在生命中的另一端，科技发展变革了新生儿救治技术，我们也不清楚人的生命何时可以在子宫外得以存活。二十五年前，体重不足3.5磅的婴儿几乎难以存活。如今的存活率竟然高达70%，而且医生们还要“抢救”体重仅有1.5磅重的婴儿。在治疗诸如脊柱裂之类的新生儿畸形方面已经取得了重大进展。就在十年前，只有5%患有大动脉转位的新生儿可以存活下来——该病为新生儿最为常见的先天性心脏缺陷。而如今，该病的存活率却高达50%。15.Yet,formanyinfantswhoowetheirlivestonewmedicaladvances,survivalhascomeataprice.Asignificantnumberemergewithpermanentphysicalandmentalhandicaps.15.不过对于那些借助医学新进展而得以存活的婴儿而言，存活是要付出代价的。许多存活者都患有永久性的生理或心理残疾。16.“Thequestionoftreatmentandnontreatmentofseriouslyillnewbornsisnotasingleone,”saysThomasMurrayoftheHastingsCenter.“ButIfeelstronglythatretardationorthefactthatsomeoneisgoingtobelessthanperfectisnotgoodgroundsforallowinganinfanttodie.”16.“对于重病新生儿进行治疗还是放弃治疗，这不是一个单纯的问题。”黑斯廷斯中心的托马斯·默里说，“但我坚持认为，那种智力迟钝、有缺陷不足以成为任由一个婴儿死亡的理据。”span:thelengthoftimeoverwhichsomeone'slife,abilitytopayattentiontosth,etc.continuesExamples:Most2-year-oldshaveaveryshortattentionspan.Captivityvastlyreducesthelifespanofwhales.It'llbedifficulttohirethatmanynewstaffinsuchashorttimespan.viable:abletocontinuetoexistasordevelopintoalivingbeing;abletosucceedinoperation能继续生存的；能存活的；切实可行的Examples:Thehumanfetus(胎儿)usuallybecomesviablebytheendoftheseventhmonth.Theyareinfavoro