冲刺新题型2011kyyyxtxchc

填空式阅读 (新题型) 部分 三种备选题型 从命题形式看命题原理 - 一篇填空式阅读的文章也是由两大信息板块组成的： 已知信息 -（原文在空缺之外的没有被挖掉的信息） 未知（待选信息） -（就是后面的待选选项中的信息，而这些信息实际上也不是未知的，也是考生通过阅读可以把握的信息，所以称为待选信息更合适） 这个题型也是在考生对这两个信息板块之间互动关系的把握 测试点 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 判断和把握两个信息板块之间“相近性”的能力 判断和把握两个信息板块之间“衔接性”的能力 做题大原则 – 就近原则、衔接原则 最终的评判原则： 连贯性 – 把握了衔接原则 一致性 – 把握了就近原则 推荐的解题步骤 根据填空式阅读的命题形式，建议考生按照以下步骤来解题： 1 先阅读原文文章的首段； 2 阅读后面的备选选项； 3 再阅读原文的信息，进行解题； 4 最后，通读全文； 解题 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 的基本设计思路 - “由点入面、以点串面“ 破解新题型的八大解题方法体系： 方法1：复现结构定位法 方法2：上下文逻辑关系定位法 方法3：总分/分 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 构法 方法4：举例定位法 方法5：时间、地点、数字、人名等客观线索衔接关系定位法 方法6：排比结构衔接法 方法7：无关词排除法 方法8：代词指代关系定位法 大纲样题解析 Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate. 42___ Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting. 43 There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet. 44___ Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast. 45___ About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings. [A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known. [B]Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate. [C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air. [D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature. There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world. [E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks. [F]When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved. [G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form. 41题分析 – 逻辑关系定位法 / 复现结构定位法 42题分析 – 复现结构定位法 43题分析 – 复现结构定位法 44题分析 – 举例定位法 出题方式一： 被例子所指的信息 例子信息 设定在原文信息中 设定在待选信息中 出题方式二： 被例子所指的信息 例子信息 设定在待选信息中 设定在原文信息中 例题： The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won’t stay American. no matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it’s soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal. One theory is that is has been “advertised” and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. 41 They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries. Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called “the spirit of America.” 42___ The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it. Regardless of why its spreads, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. 43____ Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own. Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time. When T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bright colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. 44____. The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock “n” roll and all its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being “low-class,” and then as “a danger to our nation’s youth.” 45____ And then the music became accepted and was extended and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S. [A] As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. “happy birthday to you,” for instance ,is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak , is not remembered. [B] But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television, programs are so popular in themselves. [C] American in origin, informal clothing has become the world’s first truly universal style. [D] The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. [E] American food has become popular around the world too. [F] This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful. [G] It is hardly surprising that the public concern contributes a lot to the spread of the culture. 45题分析 - 时间、地点、数字、人名等客观线索衔接关系定位法 例题：2006年考研英语PART B 部分41题 On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling. He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin". (41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem. In March 1998 a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being. (42) ________. The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well. (43) ________. The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall. (44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities. (45) ________. Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business. [A]Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected. [B]It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative? [C]By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit. [D]Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government. [E]David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it. [F]It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will. [G]The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so? 2005年考研英语新题型真题分析 41、42题 Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial government ), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs. They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs. 41. What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care－to say nothing of reports from other experts — recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution. 42. But “national” doesn’t have to mean that “National” could mean interprovincial — provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province — or a series of hospitals within a province — negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price. 43. A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating office for Health technology assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included Predictably and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast. 44. Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.” 45. So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients. A: Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3percent to 26.8per cent! B: Or they could read Mr.Kirby’s report: “The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies. ” C: What does “notional” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council. D: The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues. E: According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen. Since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending .Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatment. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices. F: So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save a dministrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices. G: Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it. 排比结构衔接法 例题分析：43、45题 English has become the world’s number one language in the 20th century. In every country where English is not the native language，especially in the Third World，people must strive to learn it to the best of their abilities，if they want to participate fully in the development of their countries. 41 . 42__. Nonetheless，a world full of different languages will disappear if the present trend in many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education，trade and even politics continues. 43 The Third World countries that are now using English as a medium of instruction are depriving 75 per cent of their future leaders of a proper education. According to many studies，only around 20 to 25 per cent of students in these countries can manage to learn the language of instruction（English）as well as basic subjects at the same time. Many leaders of these Third World countries are obsessed with English and for them English is everything. They seem to believe that if the students speak English，they are already knowledgeable. 44 All the greatest countries of the world are great because they constantly use their own languages in all national development activities，including education. From a psychological point of view，those who are taught in their own language from the start will develop better self-confidence and self-reliance. From a linguistic point of view，the best brains can only be produced if students are educated in their own language from the start. 45 There is nothing wrong，however，in learning a foreign language at advanced levels of education. But the best thing to do is to have a good education in one’s native language first，then go abroad to have a university education in a foreign language. [A] If this situation continues，the native or official languages of these countries will certainly die within two or three generations. This phenomenon has been called linguistic genocide. A language dies if it is not fully used in most activities，particularly as a medium of instruction in schools. [B] Those who are taught in a foreign language from the start will tend to be imitators and lack self-confidence. They will tend to rely on foreign consultants. [C] Suppose you work in a big firm and find English very important for your job because you often deal with foreign businessmen. Now you are looking for a place where you can improve your English，especially your spoken English. [D] But many people are concerned that English’s dominance will destroy native languages. [E] These leaders speak and write English much better than their national languages. If these leaders deliver speeches anywhere in the world they use English and they feel more at home with it and proud of their ability as well. The citizens of their countries do not understand their leaders’ speeches because they are made in a foreign language. [F] Here are some advertisements about English language training from newspapers. You may find the information you need. [G] A close examination reveals a great number of languages have fallen casualty to English. For example，it has wiped out Hawaiian，Welsh，Scotch Gaelic，Irish，native American languages，and many others. Luckily，some of these languages are now being revived，such as Hawaiian and Welsh，and these languages will live again，hopefully，if dedicated people continue their work of reviving them. 例题：2005年考研英语新题型真题之45题 Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial government ), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs. They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs. 41. What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care－to say nothing of reports from other experts — recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution. 42. But “national” doesn’t have to mean that “National” could mean interprovincial — provinces combining efforts to create one body. Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province — or a series of hospitals within a province — negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces. Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price. 43. A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating office for Health technology assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included Predictably and regrettably, Quebec refused to join. A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast. 44. Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.” 45. So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients. A: Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3percent to 26.8per cent! B: Or they could read Mr.Kirby’s report: “The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies. ” C: What does “notional” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council. D: The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues. E: According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen. Since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending .Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatment. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices. F: So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save a dministrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices. G: Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it. 无关词排除法 例题： In 1959 the average American family paid ＄989 for a year’s supply of food. In 1972 the family paid＄1，311.That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible? Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables，fruit，meat，eggs，and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture，the farmer’s share of the＄1，311spent by the family in 1972 was ＄521.This was 31 per cent more than the farmer had received in1959. But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers，meat packers，manufacturers of packages and other food containers，and the owners of stores where food is sold. 41 Of the ＄1，311family food bill in1972，middlemen received＄790，which was 33 per cent more than they had received in 1959.It appears that the middlemen’s profit has increased more than farmer’s. But some economists claim that the middleman’s actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank，the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one per cent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent. 42____ 43 Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several “TV dinners” are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals，consisting of meat，vegetables，and sometimes desert，all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 44____ Economists remind us that many modern housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day’s work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family’s table easily and quickly. 45____ It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one. Producers，consumers，and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs. [A] Thus，as economists point out: “Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods，which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor’s plant.” [B] They are among the “middlemen” who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices? [C] “If the housewife wants all of these ” the economists say，“that is her privilege，but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier.” [D] Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives，but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don’t want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market. [E] However，some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control，the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord（房主）can charge for an apartment. [F] Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it. [G] By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices. 例题：42题 – 组合使用复现结构定位法 + 无关词排除法 Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”. The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. 41 Some 20,000 tons antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. 42 Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf. 43 With millions of tons animals manure spread onto fields of cops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance, he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten. 44 Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. 45 This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously. There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and broken down by conventional sewage treatment. [A] They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water. His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. [B] And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says. [C] Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid. [D] But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people. [E] His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed. [F] They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields. [G] There is no doubt that the food and drink is always important to the health. 代词指代关系定位法 例题： 41 They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. 出题人在出这种涉及代词的题时，同举例定位法一样，也有两种有关代词出现位置的设置方式： 无论代词是被设置在原文信息中还是在后面的待选选项的信息中，此类题的最好切入点都是从代词入手，因为代词容易被辨认出来，通过先定位代词，再顺藤摸瓜查找出哪个信息板块包含指代的人或事物。 例题： In 1959 the average American family paid ＄989 for a year’s supply of food. In 1972 the family paid＄1，311.That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible? Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables，fruit，meat，eggs，and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture，the farmer’s share of the＄1，311spent by the family in 1972 was ＄521.This was 31 per cent more than the farmer had received in1959. But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers，meat packers，manufacturers of packages and other food containers，and the owners of stores where food is sold. 41 Of the ＄1，311family food bill in1972，middlemen received＄790，which was 33 per cent more than they had received in 1959.It appears that the middlemen’s profit has increased more than farmer’s. But some economists claim that the middleman’s actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank，the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one per cent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent. 42____ 43 Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several “TV dinners” are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals，consisting of meat，vegetables，and sometimes desert，all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 44____ Economists remind us that many modern housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day’s work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family’s table easily and quickly. 45____ It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one. Producers，consumers，and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs. [A] Thus，as economists point out: “Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods，which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor’s plant.” [B] They are among the “middlemen” who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices? [C] “If the housewife wants all of these ” the economists say，“that is her privilege，but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier.” [D] Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives，but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don’t want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market. [E] However，some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control，the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord（房主）can charge for an apartment. [F] Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it. [G] By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices. 破解新题型的八大解题方法体系： 方法1：复现结构定位法 方法2：上下文逻辑关系定位法 方法3：总分 / 分总结构法 方法4：举例定位法 方法5：时间、地点、数字、人名等客观线索衔接关系定位法 方法6：排比结构衔接法 方法7：无关词排除法 方法8：代词指代关系定位法 由点入面 以点串面 三位一体 — 三种备选题型均可应用 点面结合 7选5 排序 匹配 被指代的人或事物 设置在待选选项的信息中 代词 设置在原文信息中 被指代的人或事物 设置在原文信息中 代词 设置在待选选项的信息中 1