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Love in Mediæval Romance

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Love in Mediæval RomanceLoinMdiæalRomancAuthor(s):H.L.CrkSourc:ThSwanRiw,Vol.24,No.1(Jan.,1916),pp.88104Publishdby:ThJohnsHopkinsUnirsityPrssStablURL:http:www.jstor.orgstabl27532878.Accssd:1510201412:21YourusofthJSTORarchiindicatsyouraccptancofthTrmsConditionsofUs,aailablat.htt...

Love in Mediæval Romance
LoinMdiæalRomancAuthor(s):H.L.CrkSourc:ThSwanRiw,Vol.24,No.1(Jan.,1916),pp.88104Publishdby:ThJohnsHopkinsUnirsityPrssStablURL:http:www.jstor.orgstabl27532878.Accssd:1510201412:21YourusofthJSTORarchiindicatsyouraccptancofthTrmsConditionsofUs,aailablat.http:www.jstor.orgpaginfoaboutpolicistrms.jsp.JSTORisanotforprofitsricthathlpsscholars,rsarchrs,andstudntsdiscor,us,andbuilduponawidrangofcontntinatrustddigitalarchi.Wusinformationtchnologyandtoolstoincrasproductiityandfacilitatnwformsofscholarship.FormorinformationaboutJSTOR,plascontactsupport@jstor.org..ThJohnsHopkinsUnirsityPrssiscollaboratingwithJSTORtodigitiz,prsrandxtndaccsstoThSwanRiw.http:www.jstor.orgThiscontntdownloaddfrom113.162.155.72onWd,15Oct201412:21:24PMAllussubjcttoJSTORTrmsandConditionsLOVEINMEDLEVALROMANCENowofwmnthisIsayform,Ofrthlythingisnanmaybttirb;ThysuldhaifwirschpandgrithonoringOffmn,aboifallthirrthlything.ThswordsofthScottishpotDunbar,writtnatthclosofthMiddlAgs,xprssthcultofwomanworshipwhichthchialryofthMiddlAgshaddlopdandwhichthroughthmdiumofromanticloinnol,pom,andromanchasmantsomuchtothlifofourowntim.Forhowrfundamntalandunchangingthloofthsxsmayb,thrsurlyisnodoubtthatitiscolordandnmodifidbyidalsthatarinthatmosphr,thatitsmannrofxprssioninoutwardlifisaffctdbythm,andthatpotryandstoryharallychangdmn'swaysofthinkingofloandnofloing.Oftharioustndnciswhichcombininmodrnlolitratur,mdiaalchialryisonofthmostimportant,andIshallpointoutafwofthcharactristicsofchialricloasraldinthromancsofthtwlfthtothfiftnthcnturis.ItistoFrancthatwowourgratstdbt?Francthcntrofmdiaalcultur,combiningmanycomplxlmntsfromLatinandClticandGrmanicworldsinwaysytmystrioustothhistorian,olingfromthscombinationsnwproductsandnwtypsinlitraturandinthought,andpassingthmontoothrcountris,spciallytoEnglandandGrmany,toaidinthgrowthofculturthr.ThisxplanationismadsothatthradrwillundrstandthatthromanticmatrialwithwhichIamdalingisintrnational,withFrancasthcntr,althoughIshallrfrchiflytothimitatilitraturofEngland.Itmustbmadclarfirstofall,howr,thatinmdiaallitraturthrarasmanywaysoftratingloasinmodrnlitratur,andthatninromanticlitraturthrargratdiffrncs.Thmaningofchialriclowillbsomwhatplainrifthothrtypsarxplaind.Itshouldbborninmind,moror,thatthwritrdosnotclaimaryclosThiscontntdownloaddfrom113.162.155.72onWd,15Oct201412:21:24PMAllussubjcttoJSTORTrmsandConditionsLoinMdialRomanc89rlationbtwnthtypoflofoundinlitraturandthlointhactuallifofthMiddlAgs.Hrwardalingchiflywithloinlitratur,andrfrncstolifwillbmadtointrprtsofaraspossiblthlitrarymatrial.Thrdistinctwaysoftratinglomaybfound,achofthmstrikinglyintrsting,andachofthmblongingtoamororlssdistincttypoflitratur.Ishallbginwiththlowrtypofloandprocdtothhighrrathrthanattmptthmordifficulttaskoftakingupthlitrarytypsinthdoubtfulordrofthirapparanc.Firstofallisthloofthfabliau.Tothradrunfamiliarwithmdiaallitraturitshouldbxplaindthatthfabliauisanamusingstoryinmtricalform,usuallycoarsincontnt,rsmblingnotalittlthancdotswhichformastaplpartofthconrsationofgroupsofmninthcountrystor,inthharstfildduringthrstpriod,andinathousandothrplacswhrmnfindthmslsincompanis.ThiskindofulgarityinthMiddlAgsfounditswayintolitraturandfurnishdmatrialforBoccaccioandChaucr.InthfabliauwomanisthdaughtrofE,thsourcofmostofthmischifinthworld,loquacious,mddling,faithlss,snsual.Dsiristhnarstapproachtolo.Manyofthfabliauxarsatirical,withapurposmororlssmoral.Accordingtothm,toquotfromChauntclr,?InprincipioMulirsthominisconfusio.ThHostofthCantrburyTalsdrawsacharactristicmoralaftrharingthMrchanttllthfabliauofJanuaryandMay:?Lo,whichslightsandsubtiltsInwommnbn!forayasbisyasbsBnthyusslymnfortodcy.InthtalofThDumbWif,inwhichadumbwomangainsthpowrofspchatthdsirofhrhusband,isonofthmildstofthjstscharactristicofthfabliau:?ThlistduillthatisinhllCangifanwyfhistoung;Thglittst,Iyoutll,Cannotdomakhirdum.Thiscontntdownloaddfrom113.162.155.72onWd,15Oct201412:21:24PMAllussubjcttoJSTORTrmsandConditionsgoThSwanRiwInthfabliau,thn,whathlowstpossibltypoflo?snsualitymingldwithcontmpt.Aswshallsfarthron,chialricloowsagratdaltothchurch.Stranglynough,thfabliauattitudtowardwomnalsorcidagratdalofncouragmntfromthascticlmntinMdiaalCatholicism,whichdistrustdwomnandhldthmtobthmainsourcofallil.Mdiaalcclsiasticalwritrswhosawnokinshipbtwnhumananddiinloandwracquaintdwiththilphysicalconsquncsofiolntpassionnwntsofarastorgardloofwomanasadisas.ToacrtainxtntOrintalcontmptforwomnmaybanothrinflunc,sincsomofthstorissatirizingwomn(inthSnSags,forinstanc)arcrtainlyOrintal.ButthsuppositionthatallfabliauxcamfromIndiaorothrpartsofthOrintsmsffctuallydisprod.Historically,ofcours,ascticismowsagratdaltothEast,andtndncistoscornthwakrsxnodoubtrcidncouragmntfromthOrintinariousways,butthfabliauattitudistoonarlyunirsaltobrgarddasithrOrintalorOccidntal.Howr,thcharactrofthfabliauowsagratdaltothaudincwhichlistndtothm.Thywrprimarilymasculinandbourgois.Nodoubtmanyknightsinhoursofrlaxationwrntrtaindbythstorisofthbourgoisclasss,forthdiffrncsinculturwrnotncssarilyrygrat;butthfabliauwasnotrcognizdasalitraryformofanydignity,anditwasnotmanttoappaltothcourtlyclasss.Abrifstatmntofthcontntofonofthmostfamousofthfabliaux?thLaid'Aristot?willmphasizthscharactristics.AlxandrofGrc,aftrsubjugatingIndia,nglctdtopursuhisconqustsbcausofhisloforabautifulcapti.Aristotl,histachr,abaldoldphilosophr,rprodhim,andthkingpromisdamndmnt.Butthmistrssnoticdthsadnssinthking'smannr,andxtractdfromhimthscrtofit.Showdngancontholdphilosophr.AtdawnshplacdAlxandrbforawindowinatowrorlookingthgardn.Asductisongtouchdthmastr'shartandbroughthimtothcoquttishlyattirdThiscontntdownloaddfrom113.162.155.72onWd,15Oct201412:21:24PMAllussubjcttoJSTORTrmsandConditionsLoinMdialRomanc91younglady,whomhaddrssdinthconntionallanguagofthmdiaallor,offringforhrsricbodyandsoul,lifandhonor.Shaskdhimtocomplywithonofhrwhims,andAristotlradilyconsntd.Tholdphilosophrwassaddldandbridldlikahors,andthyoungladymountdhim.AtthiscriticalmomntAlxandrmadhimslfisibl.Inaninstantthtachrprcidthtrick.Sir,hsaid,wasInotrightinfaringthffctsoflouponyou,whoarinthbloomofyouth,sincithasthusaccoutrdm,whoamold?Ihajoindxampltoprcpt.Ashasbnindicatd,thfabliauisprttydistinctfromromanc,thoughthdistinctionisnotalwaysstrictlyobsrd.Thscondtypofloisfoundinalitraryformwhichmaywithjusticbrgarddasromantic,thoughitisadistincttypofromancandhassomofthqualitisofthpic,andinFrnchlitratur,butnotinEnglish,isusuallyrgarddasalitraryspcis.Thisisthchansondgst,thlitraryspcisofwhichthSongofRoland\$>thmostdistinguishdrprsntati.Asthnamindicats,itisconcrndwithdds;itishistoricalorpsudohistorical,andinitstypicalformisconcrndwiththfamilyofCharlmagn,thirassals,andthirnmis.AsinthcasofthSongofRoland,thspomsoftndalwiththrlationsofChristndomtothSaracns.Indatthyargnrallyarlirthanthpurromancs,thoughthtwolitraryformsxistsidbysidforaconsidrablpriod.Warisalwaysofgratimportanc,?notthadntursofsinglknightssomuchasthosofgratarmis.Whatrthoriginofthschansonsdgst(aproblmnotytsold),itisclarthatthyrprsntafairlysimplandprimitimind,thatthyarintnddnithrforacourtlysocitynorforaryhumblornbourgoissocity,andthatthyarprimarilyformn.Inthchansondgstwomnaralmostalwaysinthbackground;butlobcomsincrasinglyimportant?oftnlobtwnaChristianknightandaSaracnmaidn.Inthsromancs,bothinFrnchandinEnglish,loiscuriouslyconntionalizd,inawaythatisrydistantfromanynormalconditioninactuallif.ThloisxtrmlyThiscontntdownloaddfrom113.162.155.72onWd,15Oct201412:21:24PMAllussubjcttoJSTORTrmsandConditions92ThSwanRiwpassionat,irrsistibl,animal,butalsosomtimsnobl,andusuallynotdgrading.Howr,thxtraordinaryfaturofthistypofloisthatthwomanwoos.Thisfactdosnotimplyanysupriorityonthpartofwoman;rathrthcontrary,forthknightissomtimsasdisdainful,atfirst,asisthladyofchialricromanc.AlthoughitisprhapsnotunnaturalforthChristianwritrtoattributunwomanlyboldnsstoSaracnwomn,happarntlygisithisapproalbyawardingsuccsstohrlowhnshconsntstobcomaChristianinordrtoposssshrlor.Moror,shbcoms,usually,anxmplaryandnhroicwif.Orabl,thwifofWilliamofOrang,apparinginsralchansonsdgstdalingwiththathro,isonofthsorboldmaidns,butasawifshisthmostattracti,mostfaithful,andmosthroicwomaninthwholrangofCharlmagnlitraturandonofthfinstwomninallmdiaallitratur.InxplainingthistypoflitraturIshalltaktwoxampls,bothinEnglishromancswhichhaFrnchanalogus.ThfirstisfromBsofHamtoun.SirBs,aftranarrowscapfromdathatthhandsofmothrandstpfathr,wassoldasslatothSaracnkingofErmoni.Thkinghadadaughtr,Josian,wholarndtolothattractistrangr.AftrabattlinwhichBssadhrfromaforcdmarriag,shntrtaindhiminhrchambr.Thisopportunityshusdtospakofhrloinrygrosslanguag.ButBsbluntlyrfusdhrproposals,andasaconsquncwascursdroundly.Hrsntdhrlanguag,dclardhisintntiontogotoanothrcountry,andtooklodgingforthnightawayfromthpalacinthtown.Thrhwasisitdfirstbythchambrlainofthprincssandthnbythprincsshrslf.WhnBshardJosian,hprtnddtobaslp.Awak,daron,shcalld,awak.Iamcomtomakpac.Damsl,rplidBs,goawayandlam.Ihafoughtforyou,andwilldonothingmor.Josianflldownandwptsorly.Mrcy,shcrid.Mnsaythatawoman'sboltissoonshot.IfyouwillforgimforwhatIdid,IwillforsakmyfalsgodsforChristianity.Thiscontntdownloaddfrom113.162.155.72onWd,15Oct201412:21:24PMAllussubjcttoJSTORTrmsandConditionsLoinMdialRomanc93Inthatcas,quoththknight,Igrantit,myswton.Whruponhkissdhrintoknofthagrmnt.Itischaractristicofthchansondgsttypthatconrsionbcausofaryphysicalpassionisjustasfficaciousasconrsionbcausofrligiousconiction.Consquntly,JosianwasanidallyfaithfulwifandChristianfromthatmomnt.InBsthfmininapproachissomwhatgrossrthanitispossibltomakapparinasummary.Inthscondxampl,howr,?fromSirFrtimbras?nosummarycanconcalthundrlyingbrutality.InabattlwiththSaracns,OlirthfamousfrindofthmorfamousRoland,withafwFrnchknights,wrtaknprisonr.Bythordrsofthmir,Balan,thywrbound,thrownintoprison,andlftwithoutfood.Floripas,daughtrofthmir,haringthircris,wnttolarnthcaus.HainglarndthatonofthChristianknightswasryhandsom,shdmanddprmissiontospakwiththm.Thjailrrfusd.Thmaidnthnattmptdtoforcthprisondoor,andthjailr,rsisting,hadhisbrainsknockdoutbythdtrmindlady.ShthnrlasdthprisonrsandconcaldthminhrchambronthconditionthatthyshouldhlphrtomarryGuyofBurgundy,whomshhadoncsnandhadsinclod.SoonmssngrscamfromCharlmagntothmirtodmandthrlasofthprisonrs.Thmssngrswrsizdbythnragdmir,butFloripassuccddintakingthmalsotohrchambr.AmongthnwprisonrswrRolandandGuyofBurgundy.Whnthladyjailrmadknownhrwishs,RolandsuggstdthatGuytakthmaidn.ButGuydclindtodosobforhhad.thassntofKingCharls.Whnthmaidnundrstood,shwntalmostmadwithrag,andsworbyMahomtthatunlssGuytookhrashiswifallofthmshouldhang.Thisigorousprsuasionwassuccssful.FloripasandGuywrbtrothd,andthSaracnmaidnannouncdhrradinsstobbaptizd.InthwarbtwnthmirandthChristianswhichfollowd,Floripasaiddhrnwfrindsnrgtically.Thmirwascapturd,atlast,andthChristians,includingFrumbras,thmir'ssonandthbrothrofThiscontntdownloaddfrom113.162.155.72onWd,15Oct201412:21:24PMAllussubjcttoJSTORTrmsandConditions94ThSwanRiwFloripas,ndaordtogainhisconsnttobaptism?allxcptFloripas,whotooklittlintrstinthsattmptsatconrsion,dclaringthatthywouldfail.ToCharlmagnshsaid:SirEmpror,youdowrongindlayingforhissak.Youhaddonwlltoslayhimlastnightwhnhwastakn.Andslainhwas,whruponFloripasjoyfullymarridhrlor.Thfactthatwomnofthistyparnotxcptional,butarconntionalinalitraturofwidrang,whilitprobablyindicatslittlastoactualpractics,throwsanintrstinglightonthtastsofmdiaalaudincs.InEnglishromancsofthmostpopulartypthyxistwllthroughthMiddlAgs.Apparinginalitraturalmostcontmporarywithchialricromancs,thlolmntsstandaworldrmod.Asindicatd,thxplanationmustbinthprimitinaturofthmatrialwhichproducdthtyp,thcrudnssofthharrswholistndtothmasthyfllfromthlipsofthwandringminstrl,andthtndncyofalitraryconntion,oncstablishd,tomaintainitslfwithoutapparntjustification.Ththirdtypoflo,thchialric,mbracssralaritis,butallofthmagrinplacingwomanuponapdstal.NolongrisshadaughtrofE,thcausofthilinmn'sharts.NowshisasistrofMary,objctofman'shighstaspiration,andthbstarthlysymbolofdiinlo.Thcontrastwiththloofthfabliauandthchansondgstisstartling,butthrisapartialxplanationathand.WiththadancofthMiddlAgs,walthincrasd,atndncytodisplaydlopd,andwithwalthanddisplaycamluxury.Thcourtbcausthcntrofacrtaincultur;thrwaslisurandthdsirforntrtainmnt;princscouldaffordtomployothrstontrtain;andthcourtpotsandminstrlsbcamimportantinconsqunc.Butitwasnotthprinc,usuallymororlssconcrndwiththproblmofslfprsrationorofaggrandizmnt,whohadrallisur;itwasthwif.Withoutthmansofintrcourswhichbringsqualsofryranktogthrinlatrsocity,shintrstdhrslfinthntrtainmntofthcourt,bcamthcntrofThiscontntdownloaddfrom113.162.155.72onWd,15Oct201412:21:24PMAllussubjcttoJSTORTrmsandConditionsLoinMdialRomanc95thlifofthntrtainrs,andthirmistrss.Thnaturalrsultofthisassociationbtwnrfindwomnandrfindmnoflowrrankthanthwomnwasafminizdlitratur?alitraturforwomn,adaptdtothmotionsofwomn,andconsquntlyidalizingwomn.Manyothrlmnts,somofwhichwshallnotic,ntrintothisnwattitud,butthgnralsocialsituationindicatdmusthabnfundamntal.FirstofallIshalldiscussbriflyanaspctofthsubjctwhichisimportant,indd,butwhichissowllknownthatIdsirtomphasizothraspctsthathanotbnsoclarlyandmphaticallystatd.Mdiaalromanticlobcam,initsidalrlation,anaffairbtwnamarridwomanandanunmarridman.Thrasonforthisfacthasoftnbnstatdaslyinginthsocialsituationalradyindicatd.Husbandswrnotchosn,asarul,bcauslosprangupbtwnknightandmaidn,butforpoliticalrasons.Wasitnottobxpctdthatthwifwhohadbnsacrificdforthwlfaroffamilyshouldskthloofmnothrthanhrhusband,spciallysinc,asawif,shhadgaindalibrtyandanauthorityunknowninthparntalhom?Thisrasonwasunqustionablyprsnt,butitwasnotthonlyrason.Thwholtndncyofmdiaalthoughtandflingncouragdthiskindoflo,anditwasanaturaloutgrowthofachialrousattitudtowardwomn.ThcntralinstitutionofthMiddlAgswasthchurch,andthchurch,withallitspracticalpowr,rstdonththorythatthisworldisscondaryandunral,thatitisinsomsnsasymbolofanothrworldwhichisthsuprmrality.Ththoryprmatdmdiaallifinariousdirctions,anditprofoundlyaffctdthloofthsxs.Thxistncofaninfluncinthoppositdirction?thatis,fromthsculartothrligious?isofcourswllknown.Mysticalloofthdiin,ofJsusorofMary,oftnhadthmodofxprssionandnthqualityofsxuallo.CathrinofSinawasbtrothdtothLordwithringandow.Suso,inptitioningOurLady,imitatdthwooingofSuabianyoungmn.ThpassionofthmdiaalfmalmysticforChristoftnstranglyrsmblshumanlo,ChristthlortoThiscontntdownloaddfrom113.162.155.72onWd,15Oct201412:21:24PMAllussubjcttoJSTORTrmsandConditions96ThSwanRiwwhomthwomanyildshrslf.Thsymbolismofunionwiththdiinisattimsryralistic.ThfollowingpassagfromthwllknownWooingofourLord?aprayrwrittnforthusofawoman,probablyanun?istypical:Jsus,swtJsu,thusthoufoughtstformagainstthysoul'sfos;thoudidststtlthcontstformwiththybody,andmadstofm,wrtch,thyblodandspous.Thouhastbroughtmfromthworldintothbowrofthybirth,nclosdminthychambrwhrImaysoswtlykissandmbracth,andofthylohaspiritualdlight.Towhatxtntthispassionisatransformdhumanpassionitishardtosay.Arcntwritronmysticism,dnyingthidntityofthhumanwiththdiinpassion,atthsamtimclarlyindicatsthcharactrofthrsmblanc.Thmystic'soutlook.isthlor'soutlook.Ithasthsamlmntofwildnss,thsamqualityofslflssandquixoticdotion,thsamcombinationofrapturandhumility.Thisparalllismorthanaprttyfancy:formysticandlor,upondiffrntplans,aralikrspondingtothcallofthSpiritofLif.Thlanguagofhumanpassionistpidandinsignificantbsidthlanguaginwhichmysticstrytotllthsplndoursofthirtrulo.Thyforcuponthunprjudicdradrthconictionthatthyardalingwithanardourfarmorburningforanobjctfarmorral.NowthisparalllismbtwnmysticalloofGodandsxualloisunirsal.Butisitwithoutsignificancthatthparalllismismostmarkdinchialriclo,dlopingatapriodwhnmysticismhadapowrfulholdonthchurchandthworld?Thatis,maynotthhumanpassionhaborrowdfromthdiin?TakthloofDant,forinstanc,?alothoroughlytypicalofthagofchialryandthcourtsoflo.AftrhismtingwithBatricwhnhwasaboutninyarsold,shimmdiatlybcamthcntrofhislif,notonlywhilshlidbut,itissupposd,aslongasthpotlid.Thrisnoindicationthathrthoughtofmarryinghr.Ythsoughtopportunitistoshrforhissoul'snourishmnt,andshbElynUndrhill,Mysticism(NwYork,1911,)pp.106f.Thiscontntdownloaddfrom113.162.155.72onWd,15Oct201412:21:24PMAllussubjcttoJSTORTrmsandConditionsLoinMdialRomanc97camthsymbolofloandfinallyofdiinfaith.Itisusuallyblidthatthisisahumanlo,andaryralhumanxprinc.YtthmotionsdscribdarnotdistinguishablfromthmotionsofthmysticyarningforGod.ByondthsphrwhichspradstowidstspacNowsoarsthsighthatmyhartsndsabo;AnwprcptionbornofgriingLoGuidthitupwardthuntroddnways.Whnithathrachduntothnd,andstays,ItssaladyroundwhomsplndorsmoInhomag;till,bythgratlightthrofAbashd,thpilgrimspiritstandsatgaz.Itsshrsuch,thatwhnittllsmthisWhichithathsn,Iundrstanditnot,Ithathaspchsosubtilandsofin.AndytIknowitsoicwithinmythoughtOftnrmmbrthmofBatric:SothatIundrstandit,ladismin.2InthcasofDantitcanscarclybdoubtdthatthhumanlo,inbcomingthsymbolofdiinlo,undrgossomchangsinquality,andthischanginqualityntrsmororlssintothcharactrofallchialriclo.Inthisconnctionitisprhapsnotwithoutsignificancthatinallgorizinghumanlo,mdiaallogostothchurchforsomofitsmostimportantsymbols.Thmostconntionalofallthsymbolsisthmdiaalcourtoflo,withacastlforlocation,andthprocdurmororlsslgalincharactr.Inthcourtoflopotry,thjudgissomtimsanactualsorign?forxampl,MariofChampagn?whodcidssomdlicatpointoflowhichisargudbforhr,as,forinstanc,whthrthrcouldbtrulobtwnhusbandandwif,whichMariofChampagnwassaidtohadciddinthngati.Thislgalprocdurbcomssomtimsmororlssrligiousorcclsiastical.Atmpltaksthplacofthcastl;analtarrplacsththron;prayrsaruttrd,incnsburnd,andoffringsmad.OfcoursthclassicalcultofVnuswasinfluntialinthisscularpotry,butasamattroffactthmannrofworshipwasssntiallythsamasforthVirginMary.Thladywhowasthobjctofworshipwas2FromRosstti'stranslationofThNwLif.7Thiscontntdownloaddfrom113.162.155.72onWd,15Oct201412:21:24PMAllussubjcttoJSTORTrmsandConditions98ThSwanRiwadordinthsamrligiousphrasologyryoftn.AndrwthChaplaintllsofaParadiso,aPurgatorio,andanInfrnooflors;thrarloisionsidntlymodldonthisionsofcclsiasticallitratur;thrarconfssions,patrnostrs,crdos,masss,pilgrimags,nacloistroflo,allralingthclosrlationofrligiousandthscularmodsofintrprtingandxprssinglo.3Aqustionalradymntiondisofthgratstimportanc?thatis,Towhatxtntdosthhumanloofthromancsactuallypartakofthqualitisofdiinlo?Anythinglikacompltanswrisofcoursimpossibl.Thncssityofhumilityandabsolutsubmissiononthpartofthlortoonwhoisabolawhasalradybnsuggstd.WhnLanclot,pursuingGuinrandatrachrousknightwhohadforciblyabductdhr,hsitatdforamomnttoprformanactionrgarddasdgradingtoaknight?mountingacartwithachurl?nthrscuofthqundidnotsahimfromrproachandstrangmnt.OnanothroccasionawordfromthquncausdLanclottoallowinfriorknightstogtthbttrofhim.WhnIainforgottorturntohisLaudinbythappointdday,hwaspunishdbyyarsofsparationandmadnss.WhnLanalmntiondhishappyloforafairymistrss,againsthrdsir,himmdiatlysuffrdlossofhrloandgratdangrofdath.Inthlastcasthsupriorityofthladymaysmtoliinthfactthatshisquninanothrworld,butthattitudisthsaminthcasofmistrsssinthisworld.Disobdinctothdityispunishdscarclymorsrly.Anothrpointinwhichchialrouslorsmblsmysticalloisthatidallyit??isapursuitofsomthingunattainabl,?Thdsirofthmothforthstar,Ofthnightforthmorrow,ThdotiontosomthingafarFromthsphrofoursorrow.ItisthisqualitywhichgischarmtothloofDant,ofPtrarch,andofmanyatroubadourforhismistrss.Marriag3ThispointisdiscussdinNilson'sThOriginsandSourcsofthCourtofLoandinDodd'sCourtlyLoinChaucrandGowr.Thiscontntdownloaddfrom113.162.155.72onWd,15Oct201412:21:24PMAllussubjcttoJSTORTrmsandConditionsLoinMdialRomanc99mansattainmntandthdathoflo.Thrforthbstloisthloforonwhoismostnarlyunattainabl?thwifofanothr.Ofcoursthidalbraksdown,andindirctlyladstoimmorality,butitisnotwithoutlationandcharm.Thmotion,instadofladingtopursuitandconqust,ladstosympathyandhlpforallwomankind,adauntlss,ifquixotic,couragonthbattlfild,andarfinmntofthwholnaturofthlor.EninthcasofLanclot,lohasthisqualityoflongingwhichcannotbsatisfid,andthisistransformdintogratdds.InEctor'slasttributtohisbrothr,itislowhichismadthcntralfactofhischaractr:?Thou,SirLaunclot,thrthoulist;.thouwrthcourtlistknightthatrborshild;andthouwrthtrustfrindtothylorthatrbstrodhors;andthouwrthtrustlorofasinfulmanthatrlodwoman;andthouwrthmkstmanandgntlstthatrsatinhallamongladis;andthouwrthstrnstknighttothymortalfothatrputsparinthrst.Thmystical,contmplatiqualityofsxuallo,makingitrsmblloofthdiin,isprhapsthm
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