grammarguide2017

qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopThe2017GrammarGuide120GrammarandVocabularyMistakestoAvoidLastUpdated:January1,2017www.englishgrammar.orgThepurposeofthisbookEnglishisfullofproblemsforaforeignlearner.Whilesomeoftheseproblempointsareeasytoexplain,otherscausedifficultyevenfortheadvancedstudentsandlearners.Forexample,howexactlyisthepresentperfecttenseused?Whatarethedifferencesbetweenbig,largeandgreat,betweencomeandgo?Isunlessthesameasifnot?ThiseBookisaguidetoquestionsofthiskind.Itaddresses120pointswhichregularlycauseproblemsfortheforeignlearner.Rulesandguidelinesaregiven,usingaslittlelinguisticterminologyaspossible.Whowillbenefitfromthisbook?Thisbookisaimedatstudentswhowishtoimprovethequalityoftheirsentences.Itiscompiledfortheuseatschoolorathome.Howtousethisbook?Entriesarearrangedalphabetically.Eachentrycontainsanexplanationofaproblem,examplesofcorrectusageandtypicalmistakes.Explanationsare,asfaraspossible,giveninsimpleeverydaylanguage.GrammarGuidePage2ListofEntries1.Accordingto2.Acrossandthrough3.Adjectivesendinginly4.Agoandbefore5.Allandevery6.Allrightandalright7.Alreadyandallready8.Alternateandalternative9.Altogetherandalltogether10.Anyandsome11.Anyhowandsomehow12.Articles13.Articlea–correctuse14.Askandaskfor15.Atfirstandfirst16.Avengeandrevenge17.Backandagain18.Bathandbathe19.Beatandwin20.Because21.Becauseandbecauseof22.Becauseandfor23.Beginandstart24.Besideandbesides
GrammarGuidePage325.Besides,exceptandapartfrom26.Betweenandamong27.Betweenandduring28.Betweenandfrom29.Big,largeandgreat30.Bornandborne31.Bringandtake32.But33.Changeoftense34.Closeandshut35.Clothandclothes36.Collectivenouns37.Comeandgo38.Commonpreposition+nouncombinations39.Comparativesandsuperlatives40.Comparatives:acommonerror41.Conjunctions42.Correlatives43.Deadanddied44.Determiners45.Doandmake46.Doublenegatives47.Duringandfor48.Eachandevery
GrammarGuidePage449.Eachotherandoneanother50.East,eastern,north,northernetc.51.Elderandeldest52.Endandfinish53.Enough54.Especiallyandspecially55.Exceptandexceptfor56.Expectandhope57.Expressionswithoutprepositions58.Farandalongway59.Gerund60.Historicpresent61.Idon'tmind62.Ifclauses63.Imperativesentences64.Indirectquestions65.Inventanddiscover66.Inversionofsubjectandverb67.Itsandit’s68.Joiningsentences69.Keepandput70.Kindandkinds,sortandsortsetc.71.Lessandfewer72.LieandLay73.Likeandas
GrammarGuidePage574.Lookafterandlookfor75.Loseandloose76.Manymuchandplentyofalotof77.Mayandcan78.Maybeandperhaps79.Muchandmany80.Neither,norandnoteither81.Nominativeandobjectivecase82.Nosoonerthan83.Nounsthatdonothaveasingularform84.Nounswithnopluralforms85.Nounswithidenticalsingularandpluralforms86.Numbers87.Onandin88.Only89.Ontimeandintime90.Onthewholeandthewholeof91.Participles92.Positiveorcomparative?93.Pastperfecttense94.Possessivecase95.Prepositions96.Presentperfecttense97.PriceandPrize98.Pronouns
GrammarGuidePage699.Sayandtell100.Scarcelywhen101.Searchandsearchfor102.Sincerely103.Singularandpluralnouns104.Subordinateclause105.Suggest106.Thanandas107.Thankyouandplease108.Toldandasked109.Tooandvery110.Transitiveverbs111.Twowordsorone112.Unlessandif113.Verbs114.wardand–wards115.WellandGood116.Whynot+infinitive117.WhetherandIf118.Whoseandwho’s119.Willorshall?120.YesandNoGrammarGuidePage71.AccordingtoIncorrect:Accordingtome,sheshouldhaveresignedearlier.Correct:Inmyopinion,sheshouldhaveresignedearlier.Wedonotgiveourownopinionswithaccordingto.2.AcrossandthroughThedifferencebetweenacrossandthroughissimilartothedifferencebetweenonandin.Weusethroughtotalkaboutmovementinthreedimensionalspaceswiththingsonallsides.Wewalkedacrossthefield.(=Wewereonthefield.)Wewalkedthroughthewood.(=Wewereinthewood.)3.AdjectivesendinginlyIncorrect:Shesmiledfriendly.Correct:Shesmiledinafriendlyway.Incorrect:Helaughedsilly.Correct:HegaveasillylaughHeretheerrorliesinusinganadjectiveinsteadofanadverb.Weuseadverbstomodifyverbs.Mostadverbsendin–ly;therearealsoafewadjectivesthatendin–ly.Examplesare:costly,friendly,lively,likely,lonely,lovely,sillyandugly.Therearenoadverbscostlycostlilyorfriendlyfriendlily.4.AgoandbeforeIncorrect:Hisfatherdiedthreeyearsbefore.Correct:Hisfatherdiedthreeyearsago.
GrammarGuidePage8Agoisusedtocountbackfromthepresent.Itisusedwithapasttenseandatimeexpression.Beforeisusedwhenyoudatebackfromanypointoftimewhichismadespecific.IsawhimtwoyearsbeforeIwenttoEngland.5.AllandeveryIncorrect:Everychildrenneedlove.Correct:Everychildneedslove.Incorrect:Allthelightwasout.Correct:Allthelightswereout.Everyisusedwithasingularnoun.Allisusedwithapluralnoun.6.AllrightandalrightThestandardspellingisallright,butalrightismorecommonalthoughmanypeopleconsideritincorrect.7.AlreadyandallreadyIncorrect:Wearealreadyfortheshow.Correct:Weareallreadyfortheshow.Incorrect:Theyhaveallreadyarrived.Correct:Theyhavealreadyarrived.Allreadymeans‘allareready’.Alreadymeans'bynow'or'soonerthanexpected'.Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewereachedthestation.Thepatienthadalreadydiedbeforethedoctorarrived.GrammarGuidePage98.AlternateandalternativeAlternativemeans'different','instead','ontheotherhand'.Wewillmakeanalternativearrangementiftheseplansdon'tsuityou.Ihadtogo.Therewasnoalternative.Alternatemeans'everysecond'or'inturns'.Heonlycomestoworkonalternatedays.9.AltogetherandalltogetherAltogethermeans‘entirely’or‘everythingconsidered’.Idon’taltogetheragree.Itisaltogetherwrongtoilltreatanimals.Alltogethersimplymeans‘everybodyeverythingtogether’.Theyallwentouttogether.Sheputtheglassesalltogetherinthesink.10.AnyandsomeBothsomeandanysuggestanindefiniteamountornumber.Someismorecommoninaffirmativeclauses.Anyisusedinquestionsandnegativeclauses.Compare:Ineedsomepencils.(NOTIneedanypencils.)Haveyougotanypencils?Sorry,Ihaven'tgotanypencils.GrammarGuidePage1011.AnyhowandsomehowIncorrect:Hediditanyhow.Correct:Hemanagedtodoitsomehow.Incorrect:Hekeepshisthingssomehowinhisdesk.Correct:Hekeepshisthingsanyhowinhisdesk.(=Hedoesn’tkeephisthingsinorder.)Incorrect:HemaynotcomebutsomehowIshall.Correct:HemaynotcomebutanyhowIshall.(=Iwillcertainlycome.)Use'anyhow'tomean'indisorder'.‘Anyhow’canalsomean'forcertain'.12.ArticlesThemisuseoftheandaisverycommon.Herearethebasicrulesfortheuseandomissionofarticles.Propernouns(e.g.John,AliceandIndia)donottakearticles.Incorrect:TheJohnismyfriend.Correct:Johnismyfriend.Incorrect:TheTokyoisabigcity.Correct:Tokyoisabigcity.Asingularcommonnoun(e.g.boy,cat,tree,book,appleetc.)musthaveanarticle.Incorrect:Thereiscatonroof.Correct:Thereisacatontheroof.Apluralcommonnouncannotbeusedwiththearticlea.Itisusuallyusedwithnoarticle,though'some'issometimesusedbeforeit.Compare:Aspiderhaseightlegs.Spidershaveeightlegs.GrammarGuidePage11Rememberthatanouncanbecommoninonesentenceandproperinanothersentence.Asuperlativeadjectiveisusuallyusedwiththe.Incorrect:Heisbestplayerintheteam.Correct:Heisthebestplayerintheteam.13.Articlea–correctuseThearticle'a'placedinfrontofanounconveystheideaof'one'.Whenwritingabouttwoseparateobjects,asecond'a'mustbeused.Ifthetwoobjectsareconsideredasone,thenthesecond'a'maybeleftout.Incorrect:Ihaveahammerandchisel.Correct:Ihaveahammerandachisel.(Herewearetalkingabouttwoseparateobjects.)Incorrect:Shehasasonanddaughter.Correct:Shehasasonandadaughter.Incorrect:Themechanicusedablockandatackletoliftthemachine.Correct:Themechanicusedablockandtackletoliftthemachine.(Herewearetalkingaboutoneobject.)14.AskandaskforAskfor:asksomebodytogivesomethingAsk:asksomebodytotellsomethingHeaskedmeforaloan.(NOTHeaskedmealoan.)Theyaskedtendollarsforthebook.Ifyoudon'tknowtheanswer,asktheteacher.Don'taskmemyname.(NOTDon’taskmeformyname)GrammarGuidePage1215.AtfirstandfirstAtfirstisusedtotalkaboutthebeginningofasituation.Itisoftenfollowedbybut.Inothercases,weusuallyusefirst.Atfirsteverythingseemedfine,butthenthingsstartedgoingwrong.Ifirstmetheratarestaurant.16.AvengeandrevengeIncorrect:Imustrevengemyfather.Correct:Imustavengemyfather.Incorrect:Imustrevengemyenemy.Correct:Imusttakerevengeonmyenemy.Thesetwowordsareoftenconfused.To'avengemyfather'meansto‘punishsomeonewhohashurtmyfather’.17.BackandagainWhenusedwithaverb,backsuggestsareturntoanearliersituationoramovementintheoppositedirection.Givememywatchback.(NOTGivememywatchagain.)Takeyourmoneyback.Putthebookbackontheshelfwhenyouhavefinishedwithit.Thesemangoesaren'tgood.Iamtakingthembacktotheshop.Whenusedwithaverb,againsuggestsrepetition.Ididnothearwhatyousaid.Pleasesayitagain.Thatwasalovelysong.Canyouplayitagain?GrammarGuidePage1318.BathandbatheInBritishEnglish,theverbbathisusedtomean'washoneselfinabathtub'.Childrenshouldbathregularly.TheverbbathisnotusedinAmericanEnglish.Instead,theexpressions'haveabath'or'takeabath'areused.AsIwasfeelinghot,Itookabath.InBritishEnglish,bathemeans'swimforpleasure'.Itisveryformal.Inaninformalstyle,weusetheexpressions'haveaswim'or'goforaswim'.Hesaidhehadagoodbathe.InAmericanEnglish,batheisusedtomean'takeabath'.IalwaysbathebeforeIgotobed.(=IalwaystakeabathbeforeIgotobed.)Notethattolieinthesunistosunbathe.19.BeatandwinBeatisusuallyfollowedbyanobjectwhichreferstothepersonyouareplayingorfightingagainst.Shealwaysbeatsmeatpoker.Wincanalsobefollowedbyanobject,butitusuallyreferstothingslikemoneyorprize.Youcanalsowininagame,arace,abattleoranargument.Shewonthefirstprizeinthequizcompetition.Shealwayswinswhenweplaypoker.20.BecauseIncorrect:Hedidnotcometoschool.Becausehewasill.Correct:Hedidnotcometoschoolbecausehewasill.GrammarGuidePage14Thisisaverycommonpunctuationmistake.Becauseisasubordinatingconjunction.Itmustnotbeseparatedfromitsmainclausebyafullstop.21.BecauseandbecauseofBecauseisaconjunction.Itisusedtojointwoclausesandisfollowedbyasubjectandverb.Wecouldn’tgooutbecauseitrained.Ididitbecausehetoldmetodoit.Notethatthe‘becauseclause’cancomebeforeorafterthemainclause.Becauseitwassohot,wewenthome.Wewenthomebecauseitwassohot.Becauseofisatwowordpreposition.Itisusedbeforeanounorapronoun.Wecouldn’tgooutbecauseoftherain.Ididitbecauseofhim.22.BecauseandforIncorrect:Iamgladfortomorrowisaholiday.Correct:Iamgladbecausetomorrowisaholiday.Forishardlywrong,butitisbettertousebecausetointroduceacasualclause.23.BeginandstartThereislittleornodifferencebetweenbeginandstart.Beginismorecommoninaformalstyle.Hestartedbeganworkingwhenhewas19.Wewillbeginstartthenextlessontomorrow.Itistimetobeginstartwork.GrammarGuidePage15CaseswherebeginisnotpossibleWestart(butnotbegin)ajourneyoramachine.Westartedinthemorningandreachedbeforesunset.(NOTWebeganinthemorning)Howdoyoustartawashingmachine?(NOTHowdoyoubeginawashingmachine?)Atlastthetrainstarted.(NOTAtlastthetrainbegan.)24.BesideandbesidesBesideisapreposition.Itmeans'by'or'nextto'.Themothersatbesideherchildren.WhoisthatfatladysittingbesidePeter?Besidesissimilartoaswellas.Itisusedtoaddnewinformationtowhatisalreadyknown.Besidestheviolin,hecanplaytheguitarandthepiano.WhowasatthepartybesidesJaneandPeter?25.Besides,exceptandapartfromTheseexpressionsoftencauseconfusion.Besidesusuallyaddswhereasexceptsubtracts.Compare:Besidesmathematics,wehavetolearnphysicsandchemistry.(Welearnthreesubjects.)Hecanplayallmusicalinstrumentsexcepttheflute.(Hecan’tplaytheflute.)GrammarGuidePage16Apartfromcanbeusedinbothsenses.Apartfrommathematics,wehavetolearnphysicsandchemistry.(=Besidesmathematics,wehaveto)Hecanplayallmusicalinstrumentsapartfromtheviolin.(=Hecanplayallmusicalinstrumentsexcepttheviolin.)26.BetweenandamongWeusebetweenwithtwoormoreclearlyseparatepeopleorthings.Weuseamongwhenthereferenceistoagroup,acrowd,oramassofpeopleorthingswhichwedonotseeseparately.ShesatbetweenAliceandMary.(Twoclearlyseparatepeople)Shesatamongherstudents.Thereisatouristhomebetweenthewoods,theriverandthehills.(Threeclearlyseparatethings)Thetouristhomeishiddenamongthetrees.Weusebetween,notamong,afterdifference.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenasquareandarectangle?27.BetweenandduringIncorrect:EnglandgrewprosperousbetweenQueenVictoria'sreign.Correct:EnglandgrewprosperousduringQueenVictoria'sreign.Incorrect:TheFirstWorldWarwasfoughtduring191418.Correct:TheFirstWorldWarwasfoughtbetween191418.Twoeventsmustbementionedifyouwanttousebetween.GrammarGuidePage1728.BetweenandfromAcommonmistakethatisoftennoticedthesedaysistheuseoftoafterbetween.Incorrect:Theinterviewwillbeheldbetween2to4pm.Correct:Theinterviewwillbeheldbetween2and4pm.Incorrect:Theconferencewilltakeplacebetweenthe12thtothe18thofthismonth.Correct:Theconferencewilltakeplacebetweenthe12thandthe18thofthismonth.Orelseyoucansay:Theinterviewwillbeheldfrom2to4pm.Theconferencewilltakeplacefromthe12thtothe18thofthismonth.29.Big,largeandgreatWeusebigandlargewithconcretenounsthenamesofobjectswhichwecanseeortouch.Inaninformalstyle,bigismorecommonthanlarge.Hehasgotbiglargefeet.Theyhavealargebighouseinthecity.Weusegreatwithabstractnounsthenamesofthingswhichwecannotseeortouch.Ithinkitwasagreatmistake.Ihavegreatrespectforhim.Inaninformalstylebigisalsousedwithcountableabstractnouns.Largeisnotusedwithabstractnouns.Ithinkitwasabigmistake.(BUTNOTIthinkitwasalargemistake.)Noneofthesethreewordsareusedwithuncountablenouns.Ihavegotalotofluggage.(NOTIhavegotbiglargegreatluggage.)GrammarGuidePage1830.BornandborneThepassiveformoftheverbborn(be+born)isusedtotalkaboutcomingintotheworldatbirth.Hewasborntopoorparents.IwasbornonaFriday.ShewasborninItaly.Borneisthepastparticipleformoftheverbbear.Itissometimesusedtomean'givebirthto'or'carry'.Shehasborneeightchildren.(=Shehasgivenbirthtoeightchildren.)31.BringandtakeIncorrect:Idon'tknowwhattobringwhenIleavefortheconference.Correct:Idon'tknowwhattotakewhenIleavefortheconference.Incorrect:IshallbringmywifewithmewhenIgo.Correct:IshalltakemywifewithmewhenIgo.Incorrect:Takethatbooktomeatmydesk.Correct:Bringthatbooktomeatmydesk.Usebringwhensomethingisbeingmovedtowardsthespeaker.Bringmethatbook.Usetakewhensomethingisbeingmovedawayfromtheareaofthespeaker.Takethatfilewithyou.(Herethefileisbeingmovedawayfromtheareaofthespeaker.)32.ButIncorrect:Heisthefastestrunnerandhecamelast.Correct:Heisthefastestrunnerbuthecamelast.GrammarGuidePage19Butistheconjunctiontousewhenthesecondmainclausegivesunexpectedorcontradictoryinformation.33.ChangeoftenseThefirstverbinasentenceestablishesthetenseofanyverbthatcomeslater.Ifyoubeginwritinginthepast,don’tchangetothepresent.Similarly,ifyoubeginwritinginthepresent,don’tchangetothepast.Incorrect:Inthestory,thekingloseshiskingdom,butheregainedeverythingintheend.Correct:Inthestory,thekingloseshiskingdom,butheregainseverythingintheend.Incorrect:Theteamwonyesterday,butgoesandlosesthisafternoon.Correct:Theteamwonyesterday,butwentandlostthisafternoon.34.CloseandshutThereislittledifferenceofmeaningbetweencloseandshut.Shutcloseyoureyes.Canyoucloseshutthedoor?Theycloseshuttheshopsat8o'clock.CaseswherecloseispreferredWeclose(andnotshut)roads,letters,bankaccounts,meetingsetc.Youshouldcloseyourexistingaccountbeforeopeninganewaccount.(NOTYoushouldshutyourexistingaccount)35.ClothandclothesClothisthematerialusedformakingclothes.Clothesarethingsyouwear.Hisclothesaremadeofexpensivecloth.GrammarGuidePage2036.CollectivenounsGroupwordsorcollectivenounstakeasingularverbifyouaretalkingofthegroupasawhole.Theytakeapluralverbifyouaretalkingabouttheindividualmembersofthegroup.Compare:Thejuryisinthecourtroom.(Herewearetalkingaboutthewholegroup.)Thejuryarestilldebatingthecase.(Herewearetalkingabouttheindividualmembersofthegroup.)Note:CollectivenounsarealwayssingularinAmericanEnglish.37.ComeandgoComeisusedformovementstotheplacewherethespeakerorheareris.Cometome.(Movementtowardsthespeaker)'Alice,canyoucomehere?''Yes,Iamcoming.'(NOTIamgoing.)CanIcomeandsitbesideyou?(Movementtowardsthehearer)Goisusedformovementstootherplaces.Let'sgoandseethem.(NOTLet'scomeandseethem.)Iwanttogoandliveinthehills.(NOTIwanttocomeandliveinthehills.)38.Commonpreposition+nouncombinationsAtthecinema;atthetheatre;attheparty;atuniversityBycarbikebustrainboatplanelandseaairOntheradio;onTV;onthephoneInpenpencilinkInasuitraincoatshirtskirthatetc39.ComparativesandsuperlativesGrammarGuidePage21Thecomparative(e.g.taller,sharper,stronger,heavier,shorteretc.)isusedtocompareonepersonorthingwithanotherpersonorthing.JohnistallerthanPeter.AliceisclevererthanMary.Thesuperlative(e.g.tallest,sharpest,strongest,heaviest,shortestetc.)isusedtocomparesomebodyorsomethingwiththewholegrouptowhichsheheitbelongs.Johnisthetallestboyintheclass.Aliceistheprettiestofthefourgirls.Heisthebestplayerintheteam.Whenagrouphasonlytwomembers,wepreferthecomparativetothesuperlative.Incorrect:Taketheshortestofthetworoutes.Correct:Taketheshorterofthetworoutes.Incorrect:Sheistheprettiestofthetwosisters.Correct:Sheistheprettierofthetwosisters.40.Comparatives:acommonerrorIncomparativesentencesbecarefultocomparethesamepartoftwothings.Thatof,theseofandthoseofarenecessarywordsthatareoftenomitted.Incorrect:HisteachingwaslikeJesusChrist.Correct:HisteachingwaslikethatofJesusChrist.Incorrect:Thesizeoftheshoemustbethesameasthisshoe.Correct:Thesizeoftheshoemustbethesameasthatofthisshoe.Incorrect:Mybooksarebetterthanmyfriend.Correct:Mybooksarebetterthanthoseofmyfriend.GrammarGuidePage2241.ConjunctionsOneconjunctionisenoughtojointwoclauses.Englishdoesnotrequireasecondconjunction.Incorrect:Thoughheisoldbutheishealthy.Correct:Thoughheisoldheishealthy.ORHeisoldbutheishealthy.Incorrect:Ashewasfatsoheranslowly.Correct:Ashewasfatheranslowly.ORHewasfatsoheranslowly.Incorrect:Ifyouworkhardthenyouwillsucceed.Correct:Ifyouworkhardyouwillsucceed.Incorrect:Becauseheiscleverthereforehegetsgoodmarks.Correct:Becauseheiscleverhegetsgoodmarks.42.CorrelativesWhenthecorrelativeseitheror,neithernor,bothand,notonlybutalsoareused,youmustseethattheyareplacedbeforewordsofthesamepartofspeech.Incorrect:Thecareitherdashedagainstadogoragoat.(verbnoun)Correct:Thecardashedagainsteitheradogoragoat.(nounnoun)Incorrect:Neitherhewouldeatnorallowustoeat.(nounverb)Correct:Hewouldneithereatnorallowustoeat.(verbverb)Incorrect:Neitherhesmokesnordrinks.(nounverb)Correct:Heneithersmokesnordrinks.(verbverb)GrammarGuidePage2343.DeadanddiedDeadisanadjective.Itisusedtomodifyanoun.Heisdead.(NOTHeisdied.)Adeadman(NOTAdiedman)Diedisthepasttenseandthepastparticipleoftheverbdie.Hehasdied.(NOTHehasdead.)Hediedlastyear.(NOTHedeadlastyear.)44.DeterminersArticles(aan,the),possessives(my,your,his,her,their,ouretc.)anddemonstratives(this,that,theseandthose)arecalledGroupAdeterminers.NotethatwecannotputtwoGroupAdeterminerstogether.Wecansaymycat,thecatorthatcat,butnotthemycatormythatcat.Inordertoputtogetherthemeaningsofapossessiveandanarticleorademonstrative,weuseastructurewithof.Heisafriendofmine.(NOTHeisamyfriend.)Theseshoesofminepinchmeterribly.(NOTThesemyshoespinchmeterribly.)Thosedirtyfingersofyourshavestainedthewalls.(NOTThoseyourdirtyfingershave)45.DoandmakeDoissometimesconfusedwithmake.Makeisusedtotalkaboutbuildingorcreating.Let'smakeacake.Ioncemadeatoytrain.Doissometimesusedinsteadofmake.Thisiscommonwhenwewanttosoundcasualaboutacreativeactivity.GrammarGuidePage24'Whatshallweeat?''Well,letmedoanomelette.'(Morecasualthan‘Letmemakeanomelette.’)CommonfixedexpressionswithdoandmakeBothdoandmakeareusedinsomecommonfixedexpressions.Dogood,harm,business,one'sbest,afavor,sport,exercise,one'shair,one'steeth,one's