2003年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious (21)___ to how they can best (22)___ such changes. Growing bodies need movement and (23)___ , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. (24)___ they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the (25)___ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are (26)___ by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be(27)___to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, (28)___ ,publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, (29)___ student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide (30) ___ opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful (31) ___ dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the (32) ___ of some kind of organization with a supportive adult (33) ___ visible in the background.
In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have (34) ___ attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized (35) ___ participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to (36) ___ else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants (37) ___. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. (38)___they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by (39) ___ for roles that are within their (40) ___ and their attention spans and by shavings clearly stated rules.
21. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice
22. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance
23. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure
24. [A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because
25. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance
26. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed
27. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise
28. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense
29. [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging
30. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple
31. [A] groups [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation
32. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security
33. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely
34. [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D]short
35. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if
36. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something
37. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone
38. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand
39. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking
40. [A] capability [B] responsibility [C] proficiency [D] efficiency
完形填空
文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句；有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。因此，在选择具体题目答案前，把握文章中心对于理解文章语句，把握逻辑关系，确定语意衔接提供了足够的信息依据。
文章首段主题句叙述到Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience.教师们应该注意到青少年在情感、智力和身体上的变化。
本文的中心思想为 教师们要注意青少年的情感、智力和身体的变化。
题目解析：
Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious (21) ___ to how they can best (22) ___ such changes.
21. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice
22. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance
21．词汇辨析题 本题目选择名词，体现为give…to…的结构，在句子中充当谓语动词。句子叙述到And they also need to give serious ___ to how they can……. 选择动词主语和宾语提供信息决定答案。主语名词为they，即老师，宾语为how从句,译为“如何做某事”。
选项A. give thought to 考虑，想一想；
B. give idea to 没有该搭配形式；
C. give opinion to 没有该搭配形式；
D. give advice to 提建议。
不难发现，文章中心提到Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience.“教师们应该注意到青少年在情感、智力和身体上的变化。”选项A. give thought to 考虑，想一想，应用在句子中意为：“考虑如何作某事。”与语句和文章中心“教师应该注意青少年在情感、智力和身体上的变化”相符。选项B. give idea to 没有该搭配形式；C. give opinion to 没有该搭配形式；选项D. give advice to “提建议给某人”，应用在句子中无法连接后面的从句“如何做某事”。因此，正确答案为A. give thought to “考虑到”,与本句含义相符，与文章中心匹配。
22．词汇辨析题 本题目选择谓语动词，句子中的主语和宾语提供信息决定答案。句子叙述到And they also need to give serious thought to how they can best ___ such changes.主语名词为they，即老师，宾语为such changes,译为这些变化。
选项A. strengthen 加强；
B. accommodate 适合，适应；
C. stimulate 刺激；
D. enhance 加强。
不难发现，文章中心提到Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience.“教师们应该注意到青少年在情感、智力和身体上的变化。” 选项A. strengthen 加强。与“这种变化”不能构成合理语句；B. accommodate 适合，适应。应用在句子中译为“适应这种变化”；C. stimulate 刺激。与“这种变化”不能构成合理语句； D. enhance 加强。与“这种变化”不能构成合理语句。只有适应这种变化才通顺并且符合文章中心。因此，正确答案为B. accommodate “适应”这些情感变化。
Growing bodies need movement and (23) ___, but not just in ways that emphasize competition.
23. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure
23．逻辑关系题 本题目选择名词，在句子中充当宾语。句子叙述到Growing bodies need movement and ___ , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 并列连词and确定空格处的词汇与movement相似或者属于同类事物；转折词but not指示方向，but not just in ways that emphasize competition.确定要选择的名词是一种竞技项目。
选项A. care 照顾，照料；在意；
B. nutrition 营养；滋养；
C. exercise 练习，锻炼；
D. leisure 休闲，闲暇。
不难发现，四个选项中只有C. exercise 表示“练习，锻炼”，是一种竞技运动。 因此，正确答案是B. exercise 练习。
(24)___ they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the (25)___ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are (26)___ by others.
24. [A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because
25. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance
26. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed
24．逻辑关系题 本题目选择连词，体现从句和后面主句的逻辑关系。句子叙述到___ they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and ……。 从句“___ they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, 青少年正在适应新的身体状况、心智和情感方面的诸多挑战”；主句“teenagers are especially self-conscious… 他门的自我意识强……”。不难发现，两个句子是因果关系。
选项A. If 如果（表示条件）；
B. Although 虽然（表示让步）；
C. Whereas 然而（表示转折）；
D. Because 因为（表示因果）。
因此，正确答案为D. because。 句子“___ they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and ……。因为他们的自我意识强并且…，所以青少年正在适应新的身体状况、心智和情感方面的诸多挑战。”
25. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择名词，后面的定语从句提供信息选择答案。句子叙述到Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the ___ that comes from achieving success and knowing。并列连词and确定供选的词汇与self-conscious并列，表示一种性格特征；定语从句“that comes from achieving success 取得成功所需要的…”，限定该词汇的性质。
选项A. assistance 帮助，辅助；
B. guidance 指导；
C. confidence 信心；
D. tolerance 忍耐力。
不难发现，选项A. assistance 帮助，辅助，“获得成功所需要的帮助”，但是，无法与self-conscious构成并列关系；选项B. guidance 指导，“获得成功所需要的指导”，但是，无法与self-conscious构成并列关系；选项C. confidence 信心，“获得成功所需要的信心”，符合语句含义；选项D. tolerance 忍耐力，“获得成功所需要的忍耐力”，但是，无法与self-conscious构成并列关系；。因此，正确答案为C。
26. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词的过去分词形式，在句子中构成被动语态，充当谓语动词。句子叙述到Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are ___ by others. “因为他们的自我意识强并且需要获得成功所必须的信心，所以青少年正在适应新的身体状况、心智和情感方面的诸多挑战，并且知道他们的成绩受到别人的…”。句子中的主语提供信息决定答案。
选项A. claimed 承认，认领，声称；
B. admired 尊敬；
C. ignored 忽略；
D. surpassed 超过。
不难发现，选项A. claimed 承认，认领，声称，“他们的成绩被别人承认”，符合语句含义，但是与前面的“自我意识强和自信心”不相符合；选项B. admired 尊敬，“他们的成绩受到别人的尊敬”，符合语句含义，同时与前面的“自我意识强和自信心”相符；选项C. ignored 忽略；“他们的成绩被别人忽略”，符合语句含义，但是与前面的“自我意识强和自信心”不相符合；选项D. surpassed 超过，“他们的成绩被别人超过”，符合语句含义，但是与前面的“自我意识强和自信心”不相符合。因此，正确答案为B。
However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be(27)___to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, (28)___ ,publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, (29)___ student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs.
27. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise
28. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense
29. [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging
27. 语意辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当表语。句子叙述到However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be ___to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers……“然而，典型的青少年生活方式已经充满了如此众多的竞争，以至于组织一些胜者多多败者少的活动是…”。句子中 “it”是形式主语，不定式短语 “to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers”是真实主语，主语提供信息决定答案。
选项A. improper 不恰当的；
B. risky 冒险的；
C. fair 公平的；
D. wise 明智的。
不难发现，选项A. improper 不恰当的，“组织一些胜者多多败者少的活动是不恰当的”，符合语句含义；选项B. risky 冒险的，“组织一些胜者多多败者少的活动是冒险的”，符合语句含义；选项C. fair 公平的，“组织一些胜者多多败者少的活动是公平的”，符合语句含义；选项D. wise 明智的，“组织一些胜者多多败者少的活动是明智的”，符合语句含义。显然，A,B,C,D四个选项在本句中都是合理的。作为段落中间的语意辨析题，前或后相邻语句提供信息决定答案。前面相邻语句提到青少年需要成功来增强信心，因此，组织这些胜多败少的活动是明智的。因此，正确答案是D。
28. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现前后的逻辑关系。句子叙述到However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, ___ ,publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, …….空格后面列举了几个并列结构，不难发现该逻辑关系为举例列举。
选项A. in effect 事实上；
B. as a result 结果是；
C. for example 例如；
D. in a sense 从某种意义上说。
因此，正确答案为C. for example 例如。“然而，典型的青少年生活方式已经充满了如此众多的竞争，以至于组织一些胜者多多败者少的活动是明智的，例如出版学生书写的读书笔记……”。
29. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词的动名词形式，在句子中充当谓语动词。句子叙述到 However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, for example, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, ___ student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. “然而，典型的青少年生活方式已经充满了如此众多的竞争，以至于组织一些胜者多多败者少的活动是明智的，例如出版学生书写的读书笔记，…学生的艺术作品”。供选的词汇构成的短语“___ student artwork …学生的艺术作品”与“publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews出版学生书写的读书笔记”构成并列关系，都属于“胜者多多败者少的活动”范畴。
选项A. displaying 展示，展出；
B. describing 描述；
C. creating 创造；
D. exchanging 交换。
不难发现，选项A. displaying 展示，展出，“展出学生的艺术作品”，符合语句含义，同时与“出版学生书写的读书笔记”构成并列关系；选项B. describing 描述，“描述学生的艺术作品”，符合语句含义，但是与“出版学生书写的读书笔记”不能构成并列关系；C. creating 创造，“创造学生的艺术作品”，符合语句含义，但是与“出版学生书写的读书笔记”不能构成并列关系；D. exchanging 交换，“交换学生的艺术作品”，符合语句含义，但是与“出版学生书写的读书笔记”不能构成并列关系。因此，正确答案为A。
A variety of small clubs can provide (30) ___ opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful (31) ___ dynamics.
30. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple
31. [A] groups [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation
30. 词汇辨析题 该题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语。句子叙述到A variety of small clubs can provide ___ opportunities for leadership,…… “各种各样的小型俱乐部能够提供…的机会锻炼孩子们的领导力”。选择形容词，被修饰的名词提供信息。
选项A. durable 持久的；
B. excessive 过度的；
C. surplus 过剩的；
D. multiple 很多的，多种多样的。
不难发现，选项A. durable 持久的，“提供持久的机会锻炼孩子们的领导力”，不符合语句含义；选项B. excessive 过度的，“提供过度的机会锻炼孩子们的领导力”，不符合语句含义；选项C. surplus 过剩的，“提供过剩的机会锻炼孩子们的领导力”，不符合语句含义；；选项D. multiple 很多的，多种多样的，“提供多种多样的机会锻炼孩子们的领导力”，符合语句含义。因此，正确答案为D。
31. 逻辑关系题 该题目选择的词汇是用来修饰dynamics “力量”的。句子叙述到A variety of small clubs can provide multiple opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful ___ dynamics. “形形色色的小型俱乐部能够提供多种多样的机会锻炼孩子们的领导力，也在成功的…力量中实践”。句子中被修饰的名词提供信息决定答案。
选项A. group 团体；
B. individual 个人的；
C. personnel 人事的；
D. corporation 公司，企业，法人。
不难发现，选项A. group 团体，“也在成功的团体力量中实践”，符合句子含义；B. individual 个人的，“也在成功的个人力量中实践”，符合句子含义；C. personnel 人事的，“也在成功的人事力量中实践”，符合句子含义；D. corporation 公司，企业，法人，“也在成功的公司力量中实践”，符合句子含义。显然，单单的句子中四个选项似乎后合理，所以句子中的as well as “也” 指示了前文方位的信息。前文叙述到A variety of small clubs can provide multiple opportunities for leadership, “各种各样的小型俱乐部能够提供多种多样的机会锻炼孩子们的领导力”。显然，各种各样的俱乐部和多种多样的机会是一种团体的力量。因此，正确答案为A。
Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the (32) ___ of some kind of organization with a supportive adult (33) ___ visible in the background.
32. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security
33. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely
32. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择名词，在句子中充当宾语。句子叙述到Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the ___ of some kind of organization…… “交朋友对于年轻人极其重要，并且许多腼腆的学生需要…的某种组织”。选择宾语名词，句子的主语和谓语动词提供信息决定答案。
选项A. consent 同意，赞成，答应；
B. insurance 保险，安全保障；
C. admission 承认，允许进入；
D. security 安全，安全感。
不难发现，选项A. consent 同意，赞成，答应，“许多腼腆的学生需要同意的某种组织”，不符合句子含义；B. insurance 保险，保障，“许多腼腆的学生需要保险的某种组织”，不符合句子含义；C. admission 承认，允许进入，“许多腼腆的学生需要允许进入的某种组织”，不符合句子含义；D. security 安全，安全感，“许多腼腆的学生需要安全的某种组织”，符合句子含义。显然，腼腆的学生需要加入某种团体以获得安全感。因此，正确答案为D。
33. 语意辨析题 本题目选择副词，在句子中体现状态。句子叙述到Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the security of some kind of organization with a supportive adult ___ visible in the background. “腼腆的学生需要加入某种团体以获得安全感，在幕后…有成年人的支持”。
选项A. particularly 特别，尤其；
B. hardly 几乎没有；
C. definitely 确切地，一定地；
D. rarely 很少，难得。
不难发现，选项A. particularly 特别，尤其，“尤其在幕后有成年人的支持”，符合句子含义；B. hardly 几乎没有，“在幕后几乎没有成年人的支持”，符合句子含义；C. definitely 确切地，一定地，“在幕后一定有成年人的支持”，符合句子含义；D. rarely 很少，难得，“在幕后很少有成年人的支持”，符合句子含义。显然，修饰visible “露面”,四个选项似乎都可以。所以，前文语句中 “腼腆的学生”加入某种团体，当然在活动时当然需要成年人几乎没有在身边。选项A和C可以顺利排除。然而，选项B和D很难把握：选项B. hardly 几乎没有，表示存现关系；选项D. rarely表示频度。显然，成年人的 “支持”应该是有或者无的存现关系。因此，正确答案为B。
In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have (34) ___ attention spans.
34. [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D]short
34. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语修饰 “attention span”有意注意时限。句子叙述到In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have ___ attention spans. “在这些活动中，教师须谨记青少年的注意力持续的时间是…的”。显而易见，青少年的有意注意时间是有限的。
选项A. similar 相似的；
B. long 长的；
C. different 不同的；
D. short 短的。
不难发现，选项A. similar 相似的，“青少年的注意力持续的时间是相似的”，不符合常识；B. long 长的，“青少年的注意力持续的时间是很长的”，不符合常识；C. different 不同的，“青少年的注意力持续的时间是不同的”，不符合常识；D. short 短的，“青少年的注意力持续的时间是很短的”，符合常识。同时，下文中“participants can remain active as long as they want. 参与者能尽可能长的保持活跃的心态”的信息也证明了青少年的有意注意时限很短。因此，正确答案为D。
A variety of activities should be organized (35) ___ participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to (36) ___ else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants (37) ___.
35. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if
36. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something
37. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone
35. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择连词，体现前后两个句子之间的逻辑关系。句子叙述到A variety of activities should be organized ___ participants can remain active as long as they want……. “应当组织各种各样的活动…参与者能保持活跃的心态”。选择逻辑关系词，被连接的两个句子（或成分）提供信息决定答案。不难发现，前后句子之间应该是因果关系。
选项A. if only 但愿（表示条件，引导虚拟语气）；
B. now that 既然（因果关系，强调原因）；
C. so that 以至于，以便（因果关系，强调结果）；
D. even if 即使（让步关系）。
不难发现，句子表达“应当组织各种各样的活动以至于参与者能保持活跃的心态”。因此，正确答案为C。
36. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择不定代词。句子叙述到A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to ___ else without feeling guilty and ……. “应当组织各种各样的活动以至于参与者能保持活跃的心态。随后参加别的…活动而不感到内疚”。由于没有任何活动的范围，因此只能是不定的另一项活动。选项A. everything 每一件事；
B. anything 任何一件事；
C. nothing 没有任何事；
D. something 某一件事。
不难发现，句子表达“应当组织各种各样的活动以至于参与者能保持活跃的心态。随后参加别的某一个活动而不感到内疚”。选项“B. anything 任何一件事”最具迷惑性，它表示在某个范围内的任何一件事。由于句子中没有指出活动范围，因此，正确答案为D。
37. 固定搭配题 本题目选择与let构成的搭配，在句子中与前面的短语“without feeling guilty 没有感到内疚”并列。句子叙述到A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants___. “应当组织各种各样的活动以至于参与者能保持活跃的心态。随后参加别的某一个活动而不感到内疚，并且不会让参与者……”。
选项A. Let…off 准许…暂停；
B. let…down 让…扫兴，失望；
C. let…out 泄露；
D. let…alone 放任，不干涉。
不难发现，选项A. let…off 准许…暂停，“不让参与者暂停”，符合句子含义，但是与前面无法构成并列；B. let…down 让…扫兴，失望，“不让参与者失望”，符合句子含义，同时与前面构成并列；C. let…out 泄露，“不泄露参与者”，不符合句子含义，泄露的应该是事实或者秘密；D. let…alone 放任，不干涉，“不让参与者放任”，符合句子含义，但是与前面无法构成并列。因此，正确答案为B。
This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. (38)___they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by (39) ___ for roles that are within their (40) ___ and their attention spans and by shavings clearly stated rules.
38. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand
39. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking
40. [A] capability [B] responsibility [C] proficiency [D] efficiency
38. 逻辑关系题 本题选择体现逻辑关系的短语，体现前后两个句子的逻辑关系。句子叙述到This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. ___they can help students acquire a sense of commitment… “这并不意味着成年人必须不负责任，…他们可以帮助学生获得一种责任感。” 选择逻辑关系词，被连接的两个句子（或成分）提供信息决定答案。
选项A. On the contrary 相反；
B. On the average 平均；
C. On the whole 总体上；
D. On the other hand 另一方面。
不难发现，选项A. On the contrary 相反，“这并不意味着成年人必须不负责任，相反，他们可以帮助学生获得一种责任感。”符合句子含义，并且体现恰当的逻辑关系；选项B. On the average 平均“这并不意味着成年人必须不负责任，平均，他们可以帮助学生获得一种责任感。”不符合句子含义；选项C. On the whole 总体上“这并不意味着成年人必须不负责任，总体上，他们可以帮助学生获得一种责任感。”符合句子含义，但是前后句子的逻辑关系没有体现出来；D. On the other hand 另一方面“这并不意味着成年人必须不负责任，另一方面，他们可以帮助学生获得一种责任感。”不符合句子含义，而且“On the other hand 另一方面”必须与“On the one hand 一方面”构成搭配。因此，正确答案为A。
39. 固定搭配题 本题目选择与for构成的搭配，在句子中充当谓语动词。句子叙述到On the contrary they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by ___ roles …….“相反，他们可以通过…角色帮助学生获得一种责任感。”
选项A. make for 向…方向走；
B. stand for 代表，表示；
C. plan for 为…做
计划
项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载
；
D. take for 认为，以为。
不难发现，选项A. make for 向…方向走，“向角色的方向走”，不符合句子含义；选项B. stand for 代表，表示，“代表角色”，不符合句子含义；选项C. plan for 为…做计划，“为角色做计划”，符合句子含义；选项D. take for 认为，以为，“认为角色”，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为C. plan for 为…做计划。“相反，他们可以通过为角色做计划来帮助学生获得一种责任感。”
40. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择名词，构成定语从句修饰前文的roles。句子中On the contrary they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by plan for roles that are within their ___ and their attention spans and by shavings clearly stated rules. “相反，他们可以通过为角色做计划来帮助学生获得一种责任感。这些角色是在…之内的并且是有意注意限度内的角色”。
选项A. capabilities 能力；
B. responsibilities 责任；
C. proficiency 熟练；
D. efficiency 效率，功效。
不难发现，选项A. capabilities 能力，“能力范围内的角色”，符合句子含义；选项B. responsibilities 责任，“责任范围之内的角色”，句子中只提到“教师们”和“孩子们”文章中心提到Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience.“教师们应该注意到青少年在情感、智力和身体上的变化。”因此，教师要承担一定的
职责
岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载建筑公司岗位职责下载社工督导职责.docx
，却没有提及学生的职责。所以，该选项不符合文章中心；选项C. proficiency 熟练，“熟练范围内的角色”，不符合语句含义；选项D. efficiency 效率，功效，“效率范围内的职责”，不符合语句含义。因此，正确答案为A，能力范围内的角色。
全文翻译教师必须了解年轻人所经历的情感、智力和生理变化。同时，教师还必须认真思考青少年如何能最好地适应这些变化。身体的成长需要运动和锻炼，但不能以只强调竞争的方式进行。因为他们正在调整自己以适应身体的变化和许多新的智力上和情感上的挑战，所以他们自我意识很强并且需要信心，这种信心来自于他们所取得的成功，也来自于别人对其成就的钦佩。然而，典型的年轻人的生活方式中已经充满了竞争，因此安排一些成功者多于失败者的活动是十分明智的。例如：出版许多学生写的书刊评论的简报、展示学生的艺术作品以及主办书籍讨论俱乐部。各种各样的小型俱乐部能提供培养领导才能的多种机会，并锻炼成功地组织集体活动的实际能力。交朋友对青年人来说尤为重要，而许多腼腆的学生需要某种来自组织的保障，大人只是在幕后支持他们。
在这些活动中，重要的一点是年轻人注意力保持集中的时间较短。应组织各种不同的活动，以便让参加者能尽可能长时间地保持积极主动，并让他们能接着做其他事情而不感到内疚，也不会让其他参加者感到失望。这并不意味着，大人不必负责任。相反，在他们注意力集中时间内通过安排一些学生力所能及的任务并给予明确的规定，大人能够帮助学生养成尽职尽责的习惯。
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game” of espionage---spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.
The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open source intelligence," and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.
Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine." As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine," says Friedman, a former political science professor. "And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.
Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.
41. The emergence of the Net has_____.
A. received support from fans like Donovan.
B. remolded the intelligence services.
C. restored many common pastimes.
D. revived spying as a profession.
42. Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to_____.
A. introduce the topic of online spying.
B. show how he fought for the U.S.
C. give an episode of the information war.
D. honor his unique services to the CIA.
43. The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means_____.
A. causing the biggest trouble.
B. exerting the greatest effort.
C. achieving the greatest success.
D. enjoying the widest popularity.
44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that_____.
A. Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true.
B. Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.
C. Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability.
D. Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.
45. Straitford is most proud of its_____.
A. official status. B. nonconformist image.
C. efficient staff. D. military background.
文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，
文章首段主题句是These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well. 最近，网络重新制造了消遣将其作为买书和发邮件，同时也重新塑造了Donovan的职业。
第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是 The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. 最近的这场革命不是一位绅士读另外一位绅士的电子邮件。
第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford公司是一家私人情报分析公司，它在众多美国公司中获得巨大成功。
第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Straitford公司总裁认为网络世界是一个情报收集和情报发送的工具，两者之间能够互相强化，是间谍头子梦寐以求的场所。
第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. Friedman依靠他在奥斯汀市精明强干的员工。
不难发现，这篇文章围绕着网络间谍情报服务来展开。
题目解析：
41.细节题 The emergence of the Net has_____.
选项A. received support from fans like Donovan.
得到像Donovan这样“粉丝”的支持。
B. remolded the intelligence services.
重新塑造情报服务。
C. restored many common pastimes.
恢复了许多消遣活动。
D. revived spying as a profession.
是间谍这项职业复苏。
该题利用定位词“the Net”定位到文章第一段These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well. “如今，互联网已经改变了诸如买书、发邮件这样的日常消遣，同样也正在重塑着Donovan的职业”。选项A. received support from fans like Donovan. 得到像Donovan这样“粉丝”的支持。动作内容为“得到支持”，相关信息句中没有提及；选项B. remolded the intelligence services. 重新塑造情报服务。动作内容“重新塑造”与相关信息句有关；选项C. restored many common pastimes. 恢复了许多消遣活动。动作内容为“恢复消遣活动”，相关信息句中没有提及；选项D. revived spying as a profession. 使间谍这项职业复苏。动作内容为“使复苏”，相关信息句中没有提及。因此，正确答案为B。
42. 结构题Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to_____.
选项A. introduce the topic of online spying. 引出网络间谍这个主题。
B. show how he fought for the U.S. 表明他如何为美国而战。
C. give an episode of the information war. 展示了情报战的一个侧面。
D. honor his unique services to the CIA.纪念他对中央情报局的独特服务。
该题将例子“Donovan’s story”定位到文章第一段Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game” of espionage---spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well. 根据结构题方位论原则，找对应的论点句。第一自然段整个段落都在叙述Donovan的事件。因此，后面相邻段落主题句That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades.“那种电子间谍活动已经持续了数十年”是论点句，因此，涉及到的问题与电子间谍，网络间谍有关。选项A. introduce the topic of online spying. 引出网络间谍这个主题。动作内容“引出网络间谍”，与相关信息句有关；选项B. show how he fought for the U.S. 表明他如何为美国而战。动作内容为“表明他如何为美国而战”，与相关信息句无关；选项C. give an episode of the information war. 展示了情报战的一个侧面。动作内容为“展示侧面”，与相关信息句无关；选项D. honor his unique services to the CIA.纪念他对中央情报局的独特服务。动作内容为“纪念他的服务”，与相关信息句无关。因此，正确答案为A. introduce the topic of online spying. “引出网络间谍这个主题。”
43. 识词题The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means_____.
选项A. causing the biggest trouble. 惹了大麻烦。
B. exerting the greatest effort. 付出巨大努力。
C. achieving the greatest success. 获得巨大成功。
D. enjoying the widest popularity. 得到普遍接受。
该题将识别的短语“making the biggest splash”在文章中定位到第三段Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. 作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在语句后面出现“Straitford”提供了信息。Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International “Straitford 公司通过将情报买给…赚了大钱”。选项A. causing the biggest trouble. 惹了大麻烦。动作内容为“惹麻烦”，与相关信息句无关；选项B. exerting the greatest effort. 付出巨大努力。动作内容为“付出努力”，与相关信息句无关；选项C. achieving the greatest success. 获得巨大成功。动作内容为“获得巨大成功”，包含相关信息句的动作“赚了大钱”；选项D. enjoying the widest popularity. 得到普遍接受。动作内容为“得到普遍认同”，与相关信息句动作无关。因此，正确答案为C .achieving the greatest success. 获得巨大成功..
44.推断题 It can be learned from paragraph 4 that_____.
选项A. Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true.
对乌克兰的预测被证明是正确的。
B. Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.
确保他所提供的情报真实可靠。
C. Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability.
生意的特点是不可预知性。
D. Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.
能提供相对较为可靠的情报。
该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的尾段的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，段落中间句没有转折词，段落首句Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream.是间接引语，是细节。因此，主题句为段尾句That’s where Straitford earns its keep. 但是，该句中代词“that”表达内容不完整，“that”指代的前一句Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. 当然，公开渠道的间谍存在风险，由于很难辨认真伪情报，而Straitford公司却由此获得了市场份额。为相关信息句。选项A. Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true. 对乌克兰的预测被证明是正确的。动作内容为“证明是真确的”，与相关信息句无关；选项B. Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information. 确保他所提供的情报真实可靠。动作内容为“确保真实可靠”，显然与相关信息句无关；选项C. Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability. 生意的特点是不可预知性。动作内容为“特点是不可预知性”，与相关信息句无关；选项D. Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information. 能提供相对较为可靠的情报。动作内容为“能够提供相对较为可靠的情报”，与相关信息句有关，是相关信息句的同意替换。因此，真确答案为D Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information. 能提供相对较为可靠的情报。
.
45. 细节题Straitford is most proud of its_____.
选项A. official status. 官员的地位。
B. nonconformist image. 不拘泥形式的形象。
C. efficient staff. 高效的员工。
D. military background. 部队工作背景。
该题利用定位词“most”定位到文章最后一段Friedman relies on a lean staff in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success. “他把公司”“局外人（不循规蹈矩的人）”的地位视为成功的关键。选项A. official status. 官员的地位。显然，该选项与相关信息句无关；选项B. nonconformist image. 不拘泥形式的形象。与相关信息句有关；选项C. efficient staff. 高效的员工。显然，与相关信息句无关；选项D. military background. 部队工作背景。显然，与相关信息句无关。因此，正确答案为B。nonconformist image. 不拘泥形式的形象。（补充：细节题在文章中定位时有三种情况：1 重要与重要对应。即，题目中的“重要”意义的表达要对应文章中对应的叙述；2 总结与总结对应。即，题目中的“总结”意义的表达要对应文章中表示总结的语句。3 定位词文章中定位。即，与将要选择的答案直接关联的名词作为定位词到文章中定位相关信息句。）
重点词汇：
spymaster 即spy+master，间谍大王、间谍组织首脑。
strategic （战略的；对全局起关键作用的）为strategy（战略，策略）的形容词形式，-ic为形容词后缀。strategy and tactics 战略与战术；a global strategy 全球战略。Worry more about implementation than strategy — it's harder to do.更多地为贯彻落实而非战略本身操心——这样做更难。
lay the roots for 扎根于。
fascinate （使着迷，强烈地吸引），去e加名词后缀-ion即为fascination（入迷；诱惑力），去e加形容词后缀-ing即为fascinating（迷人的），另可记fascism（法西斯主义），fascist（法西斯主义的；法西斯主义者）。He was fascinated with her beauty.他被她的美貌迷住了。Fascism is a religion; the twentieth century will be known in history as the century of Fascism.法西斯主义是一种宗教；二十世纪将作为法西斯主义世纪而载入史册。←据说这句话是墨索里尼说的。
espionage （间谍活动）即esp(i)+ion+age，espi即espy（窥探←e-=ex-出来+spy窥探），-ion与-age皆名词后缀，表“活动”。
revolution （革命；旋转）是revolve（使旋转）的名词形式，“旋转”入“革命”的漩涡。revolve即re+volve，re-反复，volve词根“卷”，于是“反复卷”→旋转。The heart makes a revolution, the head a reformation.感情造就革命，理智形成改革。（←the head a reformation省略了makes。另如培根的名句：Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.阅读使人充实，讨论使人机敏，写作使人精确。）Folds used to be willing to wait patiently for a slow-moving stage coach, but now they kick like the dickens if they miss one revolution of a revolving door.过去人们一向乐于耐心等待慢吞吞的公共马车，可现在若错过旋转门的一次旋转，他们就乱踢一气。revolution — ①an injustice that serves to replace as soon as possible the injustice of yesterday by the injustice of tomorrow ②the setting-up of a new order contradictory to the traditional one 革命——①能够促进尽快用明天的非正义取代昨天的非正义的一种非正义 ②建立一种与传统秩序相反的新秩序。Religions revolve madly round sexual questions.种种宗教都围绕着两性问题疯狂地打转。
give birth to 分娩；产生；造成。He gave birth to a brilliant idea.他想到一个绝妙的主意。
spook （幽灵；间谍）可看作sp(y)+o(o)+ok→“幽灵”级的“间谍”窥探(spy)只用两只眼睛(oo)就ok了。spook — something everyone is afraid of and no one believes in 幽灵——人人害怕，却没人相信的东西。
intelligence （智力；情报）即intel+lig+ence，intel-即inter-（前缀，意为“在……之间”=between，因后接l，故r变形为l），lig词根意为“选择”=lect（i与e元音可替换，ct=G←G就是由一个大C与一个小T组成的），-ence名词后缀，故“从中挑选出所需之物的能力”→智力；“从中挑选出来的东西”→情报。intelligent（聪明的）←intel+lig+ent形容词后缀；intelligible（可理解的，易懂的）←intel+lig+ible形容词后缀。intelligence — perhaps only an instinct that is mistaken 智力——也许仅仅是一种被弄错的本能。Intelligence is quickness in seeing things as they are.智慧就是迅速看出事物本来面目的能力。The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function.检验一流智力的标准，就是在头脑中同时存在两种相反的想法但仍保持行动能力。
influential （有影响的；有权势的）即in+flu+ential，in-前缀意为“到里面”=into，flu词根意为“流”=flow（flu作单词时意为“流感”，即“流行性感冒”），-ential形容词后缀，故“能流到心里面的”→有影响的。名词与动词形式都是influence←in+flu+ence后缀。That man is admired above all men, who is not influenced by money.不为金钱所动的人是最受崇敬的。There is a boundary to men's passions when they act from feelings; but none when they are under the influence of imagination.当人们凭感觉行动时，与激情尚隔一条界线，而受想象力驱动时则无此界线。
compile （编辑；搜集）即com+pile，com-前缀“一起”，pile堆，故“把文字堆在一起”→编辑；“把资料堆在一起”→搜集。compiler（编辑）←compil(e)+er表“人”；compilation（编纂）←compil(e)+ation名词后缀表“行为”。
splash （n.v.溅）为拟声词。make a splash 炫耀财富；Diplomacy — the art of jumping into trouble without making a splash.外交——纵身跃入麻烦而不溅起水花的艺术。
prediction （预言，预测）即pre+dict+ion，pre-前缀表“在前”，dict词根意为“说”，-ion名词后缀，故“在事情发生前就说的”→预言，动词为predict←pre+dict。
available （可用的，可得到的）。Opportunity is available for everyone, but many of them didn't know they had met with it.人人都能得到机会，但是许多人不知道自己遇到过它。
mutually （相互地）可看作mut(e)+ual+ly，mute（哑的），-ual形容词后缀，-ly副词后缀，哑巴之间说话只能靠“相互地”交换手势，形容词为mutual（相互的）。The proper basis for marriage is a mutual misunderstandings.婚姻固有的基础是相互误解。
reinforce （增援，加强）即re+inforce，re-前缀“再”=again，inforce即enforce（加强），故“再次加强”→加强。reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土。
distribution （分发）即dis+tribut+ion，dis-前缀“分离”=apart，tribut词根“给”，-ion名词后缀，故“给出去”→分发。Of great riches there is no real use, except it be in the distribution.巨大的财富除了散布，没有真正的用途。
dramatic 戏剧性的；引人注目的；剧烈的）即drama+tic，drama戏剧、剧本，-tic形容词后缀，表“具……性质”。Has anyone ever seen a dramatic critic in the daytime? Of course not. They come out after dark, up to no good.有谁在白天见过戏剧批评家吗？当然没有。他们天黑才露面，不做什么好事情。
take pride in 以……为骄傲。
emergence （显现）为emerge的名词形式，emerge即e+merge，e-=ex-，表“出来”，merge意为“结合，兼并”，故“从兼并状态中出来”→显现。emergency（紧急情况，突然事件）←e+merg(e)+ency名词后缀。Truth emerges more readily from error than from confusion.在错误中比在混乱中更容易出真理。Coward is one who in a perilous emergency thinks with his legs.懦夫就是在危急时刻用两条腿思考的人。
revive （v.恢复；复苏）即re+vive，re-前缀“回”，vive词根“活的”，故“回到活的状态”→复苏。Any great work of art is great because it creates a special world of its own. It revives and readapts time and space.任何伟大的艺术品之所以伟大，是由于它创造了自己特有的世界。它再现并重新改写了时空。
nonconformist （不合传统
规范
编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载
的；不合传统规范的人）即non-（前缀，“不”）+conform（遵守）+ist（“……的”或“……的人”）。
难句解析：
①The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.
▲本句的主干结构是The American spymaster was fascinated with information。spymaster的后边是一个定语从句，定语从句里包含由and连接的两个并列句。
△本句一共出现了三个动词，分别是built、laid和was fascinated。应该注意体会它们的逻辑关系。本句的谓语动词是was fascinated，应该首先把它找出来。built和laid处于并列关系，它们的主语是spymaster。
②These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.
▲句子的主干是the Net is reshaping Donovan's vocation。两个逗号之间是一个非限定性定语从句，用来补充说明the Net。
△本句应该重点体会逗号在阅读当中的一个用法。两个逗号之间是补充说明成分时，在阅读过程中可以先跳过不读。这样的话可以较迅速地把握出该句的主干结构。
③The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solution, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
▲本句的主干结构是The winner was a tiny Virginia company。company的后边有一个过去分词短语和一个定语从句共同修饰它。
△应该重点体会company后边的修饰成分，紧随company之后的是一个过去分词短语作它的后置定语，同时还有一个whose引导的定语从句，也用来限定修饰company。
④Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.
▲此处的whereby相当于by which、by what，即“凭什么”。所以本句的主干部分是逗号前边的部分，逗号的后边进一步补充说明。on the chance的意思是也许能够（做到某事）、希望能够（做到某事），后边经常接that引导的从句。
△本句应该重点体会whereby以及on the chance的用法。back-and-forthing在此处应译为“往来公文”。
Text 2
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals---no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied,” Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don's understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way---in human term, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to_____.
A. call on scientists to take some actions.
B. criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.
C. warn of the doom of biomedical research.
D. show the triumph of the animal rights movement.
47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is_____.
A. cruel but natural.
B. inhuman and unacceptable.
C. inevitable but vicious.
D. pointless and wasteful.
48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's_____.
A. discontent with animal research.
B. ignorance about medical science.
C. indifference to epidemics.
D. anxiety about animal rights.
49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should_____.
A. communicate more with the public.
B. employ hi-tech means in research.
C. feel no shame for their cause.
D. strive to develop new cures.
50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is_____.
A. a well-known humanist.
B. a medical practitioner.
C. an enthusiast in animal rights.
D. a supporter of animal research.
文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，
文章首段主题句是Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. 当人们听到对实验场所虐待动物的指控时，许多人都搞不懂为什么有人会故意伤害动物。
第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是 For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth…祖母年龄状老太太的例子
第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Scientists must communicate their message to the public…
科学家必须跟公众沟通交流。
第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Much can be done. 要采取一定的
措施
《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施
。
不难发现，这篇文章围绕着动物医学实验和动物权利之间的矛盾来展开。
题目解析：
46. 主旨题The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to_____.
选项A. call on scientists to take some actions.
号召科学家采取措施。
B. criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.
批评误入歧途的动物权利的事业。
C. warn of the doom of biomedical research.
警告生物医学实验的末日。
D. show the triumph of the animal rights movement.
表明动物权利运动的成功。
注意：“文章首段借用某人的话目的是什么？”这种提问方式是一种特殊题型，答案对应的相关信息句为文章的中心思想。文章第一段提到了animal right动物权利和biomedical research动物医学实验两个问题。文章第二段提到grandmotherly woman的例子。第三段主题句为Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way---in human term, not in the language of molecular biology. “科学家要与人们经常沟通… ”。第四段主题句为 Much can be done.“要采取一定的措施”。可见，这篇文章谈到动物权利和动物医学实验两个问题。同时，关于动物医学实验的顺利发展问题，有效的方法为科学家要与人们经常沟通，并Much can be done.采取一定的有效措施。选项A. call on scientists to take some actions. 号召科学家采取措施。动作内容为“号召科学家采取措施”，与文章中心思想相符合；选项B. criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.批评误入歧途的动物权利的事业。动作内容为“批评动物权利的事业”，显然与相关信息句无关；选项C. warn of the doom of biomedical research.警告生物医学实验的末日即将到来。动作内容为“警告末日即将到来”，显然与相关信息句无关；选项D. show the triumph of the animal rights movement.表明动物权利运动的成功。动作内容为“表明动物权利运动的成功”，显然与相关信息句无关。因此，正确答案为A. call on scientists to take some actions. 号召科学家采取措施。(补充：段落中并不一定有主题句，但是段落主要内容会重点突出，一般来说，段落的主要内容体现在段落中频繁重复的名词上。根据名词主体论和动作决定论原则：英语语言学规定，句子的主语名词代表主体，限定范围；句子的谓语动词和宾语（即动作）表示内容，代表趋向；句子的形容词或副词代表性质，表示态度。)
47. 细节题Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is_____.
选项A. cruel but natural. 残忍但是自然的。
B. inhuman and unacceptable. 不人道的并不能被接受。
C. inevitable but vicious. 不可避免但凶残的。
D. pointless and wasteful. 无意义并浪费的。
该题利用定位词“using an animal in research”定位到文章第一段Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. “当人们听到对实验场所残忍地虐待动物的指控时，许多人都搞不懂为什么有人会故意伤害动物”。选项A. cruel but natural. 残忍但是自然的。动作内容为“残忍但是自然的”，显然“自然的”在相关信息句中没有涉及；选项B. inhuman and unacceptable. 不人道的并不能被接受。动作内容为“不人道的并且不能被接受的”，与相关信息句相符合，是相关信息句动作“残忍地虐待动物”同意替换；选项C. inevitable but vicious. 不可避免但凶残的。动作内容为“不可避免的但是凶残的”，显然，“凶残的”在相关信息句中没有涉及；选项D. pointless and wasteful. 无意义并浪费的。动作内容为“无意义并且浪费的”，显然与相关信息句不符合；因此，正确答案为B. inhuman and unacceptable. 不人道的并不能被接受。
48.结构题 The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's_____.
选项A. discontent with animal research. 对动物实验不满。
B. ignorance about medical science. 对医疗科学无知。
C. indifference to epidemics. 对流行病漠不关心。
D. anxiety about animal rights. 对动物权利感到焦虑。
该题将例子“the grandmotherly woman”定位到文章第二段For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals---no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied,” Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don's understand. 该段从首句开始到倒数第二句结束都是例子。根据结构题方位论原则，找对应的论点句。因此，段落的尾句Such well-meaning people just don's understand.“这些好心的人只是不了解情况而已”是论点。选项A. discontent with animal research. 对动物实验不满。动作内容为“对动物实验不满”，显然与相关信息句动作“不了解情况”不符合；选项B. ignorance about medical science. 对医疗科学无知。动作内容为“对医疗科学无知”，显然与相关信息句动作“不了解情况”符合，是该动作的同意替换；选项C. indifference to epidemics. 对流行病漠不关心。动作内容为“对流行病漠不关心”，与相关信息句动作“不了解情况”不符合；选项D. anxiety about animal rights. 动作内容为“对动物权利焦虑”，显然与相关信息句动作“不了解情况”不符合。故正确答案为B. ignorance about medical science. 对医疗科学无知。
49. 细节题The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should_____.
选项A. communicate more with the public. 多与民众沟通。
B. employ hi-tech means in research. 在实验中引进高科技手段。
C. feel no shame for their cause. 对其事业毫无廉耻。
D. strive to develop new cures. 竭力探索新疗法。
该题利用定位词“scientists”定位到文章第三段Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way---in human term, not in the language of molecular biology.“科学家 必须用一种富有同情心的、通俗易懂的语言将信息与公众沟通，应该使用一般人能够接受的语言，而不应该使用分子生物的术语”。选项A. communicate more with the public. 多与民众沟通交流。动作内容为“与民众沟通交流”，与相关信息句动作“将信息与公众沟通”相符合；选项B. employ hi-tech means in research. 在实验中引进高科技手段。动作内容为“引进高科技手段”，与相关信息句动作“将信息与公众沟通”不符合；选项C. feel no shame for their cause. 对其事业毫无廉耻。动作内容为“对事业毫无廉耻”，与相关信息句动作“将信息与公众沟通”不符合；选项D. strive to develop new cures. 竭力探索新疗法。动作内容为“探索新疗法”，与相关信息句动作“将信息与公众沟通”不符合。因此，正确答案为A. communicate more with the public. 多与民众沟通。
50. 细节题From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is_____.
选项A. a well-known humanist.知名的人道主义者。
B. a medical practitioner. 医疗工作者。
C. an enthusiast in animal rights. 支持动物权利的热心人。
D. a supporter of animal research. 动物医学实验的支持者。
该题利用定位词“Stephen Cooper”定位到文章第四段Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. “最后，因为最终起决定作用的是病人，所以医疗研究机构不仅应该吸收像Stephen Cooper这样的名人来支持这个事业---他对动物实验的价值勇敢的做出了肯定---而且应该争取所有接受治疗病人的支持”。选项A. a well-known humanist.知名的人道主义者。动作内容为“人道主义者”，与相关信息句动作“对动物实验的价值做出肯定”不符合；选项B. a medical practitioner. 医疗工作者。动作内容为“医疗工作者”，与相关信息句动作“对动物实验的价值做出肯定”不符合；选项C. an enthusiast in animal rights. 支持动物权利的热心人。动作内容为“支持动物权利者”，与相关信息句动作“对动物实验的价值做出肯定”不符合；选项D. a supporter of animal research. 动物医学实验的支持者。动作内容为“动物医学实验的支持者”，与相关信息句动作“对动物实验的价值做出肯定”相符合；因此，正确答案为D. a supporter of animal research. 动物医学实验的支持者。
重点词汇：
paraphrase （n.v.释意）即para+phrase，para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”，phrase即“短语；用短语表达”，故“用短语辅助表达”→释意。以para-为前缀的单词还有paragraph（文章的段、节；短评）←para+graph写；parameter（参数）←para+meter计量；parasite（寄生虫）←para+site地点。guangxian注：与真题文章开头paraphrase时引用的Edmund Burke的话相类似，在布鲁斯·威利斯(Bruce Willis)主演的2003年影片Tears of the Sun结尾时整屏显示的是：“The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. — Edmund Burke”。←guangxian：然而至今尚无任何证据表明Edmund Burke曾说过这些“名言”。
biomedical （生物医学的）←bio生物+medic医疗+al形容词后缀。
respond （v.回复；响应）即re+spond，re-(=back)，spond词根“请求”，于是“回复请求”→响应。One of the few experiences which never pall is the experience for watching one's own interests, responds to new stimuli, and develops new thoughts.令人永不生厌的不多的几种体验之一，是观察自己的头脑，看它是如何产生新的兴趣、对新的刺激作出反应及发展新的思想。（←stimuli是stimulus的复数形式。）
advocate （v.提倡n.倡议者；辩护人）即ad+voc+ate，ad-前缀表“加强”，voc词根意为“声音”（即voice，因为元音可任意增减替换），-ate为动词后缀（作名词后缀时表“人”）。
argument （辩论；论据，论点）为argue（v.辩论；主张）的名词形式。Never argue at the dinner table, for the one who is not hungry always gets the best of the argument.绝不要在餐桌上争论，因为肚子不饿的人总是占上风。Truth is always the strongest argument.事实永远是最强有力的论据。argument — ①the longest distance between two points of view ②an event that leaves either party convinced that he is more correct 争论——①两种观点之间的最远距离 ②一个使双方都确信自己更正确的事件。
allegation （宣称）即al+leg+ation，al-前缀表“加强”，leg词根意为“说”（如legend→leg说+end名词后缀表“物”→人们都在说的东西→传奇），-ation名词后缀。allege为其动词形式。
perplex （使困惑，使复杂化）即per+plex，per-前缀表“完全”，plex词根意为“重叠”，故“完全重叠在一起分不清了”→困惑。同根词为complex→com一起+plex→重叠在一起的→复杂的；综合的；联合体。
brochure （小册子）源自法语，词形与brother相似→兄弟们每人手里拿着本小册子。
immunization （免疫作用）←immune（免疫的；免除的），immunity（免疫；免除），immunize（使免疫；使免除）。Immune←im+mun+e，im-=in-表“否定”（因后接字母m，故in-变形为im-），mun（本为词根，此不论）可分解为mu+n←读作“母牛”←最初为防天花而施行的最有效的免疫法即是在奶牛身上试验出来的，故谓之“种牛痘”。
vaccine （疫苗）即vacc(a)+ine，vacca是拉丁文“牛”（开头两字母V和A表带角牛头），-ine后缀多用于医药名词（如medicine），该词是当初科学家发表“牛痘”论文时创造的。vaccination （接种疫苗）←vaccin(e)+ation名词后缀。vaccine — a microbe with its face washed 疫苗——洗过脸的微生物。
epidemic （流行的；流行病）与academic形似→学术思潮像流行病一样流行。
deceptive （欺骗的，蒙蔽的）→deceive（v.欺骗，蒙蔽）→deception（n.欺骗，蒙蔽）；类似单词有receptive（善接受的）→receive（v.接收；招待）→reception（接收；招待；招待会）。Nature never deceives us; it is we who deceive ourselves.大自然从不欺骗我们，欺骗我们的是我们自己。deceptions — the oil to the wheels of life 欺骗——生活车轮的润滑油。
ultimate （最终的；根本的），马丁·路德·金(Martin Luther King)说：The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.衡量一个人的最终尺度，不是看他在舒适顺利的时候站在哪里，而是看他在受到非难和争议的时候站在哪里。
recruit （v.征兵；招募n.新兵；新成员）即re+cruit，re-前缀表“反复”，cruit词根意为“创造”（=create，因为元音字母可增减替换），玩星际（zerg，哈哈）的时候不就要拼命“反复、一再”地create兵吗？
vicious （邪恶的，恶毒的）即vic(e)+ious，vice即名词“邪恶”，-ious为形容词后缀。The more virtuous any man is, the less easily does he suspect others to be vicious.任何人越高尚，就越不容易疑心别人邪恶。
ignorance （无知；不知道）即ig+nor(e)+ance，ig-否定前缀，nor词根表“知道”=know，-ance名词后缀。ignorant（无知的）；ignore（v.忽视）。It is impossible to defeat an ignorant man in argument.在争论中无法击败无知者。Not ignorance, but the ignorance of ignorance, is the death of knowledge.不是无知，而是对无知的无知，才是知识的死亡。ignorance — when you don't know something and somebody finds it out 无知——你不知道某事而又被人发现了。The more you study, the more you'll find yourself ignorant.越学习越会发现自己无知。ignorant person — is one who doesn't know what you have just found out 无知的人——不知道你刚刚发现的事情的人。
extinguish （v.熄灭，灭绝）→extinct（a.熄灭的，灭绝的），类似的有distinguish（v.区别，辨别）→distinct（独特的，明显的）。Absence is to love what wind is to fire; it extinguishes the small, it inflames the great.离别之于爱情有如风之于火，它熄灭小火，却使大火燃烧更旺。
bypass 心脏搭桥；ember 灰烬（但火焰尚未完全熄灭），多用复数形式。
难句解析：
①All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.
▲本句的谓语动词是后边的is。主语中心词是all。all的后边接了一个that引导的定语从句。谓语动词is的后边是一个表语从句。
△此句话不长，但是结构并不简单。要想把意思看透彻应该从抓主干成分开始，然后仔细琢磨词与词之间的修饰关系。同时还应体会两个that的不同用法。第一个that在定语从句当中充当主语，第二个that是引导表语从句的，不充当成分。
②Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.
▲逗号的前边是主句，主句可以缩为Scientists need to respond to advocates。逗号的后边是一个非限定性定语从句，whose指代的是animal rights advocates。and把confusing和threatening连接了起来。
△体会一下thereby的用法。从此句中可以看出thereby并没有连接句子，它是副词，表示“借以”、“由此”、“在那一点上”、“在那一方面”，相当于by that means、in that connection。
③For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals — no meat, no fur, no medicines.
▲本句的主干结构是a woman was distributing a brochure。brochure的后边跟了一个that引导的定语从句，限定修饰brochure。anything的后边也接一个定语从句限定修饰anything。
△staff在此句中作动词使用，意思为provide with、act as。现在分词短语staffing an animal rights booth作woman的后置定语。
④To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
▲本句的主干结构在最后一个逗号的后边，即animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines，此部分的主干成分是to those，those的后边跟了一个who引导的定语从句。
△...at best ...at worst是一个非常地道的英文表达形式，可以译为“往最好的方面看……往最坏的方面看……”。
⑤Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.
▲本句是由because连接的两个句子。主句的主干结构是the health research community should recruit to its cause not only... but...。Stephen Cooper的后边接了一个who引导的非限定性定语从句，用来补充说明他的情况。
△本句是本篇文章中最长的一个句子，有一定的难度。阅读的突破点还是应该努力抓其最核心的主干部分。另外还要抓住not only... but...之间的平行结构。
Text 3
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“ Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the 10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
51. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because_____.
A. cost reduction is based on competition.
B. services call for cross-trade coordination.
C. outside competitors will continue to exist.
D. shippers will have the railway by the throat.
52. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
A. Indifferent. B. Supportive.
C. Indignant. D. Apprehensive.
53. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that_____.
A. shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
B. there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.
C. overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
D. a government board ensures fair play in railway business.
54. The word “arbiters” (line 7, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those_____.
A. who work as coordinators.
B. who function as judges.
C. who supervise transactions.
D. who determine the price.
55. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by_____.
A. the continuing acquisition.
B. the growing traffic.
C. the cheering Wall Street.
D. the shrinking market.
文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，
文章首段主题句是 In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. 近几年，铁路公司纷纷合并组成超级集团，这引起人们对垄断行为的极大关注。
第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. 支持铁路集团的人辩解到，兼并将带来成本的大幅降低，能够更好的协调服务。
第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是 The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. 铁路运输行业大规模合并意味着只有一家公司为大多数托运人提供服务。
第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. 铁路公司认为对于主要托运人的费率差是合理的，因为从长远角度考虑这会降低所有人的成本。
第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. 然而，受华尔街鼓动，铁路公司仍然贷款数十亿美元来进行相互兼并。
不难发现，这篇文章围绕着铁路公司合并以及随之而来的问题来展开。
题目解析：
51.细节题According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because_____.
选项A. cost reduction is based on competition.
成本的降低以竞争为基础。
B. services call for cross-trade coordination.
服务要求跨行业协作。
C. outside competitors will continue to exist.
外来的竞争者仍然存在。
D. shippers will have the railway by the throat.
承运人掐住铁路的喉咙（威胁）。
该题利用 “those who support mergers”粗略定位到第二段，再利用定位词“railway monopoly”定位到第二段Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. “他们认为由于公路运输的激烈竞争，垄断的威胁已经不复存在”。选项A. cost reduction is based on competition. 成本的降低以竞争为基础。动作内容为“以竞争为基础”，显然与相关信息句动作“由于公路运输的竞争，垄断的威胁已经不存在”不符合；选项B. services call for cross-trade coordination. 服务要求跨行业协作。动作内容为“要求跨行业协作”，显然与相关信息句动作“由于公路运输的竞争，垄断的威胁已经不存在”不符合；选项C. outside competitors will continue to exist. 外来的竞争者仍然存在。动作内容为“外来的竞争者仍然存在”，显然与相关信息句动作“由于公路运输的竞争，垄断的威胁已经不存在”相符合，是该动作的同意替换；选项D. shippers will have the railway by the throat. 承运人掐住铁路的喉咙（威胁）。动作内容为“掐住铁路的喉咙”，显然与相关信息句动作“由于公路运输的竞争，垄断的威胁已经不存在”不符合；因此，正确答案为C. outside competitors will continue to exist. 外来的竞争者仍然存在。
52.细节题What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
选项A. Indifferent. 漠不关心的
B. Supportive. 支持的
C. Indignant. 义愤填膺的。
D. Apprehensive. 焦虑的。
该题利用 “captive shippers”粗略定位到第四段Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost.“铁路公司认为对于主要托运人的费率差是合理的，因为从长远角度考虑这会降低所有人的成本。”但是，该段没有提及态度问题。故向下继续定位，定位到第五段Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases.“许多主要托运人担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的大幅涨价”。选项A. Indifferent. 漠不关心的，与相关信息句动作“担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的大幅涨价”不符合；选项B. Supportive. 支持的，与相关信息句动作“担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的大幅涨价”不符合；选项C. Indignant. 义愤填膺的，与相关信息句动作“担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的大幅涨价”不符合；选项D. Apprehensive. 焦虑的，与相关信息句动作“担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的大幅涨价”相符合；因此，正确答案为D. Apprehensive. 焦虑的。
53.推断题It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that_____.
选项A. shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
铁路没有竞争对手，承运人的费用会降低。
B. there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.
全国很快将会只有一家铁路公司。
C. overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
被要了高价的承运人不会上诉要求降低费率。
D. a government board ensures fair play in railway business.
政府的董事会保证铁路经营中保持公平交易。
该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的尾段的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，段落中间句没有转折词，段落首句The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company.“铁路运输行业大规模合并意味着只有一家公司为大多数托运人提供服务。” 和段尾句Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.“如果托运人认为费用过高，他们有权上诉到联邦政府的陆路运输委员会以争取调低价格。但是，这个过程既耗时又耗财，并且在真正极端特殊的情况下才奏效。”都是细节。因此，想要确定段落言外之意，需要通过整个段落所有语句的动作来提炼信息。第一句The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company.动作叙述到“意味着只有一家公司为大多数托运人提供服务”；第二句 Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. 动作叙述到“比有另一家铁路公司竞争时多要价百分之二十到百分之三十。”；第三句 Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. 动作叙述到“感觉到被要了高价有权上诉，但是过程昂贵耗时，并且极端案件才会受理”。不难发现，选项A. shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad. 铁路没有竞争对手，承运人的费用会降低。动作内容为“没有竞争对手时，承运人的费用降低”，显然，与第二句动作“比有另一家铁路公司竞争时多要价百分之二十到百分之三十。”完全相悖；选项B. there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.全国很快将会只有一家铁路公司。动作内容为“将只有一家铁路公司”，显然与第一句动作“只有一家公司为大多数托运人提供服务”形式上相近，但含义完全不同；选项C. overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.被要了高价的承运人不会上诉要求降低费率。动作内容为“被要了高价，不会上诉要求降低费率”，与第三句的动作“感觉到被要了高价有权上诉，但是过程昂贵耗时，并且极端案件才会受理”相符合；选项D. a government board ensures fair play in railway business. 政府的董事会保证铁路经营中保持公平交易。动作内容为“保证铁路经营中公平交易”，与段落中三个语句都没有任何关联。综上所述，可以确定答案为C. overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief. 被要了高价的承运人不会上诉要求降低费率。（补充：细节推断题要根据段落所有语句的动作（即动词和宾语）综合判断。）
54.识词题The word “arbiters” (line 7, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those_____.
选项A. who work as coordinators. 合作者。
B. who function as judges. 具有法官职能的人。
C. who supervise transactions. 监督交易的人。
D. who determine the price. 决定价格的人。
该题将识别的短语“arbiters”在文章中定位到第四段Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace? 作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇后面出现“of who wins and who loses in the marketplace”“在市场中决定谁赢谁输的人”提供了信息。因此，正确答案为B. who function as judges. 具有法官职能的人。
55.细节题According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by_____.
选项A. the continuing acquisition. 持续吞并。
B. the growing traffic. 繁重交通。
C. the cheering Wall Street. 欢呼雀跃的华而街。
D. the shrinking market. 缩水的市场。
该题利用 “mainly”定位到第五段Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. “然而，受华尔街鼓动，铁路公司仍然贷款数十亿美元来进行相互兼并。” 选项A. the continuing acquisition. 持续吞并。动作内容为“持续吞并”，与相关信息句动作“贷款进行相互兼并”相符合；选项B. the growing traffic. 繁重交通。动作内容为“繁重的饿交通”，与相关信息句动作“贷款进行相互兼并”不符合；选项C. the cheering Wall Street. 欢呼雀跃的华而街。动作内容为“欢呼雀跃的华尔街”，与相关信息句动作“贷款进行相互兼并”不符合；选项D. the shrinking market. 缩水的市场。动作内容为“缩水的市场”，与相关信息句动作“贷款进行相互兼并”不符合；因此，正确答案为A. the continuing acquisition. 持续吞并。
重点词汇：
merge （v.合并）比emerge（v.出现；形成）少首字母e，merger （n.合并）←merge+r名词后缀。
monopoly （n.垄断；专利权）即mono+poly，mono-前缀“单独的”，poly（词根=sell）可看作play，于是“一个人玩”→垄断。动词为monopolize←mono+pol(y)+ize动词后缀。含前缀mono-的单词另如：monotonous（单调的）←mono+ton调+ous形容词后缀；monoxide（一氧化物）←mon(o)+ox氧+ide化合物；monocracy（独裁统治）←mono+cracy统治。Liberty and monopoly cannot live together.自由与垄断不能并存。monopoly — business at the end of its journey 垄断——穷途末路的商业。
substantial （实质的；坚固的；富裕的）←sub在下面+st(=stand)+antial形容词后缀。名词为substance（物质；实质；财产）←sub+st+ance。Every person born in the USA is endowed with life, liberty and a substantial share of the national debt.生在美国的每个人都被赋予生命、自由和国债的大量份额。
reduction （减少）←re(=back)+duc引导+tion名词后缀；reduce （v.减少；还原）←re+duce。同根词：deduce（v.演绎）←de(=away)+duce；deduction（演绎；推论）←de+duc+tion。The tendency of modern science is to reduce proof to absurdity by continually reducing absurdity to proof.现代科学的趋势，是以不断地把谬论化为证明来使证明沦为谬论。reducing diet — the taming of the chew 节食——驯服咀嚼。
coordinate （使协调；同等的；坐标的；坐标）即co+ordin+ate，co-前缀=together，ordin词根意为“in order”，-ate后缀，于是“按次序摆在一起”→使协调；“按次序摆在一起的”→同等的。coordination（协调；同等）←co+ordin+ation名词后缀；coordinator （协调者；同等的人或物）←co+ordin+at(e)+or人或物。
fierce （激烈的；凶猛的）The fiercest agonies have shortest reign.最强烈的痛苦持续时间最短。
compete （v.竞争；竞赛）即com+pet+e，com-前缀“一起”，pet（本为词根，此不论）宠物，“在一起争宠”；competition （竞争；竞赛）←com+pet+ition名词后缀；competitor （竞争者）←com+pet+itor后缀表“人”。Art is the unceasing effort to compete with the beauty of flowers — and never succeeding.艺术就是与鲜花之美竞争的不断努力——而且从未成功。The biggest things are always the easiest to do because there is no competition.最大的事总是最容易做的事，因为不存在竞争。
shipper 托运者，货主。
consolidation （巩固，加强）←con(=together)+solid坚固+ation名词后缀，动词为consolidate←con+solid+ate。
captive （a.被俘虏的n.俘虏）←capt抓+ive后缀。You're not free until you've been made captive by supreme belief.在被至上的信仰俘获之前，你不是自由的。
discrimination （辨别；歧视）即dis分离+crimin+ation名词后缀，crimin可看作criminal（罪犯）→要把罪犯“辨别”开来，但不可“歧视”；动词为discriminate←dis+crimin+ate。discriminate between 区分，辨别；discriminate against 歧视，不一样对待。
switching （n.开关；转换）←switch+ing，switch（v.n.开关；转换），-ing后缀。When the man you like switches from what he said a year ago, or four years ago, he is a broadminded person who has courage enough to change his mind with changing conditions. When a man you don't like does it, he is a liar who has broken his promises.当你喜欢的人改变一年前或四年前的说法时，他是个有足够勇气随时修正意见的坦荡的人；当你不喜欢的人这么做，他就是个食言的骗子。I find television very educational. Every time someone switches it on I go into another room and read a good book.我发现电视有很好的教育功能。因为每次有人打开电视，我就跑到另外的房间去读一本好书。
subscribe （v.订购；捐助；签署；赞成）即sub在下面+scribe写→“在下面写上自己的名字”，名词为subscription；同根词describe（v.描述）即de向下+scribe写→“写下来”，名词为description。subscriber — someone who wants to read the same every morning, but on freshly printed paper 捐款者——每天早上都想读到同一内容的人，但要在新印的报纸上。
flourish （v.繁荣）即flour+ish动词后缀，flour为词根=flower，也可看作单词“面粉”→“使像面粉一样撒得到处都是”→繁荣。The sciences are of sociable disposition, and fourish best in the neighborhood of each other.各门科学性喜交际，因而在相邻地带最为繁荣。
arbiter （仲裁者，权威人士）可参arbitrary（任意的，专断的）记忆，动词为arbitrate（仲裁）。arbiter — ①the only man who is completely satisfied with the final settlement ②a man who listens to both sides, studies the evidence, and then mispronounces judgment 仲裁者——①唯一对最后解决
方案
气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载
完全满意的人 ②聆听双方陈说，研究证据，最后误读判决的人。
fortune （运气；财富）可看作for+tune，争取“运气”与“财富”是为了(for)生活的和谐(tune)。Every man is the artisan of his own fortune.每个人都是制造其自身命运的工匠。Honesty is incompatible with amassing a large fortune.诚实与积聚大量财产是不相容的。
invest （v.投资）←in+vest，in在里面，vest看作单词“马甲”，“投资大量金钱生产马甲”。It is very much easier for a rich man to invest and grow richer than for the poor man to begin investing at all.富人投资并变得更加富有，要比穷人能够开始投资容易得多。
attitude （态度；看法；姿势）与latitude（纬度）一起记：因为“态度”的“态”拼音声母为t，故attitude双写t；因为“纬度”是标示在一根根与赤道平行的拉(la)长的纬线上的，故latitude以la开头。Civilization is a method of living, an attitude of equal respect for all men.文明是一种生活方法，一种对所有的人同样尊重的态度。
apprehensive （有理解力的；忧虑的）←ap(=to)+prehen抓+sive形容词后缀，名词为apprehension（理解；忧虑）←ap+prehen+sion；同根词：comprehensive（能理解的；广泛的）、comprehension（理解；包含）。
难句解析：
①But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
▲本句是由三个分句构成的，分别由but和and两个连接词连接。第一个分句中complain的后边跟了一个that引导的宾语从句。
△阅读逗号较多的句子时，抓出其中的连词也是一种方法。虽然本句话看上去较乱，但是抓住了but和and层次感也就出来了。“have... by the throat”在此处译为“卡住……的脖子，主宰……”。
②Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
▲本句是由三个分句构成的，分别由but和and两个连接词连接。第一个分句较长，可以缩句为shippers have the right。shipper的后边跟了一个who引导的定语从句。
△本句的结构与上句非常相像。阅读的时候建议还是先抓出两个连词，然后再各个分句逐个击破。
③If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue，shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.
▲这是一个由if引导的条件状语从句。主句的主干是shippers would do so。Shipper的后边接了一个who引导的定语从句。最后一个逗号的后边是一个现在分词短语作状语。
△最后一个逗号的后边有两个现在分词，但是用法有所不同。leaving sb. to do sth.这个现在分词短语充当状语。而remaining这个现在分词时作customers的定语，可以译为“剩余的客户”。
④It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.
▲本句是由but连接的两个分句。第一个分句的主干部分是It's theory，后边紧跟了一个which引导的定语从句。but后边的分句的主语是it，谓语是leave。determining的后边接了两个并列的宾语从句：which companies will flourish and which will fail。
△要注意subscribe的用法，它作“订阅”或“订购”意思讲的时候，是不及物动词，后面应该接to，比如：subscribe to China Daily，此处应该引申译为“采取”(adopt)；它作及物动词时候表示“捐献”，比如：subscribe fifty dollars to a local charity。
Text 4
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death---and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age---say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.
56. What is implied in the first sentence?
A. Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
B. Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
C. Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.
D. Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that_____.
A. medical resources are often wasted.
B. doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.
C. some treatments are too aggressive.
D. medical costs are becoming unaffordable.
58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of_____.
A. strong disapproval. B. reserved consent.
C. slight contempt. D. enthusiastic support.
59. In contras to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care_____.
A. more flexibly. B. more extravagantly.
C. more cautiously. D. more reasonably.
60. The text intends to express the idea that_____.
A. medicine will further prolong people's lives.
B. life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.
C. death should be accepted as a fact of life.
D. excessive demands increase the cost of health care.
文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，
文章首段主题句是 But not even a great health-care system can cure death---and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. 然而，即使一个强大的医疗卫生体系也无法治疗死亡---而无法正式这样一个现实将危及我们自身的伟大。
第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. 死亡是正常的；由于基因的排列方式，即使在最理想的环境里，我们也注定会解体或死亡。
第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. 但是几乎没有人愿意扭转这种局势（医疗费用开支增加）。
第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是 I would not go that far. 我没有那么入木三分。
第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. 然而，对于这种事业，一个社会能够承担的费用是有限的。
不难发现，这篇文章围绕着医疗健康的花费来展开。
题目解析：
56. 主旨题What is implied in the first sentence?
选项A. Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
面对死亡美国人比其他国家人做好了更加充分的准备。
B. Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
美国人的生活质量比以前明显提高。
C. Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.
美国人对他们的医疗技术过分自信。
D. Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
美国人对他们的长寿命太过骄傲。
注意：“文章首段借用某人的话目的是什么？”这种提问方式是一种特殊题型，答案对应的相关信息句为文章的中心思想。文章第一段提到了面对死亡不同国家的反映：It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional“在英国死亡迫在眉睫，在加拿大死亡不可避免，在加利福尼亚死亡是可以选择的。”文章第二段提到Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.“死亡是正常的；由于基因的排列方式，即使在最理想的环境里，我们也注定会解体或死亡。”第三段主题句为Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. “但是几乎没有人愿意扭转这种局势（医疗费用开支增加）”。第四段主题句为 I would not go that far. “我没有那么入木三分”。第五段主题句为Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.“然而，对于这种事业，一个社会能够承担的费用是有限的。” 可见，这篇文章谈到医疗费用开支和死亡的问题。同时，“美国人认为在加利福尼亚死亡是可以选择的”与文章的主题“死亡是正常的，即使先进的医疗体系也不能治疗死亡”有悖。因此，正确答案为C. Americans are over-confident of their medical technology. 美国人对他们的医疗技术过分自信。
57. 结构题The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that_____.
选项A. medical resources are often wasted.
医疗资源通常被浪费掉了。
B. doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.
医生面对致命的疾病束手无策。
C. some treatments are too aggressive.
有些治疗方式太残忍。
D. medical costs are becoming unaffordable.
医疗成本变的无法负担。
该题将例子“cancer patients”定位到文章第二段The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care.根据结构题方位论原则，找例子对应的论点句。因此，例子前面相邻的句子Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.“医疗费用由第三方支付，所以只要能够使用的手段我们都会被要求使用，即使它们不会有任何作用”是论点。选项A. medical resources are often wasted. 医疗资源通常被浪费掉了。动作内容为“浪费掉了”，与相关信息句动作“使用所有手段，即使这些手段没有用处”相符合；选项B. doctors are helpless against fatal diseases. 医生面对致命的疾病束手无策。动作内容为“束手无策”，与相关信息句动作“使用所有手段，即使这些手段没有用处”不符合；选项C. some treatments are too aggressive. 有些治疗方式太残忍。动作内容为“有些治疗方式太残忍”，与相关信息句动作“使用所有手段，即使这些手段没有用处”不符合；选项D. medical costs are becoming unaffordable.医疗成本变的无法负担。动作内容为“变得无法负担”，与相关信息句动作“使用所有手段，即使这些手段没有用处”不符合；因此，正确答案为A. medical resources are often wasted. 医疗资源通常被浪费掉了。
58. 细节题The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of_____.
选项A. strong disapproval. 强烈反对。
B. reserved consent. 有所保留的赞同。
C. slight contempt. 轻微的鄙视。
D. enthusiastic support. 热心支持。
该题利用定位词“Richard Lamm”定位到文章第三段Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. 该句没有涉及作者的看法和评价。作为细节题，定位后相关信息句如果不能确定答案，向下找信息。因此，第四段I would not go that far. “我没有那么入木三分”。作者持有支持态度，但是程度不深。因此，正确答案为B. reserved consent. 有所保留的赞同。
59. 细节题In contras to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care_____.
选项A. more flexibly. 更灵活变通。
B. more extravagantly. 更奢侈无度。
C .more cautiously. 更小心谨慎。
D. more reasonably. 更合乎情理。
该题利用定位词“Japan and Sweden”定位到文章第五段I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. “我也深知在医疗支出少的日本和瑞典，人们的寿命比我们长，身体更加健康”。选项A. more flexibly. 更灵活变通。动作内容为“灵活变通的”，与相关信息句动作“支出少寿命长身体健康”不符合；选项B. more extravagantly. 更奢侈无度。动作内容为“奢侈无度的”，与相关信息句动作“支出少寿命长身体健康”不符合；选项C .more cautiously. 更小心谨慎。动作内容为“小心谨慎的”，与相关信息句动作“支出少寿命长身体健康”不符合；选项D. more reasonably. 更合乎情理。动作内容为“合理的”，与相关信息句动作“支出少寿命长身体健康”相符合；因此，正确答案为D. more reasonably. 更合乎情理。
60. 主旨题The text intends to express the idea that_____.
选项A. medicine will further prolong people's lives.
药品能延长人们的生命。
B. life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.
生命超过一定限制就没有必要再活下去了。
C. death should be accepted as a fact of life.
死亡应该是生命中的能够被接受的事实。
D. excessive demands increase the cost of health care.
过多的要求增加了医疗健康成本。
该题作为主旨题，找到文章每个段落的主题句，便可以确定答案。文章第一段提到了面对死亡不同国家的反映：It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional“在英国死亡迫在眉睫，在加拿大死亡不可避免，在加利福尼亚死亡是可以选择的。”文章第二段提到Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.“死亡是正常的；由于基因的排列方式，即使在最理想的环境里，我们也注定会解体或死亡。”第三段主题句为Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. “但是几乎没有人愿意扭转这种局势（医疗费用开支增加）”。第四段主题句为 I would not go that far. “我没有那么入木三分”。第五段主题句为Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.“然而，对于这种事业，一个社会能够承担的费用是有限的。”因此，正确答案为C. death should be accepted as a fact of life. 死亡应该是生命中的能够被接受的事实。
重点词汇：
inevitable （不可避免的；必然的）←in+evitable，in-否定前缀，evitable=avoidable可避免的。Change is inevitable. In a progressive country change is constant.变革不可避免，在进步的国家里变革是永恒的。In war there is no substitute for victory.在战争中没有什么可以取代胜利。Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.那些使和平改革成为不可能的人，必会使暴力革命成为可能。the inevitable of history 历史必由之路。
life expectancy 预期寿命。
depression （消沉；萧条）←de向下+press压+ion名词后缀，动词为depress（压抑；使沮丧）。Noble deeds and hot baths are the best cures for depression.高尚的行为和热水澡是治疗抑郁的最佳方法。It's recession when your neighbor loses his job; it's a depression when you lose yours.邻居失业的时候就是经济衰退，自己失业的时候就是经济萧条。
cataract （大瀑布；白内障）可看作cat+ar+act，cat猫，ar啊~~，act动作，“猫啊一声从‘大瀑布’里跳出来摔成了‘白内障’”，白内障的主要症状就是自觉眼睛前面有条瀑布而视物不清。
surgical （外科的；外科医生的；手术的；手术；外科病房）←surg+ical；surgery（外科；外科学；手术；手术室）←surg+ery；surgeon （外科医生；军医）←surg+eon。
genetically （由遗传决定地）←gene基因+tical形容词后缀+ly副词后缀。
disintegrate （使分裂；使解体）←dis使分离+integrate，integrate（使成为一体）←integr完整+ate动词后缀；integer（整数；完整的东西）；integrity（完整；诚实；正直）。
perish （丧生；凋谢；消亡）←per(=away)+ish动词后缀。The great tragedy of life is not that men perish but that they cease to love.人生的巨大悲剧不是人们死亡，而是他们不再去爱。Truth may languish but can never perish.真理可能衰微，但决不会灭亡。
obvious （显而易见的）可把b看作6，再把vi看作罗马数字6，两边的两个o看作两只眼睛，-ous为形容词后缀，因为6=6，所以b=vi，这是“显而易见的”。No question is so difficult to answer as that to which the answer is obvious.最难回答的问题是答案明显的问题。All great truths are obvious truths. But no all obvious truths are great truths.所有伟大的真理都是显而易见的事实，但并非所有显而易见的事实都是伟大的真理。
aggressive （侵略的；好斗的；有进取心的）←ag(=to)+gress走+ive形容词后缀。War is an aggressive action of man to man independent of his own will.战争是人对人的侵略行为，不为其自身意志左右。
unsustainable （不能持续的）即un+sustain+able，un-前缀表否定，sustain // （支撑；保持）←sus(=sub)在下面+tain(=hold)。同根词：contain（包含）←con一起+tain；retain（保留）←re再+tain。sustainable development 可持续发展。
reverse （颠倒的；使倒转；背面）←re(=back)+verse(=turn)。The historian is a prophet in reverse.史学家是颠倒的预言家。
infirm （虚弱的；不坚固的）←in否定前缀+firm坚固的。
potential （潜在的；潜力）可看作pot+ent+ial，pot即“罐子”，-ent与-ial是后缀，“暂时藏在罐子里面的东东”→潜在的、潜力。Most of us haven't begun to tap our own potential for happiness.我们大多数人尚未着手开发自身获得幸福的潜力。
routinely （例行公事地）←routine+ly，routine可看作由route与in组成→“按路线走的”→常规的；惯例。Man's usual routine is to work and to dream.人的日常行为就是工作与梦想。
humble （卑贱的；谦卑的v.贬抑）A humble man argues for his fault, while a brave man makes his faults known to all.卑微的人为自己的过失辩解，勇敢的人则把自己的过失公之于众。
pursuit （追求；职业）←pursu(e)+it名词后缀；动词为pursue（追求；从事）。Love is strongest in pursuit; friendship in possession.爱情在追求的时候最热烈，友情是在拥有的时候。
therapy （治疗；理疗）可看作the+rap轻敲+y名词后缀←“一种轻轻叩击的方法”。
fatal （致命的，毁灭性的）←fat(e)命运+al。It is most important in this world to be pushing, but it is fatal to seem so.世间最重要的是有进取心，但徒有其表是致命的。God was satisfied with his own work, and that is fatal.上帝很满意他自己的工作，这点是致命的。
extravagantly （奢侈地）←extra(=ex)加强语气+vag大+ant形容词后缀+ly；extravagant（奢侈的）←extra+vag+ant；extravagance（奢侈）←extra+vag+ance。Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.时间的浪费是一切花费中最奢侈、最昂贵的一种。extravagance — ①anything you buy that is of no earthly use to your wife ②the way the other fellow spends his money 奢侈——①你所买的对妻子毫无用处的任何东西 ②其他人花钱的方法。
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words “anthropos”: “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. (64) Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.
(65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
ANSWERS
(61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
翻译步骤分析
[词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义
modify the environment 改变环境
subject…to… 使服从、从属于； 在……的影响之下
peculiar (个人或团体)特有的,独具的;独特的
fancy 想象; 想象力; 幻想
[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句
1、，and原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分）
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
2、which/that原则（用来区分主句和从句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等标志词区分主句和从句）
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live
, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
这个句子结构清晰，这是一个复合句。Furthermore副词作状语修饰整个句子；human have the ability是主句，to modify the environment是不定式作定语修饰名词 the ability；in which…引导的非限制性定语从句修饰名词the environment；thus subjecting …to…现在分词结构作结果状语。
[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境
, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
[参考译文]而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
(62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
翻译步骤分析
[词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义
seeks to “力图”
study humans and their endeavors “研究人类及人类的行为”
intellectual enquiry “知识探索”
[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句
1、，and原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分）
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
2、which/that原则（用来区分主句和从句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等标志词区分主句和从句）
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry
which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner
that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
3、较长不定式短语或介词短语原则（用来将单句中的不顶事短语和介词短语与主句区别对待，即恢复单句完整，理解短语功能）
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry
which seeks to study humans and their endeavors
in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner
that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
这个句子的结构非常清晰，这是一个复合句。Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry 是主句。which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner 是定语从句修饰名词intellectual enquiry。that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 是定语从句修饰名词manner。
[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支
which seeks to study humans and their endeavors 它力图研究人类及人类的行为
in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner 用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式
that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 自然科学家研究自然现象
[参考译文]社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
(63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
翻译步骤分析
[词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义
gathered first-hand “第一手收集的”
combined with “加上；和…一起”
brought to the analysis of “分析”
cross-cultural perspective “跨文化的视角”
[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句
1、，and原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分）
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,
这个句子的结构比较复杂，这是一个复合句。The emphasis on data gathered first-hand makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.是主句，其中，过去分词短语gathered first-hand作定语修饰名词data。过去分词短语combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present做插入语补充说明前文的主语The emphasis on data gathered first-hand。在该插入语中，过去分词短语brought to the analysis of cultures past and present作定语修饰名词perspective。
[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.强调收集第一手资料使得这一门研究成为一门独特的并且非常重要的社会科学
, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, 加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角
[参考译文] 强调收集第一手资料，加之以在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用的跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
(64) Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
翻译步骤分析
[词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义
defined “定义”
includes “包括”
acquired by “所获得”
[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句
1、，and原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分）
Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
2、which/that原则（用来区分主句和从句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等标志词区分主句和从句）
Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole
which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society.
这个句子结构比较清晰，这是一个复合句。Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole 是主句。which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits 是定语从句，修饰complex whole。过去分词短语acquired by man as a member of society做定语，修饰前文并列的名词belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits。
[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序
Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole 泰勒把文化定义为一个复合整体
which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits它包括信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯
acquired by man as a member of society.” 人作为社会成员所获得的
[参考译文]泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。
(65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
翻译步骤分析
[词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义
is an abstract concept “是一个抽象的概念”
makes possible….“使...成为可能”
[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句
1、，and原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分）
Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture” is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
, like the concept of “set” in mathematics,
2、which/that原则（用来区分主句和从句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等标志词区分主句和从句）
Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture” is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
, like the concept of “set” in mathematics,
这个句子结构比较清晰，这是一个复合句。Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture” is an abstract concept 是主句。定语从句which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding修饰名词concept。短语like the concept of “set” in mathematics是插入语，用来补充说明the anthropological concept of “culture”。[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序
Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole 泰勒把文化定义为一个复合整体
which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits它包括信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯
acquired by man as a member of society.” 人作为社会成员所获得的
[参考译文] 因此，人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
参考译文
各时期各地区的人们都思考各自的世界，并想知道自己在其中的位置。人类善于思考，又善于创造，拥有永不满足的好奇心。此外，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其他形态的生命服从于人类自己独特的想法和想象。因而，以一种冷静而系统的方式研究人类的丰富性和多样化非常重要，希望研究的结果不仅能够让人类之间更和睦地相处，同时也能让人类与地球上其他形式的生命更加和谐地共存。
“人类学”这个词来源于希腊语anthropos（人类）和logos（研究）。就名字而言，人类学包含了对整个人类的研究。
人类学是社会科学的一部分。社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
社会学学科包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学。每个学科中都有一个分支或专业与人类学联系紧密。
所有社会科学都以研究人类为核心。人类学是一个重视实地考察的学科，在研究中大量使用对比分析法。强调搜集第一手资料，加上分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
人类学分析十分倚重文化概念。爱德华·泰勒爵士对文化概念的阐述是19世纪伟大的科学成就之一。泰勒把文化定义为“…一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯。”这种见解简单而深刻，开创了一种认识和理解人类生活的全新方法，泰勒的定义中隐含的一个概念是文化是可以通过学习获得的，可共享的，模式化的行为。
因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
66. DIRECTIONS:
Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should
1）describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and
2）point out its implications in our life.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
SAMPLE
How impressive the set of drawings are! In the first drawing, it is strongly windy and heavily rainy outside, and yet the flower in the greenhouse is at its best, without any influence from the terrible weather condition. In the second drawing, however, things are quite different. When exposed to the outside wind and rain, the flower appears weak enough and fails to stand against the bad weather.
What has been discussed above carries great implications for our daily life, esp. how to better educate children. With the standard of living improving, people tend to provide their children with material comfort and as a result, children are often spoiled. They may possibly succeed with the protection of the comfort on the surface. But what if they leave the so-called comfort? To live alone, they can barely do; to face drawbacks, they will never do. Much worse, they’ll probably be destroyed by the harsh reality as miserably as the flower.
We can deduce from these two vivid drawings that one can hardly challenge possible drawbacks if he stays in a comfortable surrounding too long a period of time to lack the ability to cope with hardships. Like a tiger that is fostered by man. Set it free in the forest, and it will not possibly survive.
It is self-evident that the education of the young is vital to the nation. Don’t let them bask in the greenhouse all the time. Have they exposed to the outside surrounding and they’ll be stronger and better prepared for their future.
文章结构分析
第一段
How impressive the set of drawings are! 用来引出漫画内容，并且给人以“心领神会”之感。
In the first drawing, …… 描述漫画内容。
In the second drawing, however, things are quite different. ……描述漫画内容，并指出两幅漫画的不同之处。
第二段
What has been discussed above carries great implications for our daily life, esp. how to better educate children. 用来引出主题，并且顺利的强调主题的重要。
With the standard of living improving, …… 用来联系现实，只有将主题与现实联系到一起才能体现出主题的意义和作用 。
第三段
We can deduce from these two vivid drawings that …… Like a tiger that is fostered by man. 举例子，符合提纲要求来展开文章。
第四段
It is self-evident that the education of the young is vital to the nation. 下结论，并把文章顺利结尾。
谋篇分析
根据漫画不难发现一盆花儿在温室的癖护之下含苞待放，然而离开温室在暴风雨的洗礼之下却凋谢了。漫画反映的是“温室花朵经不起风雨”，即该文章的主题。
根据提纲中的信息1） describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning,本文开头需要两个段落，即描述漫画段，引出暗含主题段。
根据提纲中的信息2） point out its implications in our life.本篇文章下文要体现出作者对该现象的评论，即这种现象在生活中的具体表现和最后得出的结论。
浙公网安备 33021202002483