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colonization and commerce of ECI 1829K-u.THEARTICLEONHECOLONIZATIONANDCOMMERCEOFBRITISHINDIA^-FROMTHEWESTMINSTERREVIEW,No.XXII,ForOctober1829.•publishedonthe.SrdFeb.1830,byRobertHeward,attheOffice)ftheWestminsterReview,2,WellingtonStreet,Strand,London.>oldthere,andbyB.Steill,20,Paternoste...

colonization and commerce of ECI 1829
K-u.THEARTICLEONHECOLONIZATIONANDCOMMERCEOFBRITISHINDIA^-FROMTHEWESTMINSTERREVIEW,No.XXII,ForOctober1829.•publishedonthe.SrdFeb.1830,byRobertHeward,attheOffice)ftheWestminsterReview,2,WellingtonStreet,Strand,London.>oldthere,andbyB.Steill,20,Paternoster-Row;andbyalli.gentsoftheWestminsterReview.PRICEFOURPENCE.T.€.Ilaas^-d,32,rat«ra99terAow,Lviidvn.c8547^'jFewtopicshaveexcitedmoreattentionoflateyearsthanthesituationandprospectsofBritishIndia:—andhappilyinthediscussion,thewell-beingofourIndianbrethrenhas,forthemostpart,occupiedaprominentplace.IntreatingofIndia,theinterestsofIndiahavenotbeenquiteforgotten,anexceptiontothegenerallineofargumentwhencolonieshaveoccupiedanyshareofthepubUcregard.TheWestminsterReview,whosegreatandprominentpurposeis,toadvocatetheclaimsofthesubjectmany,againstthetoofrequentin-trusionsoftherulingfew,hasendeavouredandwillstillen-deavourtolenditsaidinthisportionofthegreatfieldofpoUtics.And,inthehopethatitsexertionswillbemademorewidelyusefulbyacheapreprintoftheArticleinNo.XXII,ontheCommerceandColonizationofIndia,itispresentedtothepublicinthepresentshape.WestminsterRevieioOffice,Feb.3,1830.THEARTICLEONTHECOLONIZATIONANDCOMMERCEOFBRITISHINDIA.FROMTHEWESTMINSTERREVIEW,No.XXII.ForOctober1829.Art.IV.—1.AfurtherInquirijintotheexpediencyofapplyingthePrinciplesofColonialPolicytotheGovernmentofIndia,andof^ejectinganessentialchangeinitslandedTenures,andinthe.characterofitsInhabitants.BytheAuthoroftheoriginalInquiry.~J.M.Richardson.8vo.pp.293.1828.2ReflectionsonthepresentStateofBritishIndia,8vo.pp.214.HurstandCo.1829.3AViewofthepresentStateandfutureProspectsoftheFreeTradeandColonizationofIndia.8vo.pp.106.Ridgway.1829.4India;orFactssubmittedtoillustratetheCharacterandConditionoftheNativeInhabitants,withsuggestionsforreformingthepresentSystemofGovernment.ByR.RickardSjEsq.Svo.SmithyElder,andCo.pp.656.1829.TNNo.VIII.oftheWestminsterReview,arapidsketchwasgivenofthe-governmentofBritishIndia.Itisnotintendednowtogooverthesamegroundagain,and,happily,thestateofthingsisconsiderablyimprovedsincethatarticlewaswritten,atleastinthattowhichityjarticularlyreferred,thedespoticinterferencewiththeexpressionofpublicopinion.Thoughthecharacterofthegovernmentremainswhatitwas,yetitstemperseemsdecidedlytohavemeliorated:therehasbeenforbearanceatleastexercisedtowardsthepress,insteadoftheimplacablehos-tilitywhichdistinguishedsomeofthepredecessorsofthepresentGovernor-general—andthatforbearanceissomething.Fortheimportance,thenecessity,ofallowingopiniontoexpressitselfbytheorganofafreepress,weurgentlycontended.Withoutsuchsecurity,andincomparisonwithsuchsecurity,everyothercheckwasshowntobeunavailing,ifnotuseless.Itwerewellifthefreedomofthepressexistedbyabetterrightthanthatofcapricioussufferance.Verytimidindeed—andisthistobewonderedat—arethecriticismsofthenewspapersofIndiaontheactsofpublicfunctionariesthere.Baniskmentandruin,withwhichaneditormayatanyinstantbevisited,arenotriflestoweighagainstawanderingword.Theterrorsaretherestill,thoughlaidasideforthemoment,andtheflockcanhardlygoaboutinpeaceandsafetywhilethewolfisinthemidstofthem,albeitasleep.Inturningoverourearliernumbersitisamatterofsomeself-reproach,andmoreregret,thatasubjectofsuchvastmomentasthegovernmentofBritishIndiashouldsoseldomhaveoccupiedtheirpages.Theneglectshallberepairedinfuture,andwithusuryfordelay.Tilloflateyears,averyimperfectknowledgeexistedinthiscountryofthestateofBritishIndia.Thecompanyhadgoneonaddingfieldtofield,andkingdomtokingdom,andthenewsoftheirmilitarytriumphswerethesoleportionoftheirhistory,withwhichthepublicwasfavoured.Wewereaccustomedtolistentothetaleofimprisonedandransomedprinces—ofcapturedtownsandprovinces—ofdefeatedarmies—andofsplendidtreatiesofpeace.Thepowerwhichwasalreadygigantic,wentonincreasinginmagnitude,andlittlewasheardbuttheechoesofshoutingswhichcelebratedvictorieswon..Whoinquired—whocared—aboutthevanquishedmillions?Thiswasthedayofspoliation—ofoppression—ofimpunity;but,littlebylittle,attentionwasawakenedtothehugeempirewhichthecompanyofmerchantshadgraduallymastered.SomeoftheirmisdoingsfoundavoiceinEngland,tillatlastfloodsoflighthaveburstuponthequestion;andamongthemostvaluableofthelightgiven,wereckontheintelligentandbenevolentauthorsoftheworkswhosetitlesheadthisarticle,onwhosetreasuresweshalldrawwithouthesitation.*WketherMr.Say'sopinionoftheutterworthlessnessorrathermischievousnesstous,ofourEast-Indiapossessionsbewellorill-grounded—andhe,atallevents,requiresamorevigorousadversarythanMr.St.GeorgeTuckert—itishardly'.-1».I.11.—_____———————————*TheimportantservicesofMr.Buckingham'sOrientalHeraldtothepopularcauseofIndia,oughttobeheldinlastingremembrance.tMr.Tucker'svolume,**AReviewoftheFinancialSituationoftheEast-IndiaCompanyin1824,"isvaluableforsomeofthetablesandthefactsitcontains;butmanyofitsdeductionsareeminentlyweak.Thereasoningsandstatements,however,infavouroftheZemindarrysystem,makingtheZemindarthelandlord,ascontrastedwiththeRyotwarry,orthesystemwhichrecognizestheRyotasthelandproprietor,arevaluableandin-teresting.HowSismondicanhavebeeninducedtopreferthelatterisnotveryintelligible,theZemindarshaving,atallevents,somecapitalintheirhandstoapplytoagriculturalimprovement,andtheRyotsbeingwhollyandhopelesslydestitute.TheunsupportedRyotiswithoutpowertoelevatehimselfortobenefitothers.Nocharacteroffertility,andevenwereitpossessed,nointellectualsuperiority,canstandinthesteadofcapital;andthediftercntstateofthingsinMadrasandBengal,somuchtotheadvantageofthelatter,isthebestelucidationoftheworkingsofthetwolikelythatthosepossessionsshouldbeabandonedbyus.Norissuchaconsummationtobewished.Apower,astupendouspower,ofgoodisinourhands,andthechancesofhappinessfortheIndianpeoplearegreaterfromourdominionthanfromthatofanymasterstowhomitishkelytheywillbetransferred—untilthespreadofknowledgeshallhavepreparedthewayfortakingthedirectionoftheiraflPairsintotheirownhands.Butassoonasthereisgoodreasontobelievethatself-governmentwoulddistributeamongthemagreaterportionofblessingsthantheycanderivefromforeignrule,theirliberationfromitwillbetheobjectofeverygoodman'saspirations.That,how-ever,isevidentlyaveryremotecontingency;and,inthemeanwhile,itisequallyourinterestandourduty,toobtainforEng-landandforIndia,allthebenefitswhichtheirrelativepositionscanconferonthegreatestnumberoftheinhabitantsofboth.Itisnotveryeasytointerestnationsinthewell-beingofnationswhoarefaraway,untilsomeappealcanbemadetotheselfishpartofoursocialnature,andwebegintotracethesympathiesbywhichtheirfelicityorinfelicityoperatesonourown.Inproportionasthediscoveryspreads,thatasthevibra-tionsofmotionaffectallmatter,sothevibrationsofindividualpainandpleasurereallyactuponthewholemassofmankind,shallweenlargeourviewsandoureffortstoamoreexpansivebenevolence.Sovast,soexquisite,aretheassociationsofthematerialworld,thathewhosaidthefallofasparrowwasfeltthroughalltheregionsofspace,utteredabeautifulphilo-sophicaltruth;norwouldthemoralisterr,whoshouldproclaim,thatthereisnohappinessproduced,nomiserydiminished,withoutabeneficialoperationontheremotestofourspecies;—thefightwhichisdissipatedbydistanceisnotdestroyed—thecircleonthewatersstillagita.testhesurface,whenitscalmnesstousseemsundisturbed,andthegoodwedoinourdayandgeneration,isblessingthoughunseen,allfuturetime.TheEast-IndiaQuestion,however,seemstohavepassedthroughthetwilightofindifFerentismtosomethinglikethebroaddayofdiscussion.Afewactivespirits,sharpenedbypersecution,havecreatedanattentiontoaveryimportantsubject,whichcannotbeallowedtorestlonginitspresentunsatisfactoryshape.Asenseofinjurysufferedandinjusticedone,haswhettedthefacultiesandgreatlyincreasedtheprojects.LordCornwallis'spermanentZemindarrysettlementcertainly-recognizedanintolerableburthenofexaction,butitfixeditsmammum,vthkhwouldotherwisehav€goaeoniRcreasijig.8exertionsofthoseusefulagitators,whohaveatlastmovednoinconsiderableportionoftheBritishpublictotakesomeconcerninthefateandfortuneoftheIndiaofBritain.Itisatlastfoundoutthatwehavenolittlestake,nolittleinterest,inthewell-beingofthemillions—theuncountedmillions—whoontheeasternsideoftheCapeofGoodHope,aresubjectedtoBritishsway;andwhilethediscussionproceedsinthechannelinwhichitisnowflowing—whilearegardfortheprosperityoftheIndianpopulationmingleswiththemostlaudabledesiretoadvanceourownandthenationalprosperity,itisundoubtedlyagooddeedtofurthersoimportantanobjectbyeverymeansinourpower.Blackorwhite,EuropeanorAsiatic,bondorfree.ChristianorPagan,all,inaword,whocansuffer,andallwhocanenjoy,oughttobeobjectsofinterest,andasfaraspossible,ofbeneficence.Thewiderthefield,themorenumerousthosewhooccupyit;thegreaterourinfluencethere,thehigherandthemoreperemptoryistheirclaimuponouranxietiesandexertions.And,estimatedthus,thereisnotopicwhichhasoflateoccupiedthepublicmind,atallcomparableinitsmagnitudeandimportancewiththatbeforeus.Itisnotproposedhere,torevertmuchtotheearlierhistoryofBritishIndia.Thatsubjecthasbeennearlyexhausted,inoneofthemostable,argumentative,andphilosophicalworksofourtime,whosetitleitishardlynecessarytodesignate,whileitwillremainaperpetualandhonourablemonumentofMr.Mill'sindustryandsagacity.Itsstyle,perhaps,issusceptibleofimprovement—assuredlyso,ifitsobjectweretocaptivatethepopulartaste.Buttherearefewbooksoutofwhichsomanyimportantpoliticaltruthsmaybegathered,andnonewhichaffordsmorematterforvaluablereflection.Itwasaboldadventure,toembarkintosoremoteascene,withoutanypersonalobservationoftheexistingstateofthings,saidtobesointricateandsopecuhar,andaknowledgeofwhichhadbeensooftenrepresentedasabsolutelynecessarytoacorrectunderstandingoftheformerhistory,orthepresentcondition,oftheIndianpeople.Thetruth,however,is,thatlargemassesofmenarebestregardedatadistance,thoughvicinitymaybeneed-fultoanacquaintancewiththoseminutedetailswhichmorefre-quentlyperplexthanassistthemanwhoseinquiriesareratherintogreatresults,thanintotriflingcauses.Hewhowouldseeavastforest,mustnotlosehimselfamongthetrees,andanextensivelandscapecanonlybeadvantageouslycontemplatedfromsomedistance,orsomeelevation.Besides,thepositionofanEuropeaninIndia,reallyexcludeshimfromanaccurate9knowledgeofthesocialanddomesticcondition,theopinionsandhabits,ofthepeople.Amongthemheneverdwells;henevermeetsthemasequalsorcompanions;theirhabitualthoughtsandpassionsarenotdivulgedtohim;inhispresencetheyneitherdonorsaywhattheywoulddoorsayinhisabsence;beforehimtheyhavea,parttoact,apointtocarry,anendtogain.Itisonlybyaremoteinfluencethatthelegislatorreachesthecircleofhome.Hisfirstconcerniswiththesocialrelationsofman,andhismostimportantconsiderationissotoactontheirsocialcondition,astopromotetheirindividualhappinessonthewidestpossiblescale.WhetheralltheviewsofMr.Millwillstandthetestofthisprinciple,mayperhapsbedoubted.Certainitis,heconsentstheyshallbetriedbyit.Anditisforthosewhodifferfromhimtoshowwhereheerrs.Fears,—andsomeofthemveryhonest,thoughnotverywellinformed,—havenotunfrequentlybeenexcited,lestthecon--tinuanceofoursovereigntyinIndiashouldbeendangeredbydiscussionsrespectingourgovernmentthere.Itisstrangelyfanciedthatthepopulationwillesteemustheless,intheveryproportioninwhichwedeservetobeesteemedthemore.Butnowiseman,—stilllessagoodman—wouldcreateantipathieswherehemighthaveawakenedsympathies,—andnowell-meaninggovernmentwouldactbyterrorandtyranny,ifitcouldcarryonitsoperationsbyandwithintelligentpublicopinionforitssupport.Ingovernments,however,whetherwewillornot,changesmustinevitablytakeplace—theysharelikeeverythinghuman-—thegreatinheritanceofmutability.Nottoim-provewithtimeisreallytodeteriorate—forthatwhichwasnotamissinthesixteenthcenturywouldbealtogetherintolerablenow.Butasperniciouschangemaybeavoided,andbenefi-cialchangeintroduced,bythewatchfulnessofthoseexercisingpower,—andasitbecomesamatterofprudencetoavoidallneedlesssufferingintheprogressofchange,—soisitspeciallythedutyoftherulingauthorities,togivetothedemandforreformthathealthfuldirectionwhichmaysecurethegoodattheslightestcostofevil.Thetimesarebigwithpromise.Theperiodofapathyispassed.AstirringinterestonbehalfofIndiaiswidelydif-fused,—andwhatismoreimportantyet,thenewgovernor-generalappearsdesirousoflayingthefoundationofreforms,longhoped-forandlongdenied,—reformsmorevaluableperhapsasaconfessionofthenecessityofchange,thanimportantintheirindividualcharacter.ThenoticewhichlordWilliamBentinckissuedonthe23rdofFebruary,1829,issonovelinitscha-10racter,thatnothingbutirresistibleevidencecouldhavecon-vincedtheworldofitsauthenticity.Hereisagovernment*'inviting"thesuggestionsoftheintelligent—referringtopublicopinionforitstestimonyastothedefectivepointsoftheadministration—declaringthatitdesiresthespreadofeducationandusefulknowledge—andthatitwilllenditselftotheadvancementofthe*'greatesthappiness"oftheempire.Letthebenignintentionsbuddinghere,blossomintobenefi-centacts;andthemannevertrodthesoilofBritishIndia,whosetitletogratitudeandadmirationiscomparabletothatwhichlordWilliamBentinckwillwin.Thisdocumentwoulddohonourtoanypage,andwithprofoundsatisfactionisitrecordedhere:—'^NOTICE."Thegovernor-generalinvitesthecommunicationofallsugges-tionstendingtopromoteanybranchofnationalindustry;toimprovethecommercialintercoursebylandandwater;toamendanydefectsintheexistingestablishmentsjtoencouragethediffusionofeducationandusefulknowledge;andtoadvancetliegeneralprosperityandhappinessoftheBritishempireinIndia.'*Thisinvitationisaddressedtoallnativegentlemen,landholders,merchants,andothers-,toallEuropeansbothinandoutoftheservice,includingthatusefulandrespectahlebodyofmen,theindigoplanters,who,fromtheiruninterruptedresidenceintheMofussil,havepeculiaropportunitiesofforminganopinionuponsomeofthosesubjects."^Communicationstobeaddressedtotheprivateormilitarysecre-taryofthegovernor-general.''Bycommand,*'A.DoBBS,privatesecretary.''GovernmentHouse,Feb.23,1829."Theapprehensionsofthetimid,whiletheyareforthemostpartfoundedonsomegroundlessassumption,usuallycontrivetorecommendthemselvesbysomepopularfallacy,whichtoooftencomesmostacceptablytothereliefofthosemindstowhichtheexerciseofthoughtorofinquiryisfartoolaboriousanundertaking."Leaveivellalone,''isoneofthemischievousweaponsbywhichthediscussionofmanyvaluableprojectshasbeenputtorest—bywhichmanyabuseshavebeenforti-fiedandperpetuated—andmuchimprovementannihilatedorretarded.Toasksoberlyifallbereallywell,andhavingdis-coveredittobeso,tostopdangerousinnovation,isnopartofthecoursepursued.Thebolderandthebetterthingis,toassumeandtoassert,that'whateveris,isright'—andfittest—andbest—andsotoputdownallimpugners.Thereisnoartmorethoroughlyunderstoodbytheworldly-wisethantodisposeofanintricatequestioa—byasophism—adogHna—oraproverb11—forthesethingsappearsoliketruth,andcomewiththesanctionofsuchvenerableauthority,thatnohttlepresenceofmind,andsometimesnoUttledexterity,arewanting*toshuffleofftheirmortalcoils.'Withoneortwo.assumptionsforthesober,—andoneortwometaphorsfortheimaginative,—thereisnoposition,howeverabominable,inwhichafalsereasonermaynotentrenchhimselfagainsttheattacksfromthecommonorderofintellects.What,then,istheapprehensionexpressedwithregardtoIndiawhenstrippedofitsmetaphoricaladornings?Itis,thataprematureindependencewillbetheconsequenceofdiscus-sionswhichmayunveildefectsinthesystemofgovernmentwhichhasbeenadoptedthere.Theapprehensionisachimeraatbest;andweretheprospectsofIndianindependencenearerathandthantheyare,itbecomesthosewhothinkthatthepresentstateofthingsisbeneficialaliketoEnglandandtoIndia,toremovetheevilswhichendangeritspermanence.Itisfareasiertorulecontentedthandis-contentedsubjects.Ifthegrievancescomplainedofarereal,theyoughtpromptlytoberemoved;ifimaginary,theyoughttobethoroughlyexamined,forthe.honourofthegovernmentandforthesatisfactionofthecomplainants.ItisimpossibletoconceivethattheprosperityofourIndianempire,—thehappi-nessofourIndiansubjects,—shouldnotatleastbeamongtheprimaryendswhichthegovernmentproposestoitself.Ifrevenuebethemainobject,itisclearthattheamountofrevenuemustbecloselyconnectedwiththeamountofproperty;andthepowerofsupportingtaxationcanonlygrowwiththepowerofcreatingwealth.Well-calculatingandwidely-judginggovernmentssoonlearnthatthepublictreasurybestprosperswherethepublichappinessisbestprovidedfor;andthatofalltheenemieswhichafinanceministerhastodealwith,populardiscontentistheworst.Itisremarkedbytheauthorof"ColonialPolicy,"thattheinsecurityofourIndian*possessionshasbeenstrenuouslyinsistedonbothbythosewhomostearnestlyrecommendandmostearnestlydeprecateinnovation;anditisaveryconvenientpositionforboth."Beware,"saysone,"Indiaisasquietasgunpowder,*"—"Indiaisasquietasgunpowder,"retortstheother,"thereforebeware!"Thesparkapprehendedbythismanisdiscussion;thesparkdreadedbytheother,isdiscontent:andso,—asmenarewont,-—theyplaywithmetaphorsjustasiftheywerefacts—thestateofIndianotbeingfairlycomparable*ColonialPolicy,p.12.12togunpowderatall.Agrainmaybehere,andagrainthere,buttheywillbebestfoundoutintheday-light,andwhenmenareallowedbothtoseeandtospeak.IthasbeenapracticeoflatetoformaveryexaggeratednotionofthepowerofRussia;andourEastIndiapossessionshavebeenrepresentedaspre-eminentlyexposedtodangerfromthatquarter.Russiahasgreatlyprofited,nodoubt,bywidely-spreaddelusionsastoherrealinfluence.Herterritoriesareextendedindeed,butherresourcesarefew;herpopulationmiserablybarewithareferencetothecountryoverwhichtheyarespread;herrevenuestrifling,andcollectedatanenormouscostand,toagreatextent,outofdutiespaidbyforeignersontheexportofherrawcommodities.Byhercreditabroad,whilesheisenabledtoborrow,shecanofcourseperformallthatcanbeeffectedbymoney.Sheisasuccessfultraderonforeigncapital;athomeherpapercurrencyisatadiscountofseventy-fivepercent;abroad,shecanfindmoneyatsixpercentinterest;lefttoherownmeans,shecouldhardlyhavemarchedtwentythousandmentotheBalkan,butifshecandisposeofthetreasuresofothernations,shemaymakeahigh-waywhereshepleases.ItisnotthearmyofMoscow,buttheexchangeofAmsterdamthatsubduestheMussulmans,Soassisted,anypowermightbecomealarming.IftheHopes,theBarings,andthejlothschildg.^£.,Eurppe,choosetoallowthepachaofTripolitousetfieirnamesandemploytheirresources,hishighnessmayalsobecomeathorninthesideofmanymonarchies.AndasRussiaisfinanciallyprovidedforbythewealthofothernations,insteadofbyherown,sosheisintellectuallyrepresentedbythepickedmenofmanypeople,insteadofbyherownsons.Herministers,hercommanders,herambassadors,aregatheredfromamongalltribesandtongues.Germany,France,Italy,England,Greece,Holland,Spain,andCorsica,haveallcontributedtofurnishRussiawithhereminentleaders.Shedoesnotstandonherowncivilization,butonthatofEurope.IntothemarketoftheStatesshecomeswithfewsamplesofherownproductions,andcarriesonheroperationswiththefundsofherneighbours.Hersurfaceisallglareandgold,butthereisnosolidity.Sheisahugeinflation,apoliticalnight-mare.Buttheweaknessofothers,isjustasavailingtoherasherownstrength;andthereputationofpower,is,forpublicpurposes,asgood,andfarlesscostlythanitspossession.IfthenRussiabenotalarmingonaccountofwhatshecouldbringtoIndia,neitherwouldshebe,onaccountofanythingshewouldfindthere.Whatevercorruptionorirritationmightleadafewscatteredandfeebletribestodo,itisquitecertain13themassoftheHindooandMahommedanpopulationwouldtakenopartinfavourofRussianinvaders.When,however,theeyeofinquiryisturnedtowardsRussia,itwouldbewelliflessonswerelearntfromhersystemofforeignconquest.Herfirstandmightiestinstrumentistheencouragementofcolonists.Fromeveryquartersheseeksthesettlementofagreaterciviliza-tionamonghernewdy-acquiredsubjects,andnotRussiansalone,buteveryintelligentstrangerisinvited,isrecompensedforconsentingtotakeuphisabodeamongthem.ThecolonistsofRussiaenjoyalltherightswhicharepossessedbyRussiannatives.Thereisnoexclusionfromoffice,nooppressivemono-poly,noclaimto
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