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UnitWhatishappiness课文翻译Unit9WhatIsHappinessTherighttopursuehappinessisissuedtoAmericanswiththeirbirthcertificates,butnooneseemsquitesurewhichwayitruns.Itmaybeweareissuedahuntinglicensebutofferednogame.JonathanSwiftseemedtothinksowhenheattackedtheideaofhappinessas“thepossessionofbein...

UnitWhatishappiness课文翻译
Unit9WhatIsHappinessTherighttopursuehappinessisissuedtoAmericanswiththeirbirthcertificates,butnooneseemsquitesurewhichwayitruns.Itmaybeweareissuedahuntinglicensebutofferednogame.JonathanSwiftseemedtothinksowhenheattackedtheideaofhappinessas“thepossessionofbeingwell-deceived,"thefelicityofbeing“afoolamongknaves."ForSwiftsawsocietyasVanityFair,thelandoffalsegoals.自从呱呱坠地,美国人就被赋予了追求幸福的权利,但似乎没人确信幸福终究在哪里。正如它发给我们狩猎证,却不给我们提供猎物。乔纳森•斯威福特似乎持此观点,他抨击幸福的想法是“鬼迷心窍的上当,"是“骗子堆中的傻瓜”的自鸣得意。因为他视社会为虚妄目标聚集的名利场。Itis,ofcourse,un-Americantothinkintermsoffoolsandknaves.Wedo,however,seemtobededicatedtotheideaofbuyingourwaytohappiness.WeshallallhavemadeittoHeavenwhenwepossessenough.当然用傻子、骗子这样的字眼来形容是不合美国的人的风俗习惯的,然后我们似乎确实沉溺于用金钱购置幸福的想法:只要有足够的钱,我们百年后就能上天堂。AndatthesametimetheforcesofAmericancommercialismarehugelydedicatedtomakingusdeliberatelyunhappy.Advertisingisoneofourmajorindustries,andadvertisingexistsnottosatisfydesiresbuttocreatethem—andtocreatethemfasterthananyman’sbudgetcansatisfythem.Forthatmatter,ourwholeeconomyisbasedonadedicatedinsatiability.Wearetaughtthattopossessistobehappy,andthenwearemadetowant.Weareeventolditisourdutytowant.Itwasonlyafewyearsago,tociteasingleexample,thatcardealersacrossthecountrywereflyingbannersthatread"YouAutoBuyNow."TheywerecallinguponAmericans,asanactapproachingpatriotism,tobuyatonce,withmoneytheydidnothave,automobilestheydidnotreallyneed,andwhichtheywouldberequiredtogrowtiredofbythetimethenextyear’smodelswerereleased.同时,美国的商业主义却又殚精竟虑成心使我们得不到幸福。广告是我们的支柱产业之一,其存在不是为了满足欲望。而是为了制造欲望一一其制造速度之快,使我们的腰包应接不暇。就此而言,我们的整个经济是基于一种无法自拔的贪求无厌。我们受到的教育是“占有却为幸福",然后我们就被迫产生贪欲。我们甚至被告知欲望是我们的义务。引用一个简单的例子为证:仅仅几年前,全国的汽车销售商还打着“你应该立即购置汽车”的横幅。他们号召美国人民:作为一种爱国主义行为,他们应该立即按揭购置他们并不真正需要的汽车,并且在次年新款汽车发布后他们会对原来这些汽车心生厌倦。Orlookatanyofthewomen’smagazines.There,asBernardDeVotooncepointedout,advertisingbeginsaspoetryinthefrontpagesandendsaspharmacopoeiaandtherapyinthebackpages.Thepoetryofthefrontmatteristhedreamofperfectbeauty.Thisisthebabyskinthatmustbehers.These,theflawlessteeth.This,theperfumedbreathshemustexhale.This,thesixteen-year-oldfigureshemustdisplayatforty,atfifty,atsixty,andforever.或者任意浏览一本女性杂志。正如伯尔纳德•德•渥托曾经指出的那样,这些杂志开头几页的广告诗情画意,而最后那么以类似药典和治疗手册结尾。前者是完美美女的梦想:这该是她婴儿般的股肤,这些是她无瑕的牙齿,这该是她呼出的香气,这该是她能保持到40、50、60岁甚至永远的16岁少女般的身材。Oncepastthevaguelyupliftingfictionandfeaturearticles,thereaderfindstheotherfaceofthedreaminthebackmatter.ThisistheharnessintowhichMothermuststrapherselfinordertodisplaythatperfectfigure.These,thechinstrapsshemustsleepin.Thisisthesalvethatrestoresall,thisisherlaxative,thesearethetabletsthatmeltawayfat,thesearethehormonesofperpetualyouth,thesearethestockingsthathidevaricoseveins.一旦读完这些隐约让人振奋的小说和专题文章,读者在杂志最后几页就会发现梦想的真相:这是家庭主妇必须得系上的背带,以展现其完美身材。这些是她睡觉时必须带上的颚带。这是可以恢复青春的药剂和装备,这是她减肥用的缓泻药,这些是消化脂肪的药片,这些是使外表年轻的荷尔蒙,这些是掩盖静脉曲张的长袜。Obviouslynohalf-sanepersoncanbecompletelypersuadedeitherbysuchpoetryorbysuchpharmacopoeiaandorthopedics.Yetsomeoneisobviouslytryingtobuythedreamasofferedandspendingbillionseveryyearintheattempt.Clearlythehappiness-marketisnotrunningoutofcustomers,butwhataretheytryingtobuy显而易见,即使心智不健全的人也不会完全相信这些诗境或是这些药典和矫正术。然后有人显然正在竭力购置这些广告所兜的美梦,并为此每年耗资数十亿美元。这种幸福市场无疑不会无人问津,但他们购置的终究是什么呢?Theidea"happiness,"tobesure,willnotsitstillforeasydefinitions:thebestonecandoistotrytosetsomeextremestotheideaandthenworkintowardthemiddle.Tothinkofhappinessasacquisitiveandcompetitivewilldotosetthematerialisticextreme.Tothinkofitastheideaonesensesin,say,aholymanofIndiawilldotosetthespiritualextreme.Thatholyman’sidealofhappinessisinneedingnothingfromoutsidehimself.Inwantingnothing,helacksnothing.Hesitsimmobile,raptincontemplation,freeevenofhisownbody.7Ornearlyfreeofit.Ifdevoutadmirersbringhimfood,heeatsit;ifnot,hestarvesindifferently.WhybeconcernedWhatisphysicalisanillusiontohim.Contemplationishisjoyandheachievesitthroughafantasticallydemandingdiscipline,theaccomplishmentofwhichisitselfajoywithinhim.诚然,给“幸福〃这一概念下定义远非易事:最好是尽量为这一概念确立一些极限,然后将两者折中。将幸福视为物质上的拥有和相互攀比,这就确立了其物质上的极限。将其视为一个人〔比方印度的圣人〕所感知的信念,那么是确立了其精神上的极限。圣人的幸福是无需身外之物。无欲那么无求。他静坐不动,陷入冥思,甚至脱离或者说近乎脱离自己的肉体。如果有虔诚的信徒带来食物,他硬听;如果没有,他便淡然地饿着。有什么好牵挂的呢?对他而言,物质世界只是虚幻。宴想是他的极乐,而他通过修行来实现。这种修行要求之高,让人难以置信,其完本钱身就是他内心的一种极乐。IsheahappymanPerhapshishappinessisonlyanothersortofillusion.ButwhocantakeitfromhimAndwhowilldaresayitismoreillusorythanhappinessontheinstallmentplan他幸福吗?或许他的幸福只是另一种虚幻。但谁又能将幸福从他身边夺走呢?又有谁敢说这种幸福比分期付款 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 中得到的幸福更缥缈呢?But,perhapsbecauseIamWestern,Idoubtsuchcatatonichappiness,asIdoubtthedreamsofthehappiness-market.WhatiscertainisthathiswayofhappinesswouldbetorturetoalmostanyWesternman.Yettheseextremeswillstillservetoframetheareawithinwhichallofusmustfindsomesortofbalance.Thoreau—acreatureofbothEasternandWesternthought—hadhisownfirmsenseofthatbalance.Hisaimwastosaveonthelowlevelsinordertospendonthehigh.然而,或许因为我是西方人,我对这种令人精神紧张的幸福持疑心态度,正如我疑心幸福市场的梦幻一样。可以确信,他这种幸福方式对几乎任何一个西方人而言都是一种折磨。尽管如此,我们仍然可以利用这些极限来划定幸福的范畴,在这一范畴内每个人都得找到某种平衡。梭罗,一个东西思想交融的人物,对这种平衡有他自己的坚决信念。他的目标是在低层次节约,在高层次上付出。PossessionforitsownsakeorincompetitionwiththerestoftheneighborhoodwouldhavebeenThoreau’sideaofthelowlevels.Theactivedisciplineofheighteningone’sperceptionofwhatisenduringinnaturewouldhavebeenhisideaofthehigh.10Whathesavedfromthelowwastimeandefforthecouldspendonthehigh.Thoreaucertainlydisapprovedofstarvation,buthewouldputintofeedinghimselfonlyasmucheffortaswouldkeephimfunctioningformoreimportantefforts.梭罗所理解的“低层次〃,即为自己而去拥有,或与邻里明争暗斗而致拥有。他心目中的“高层次〃,那么是这样一种积极的人生戒律,即要使自己对自己界永恒之物的感悟臻于完美。对于他从低层次上节省下来的时间和精力,他可将其致力于对高层次的追求。勿庸置疑,梭罗不赞成忍饥挨饿,但他在膳食方面投入的精力仅果腹而已,只要可以确保他能去从事更为重要的事务即可。Effortisthegistofit.Thereisnohappinessexceptaswetakeonlife-engagingdifficulties.Shortoftheimpossible,asYeatsputit,thesatisfactionswegetfromalifetimedependonhowhighwechooseourdifficulties.RobertFrostwasthinkinginsomethinglikethesametermswhenhespokeof“Thepleasureoftakingpains."Themortalflawintheadvertisedversionofhappinessisinthefactthatitpurportstobeeffortless.殚精竭虑,全力以赴,便是问题的精华所在。除非我们愿意直面那些需要我们全身心投入的困难困苦,否那么便不会有幸福可言。正如叶芝所言,除却某些不可能的情形,我们人生中所获取的满足皆取决于我们在多高的境界中选择我们所愿意面对的困难困苦。当罗伯特•弗罗斯特言及“以苦为乐〃时,他内心所思,大体如此。商业广告中所宣扬的寻种幸福观,其致使的缺陷就在于它宣称,一切幸福皆唾手可得,不费吹灰之力。Wedemanddifficultyeveninourgames.Wedemanditbecausewithoutdifficultytherecanbenogame.Agameisawayofmakingsomethinghardforthefunofit.Therulesofthegameareanarbitraryimpositionofdifficulty.Whenthespoilsportruinsthefun,healwaysdoessobyrefusingtoplaybytherules.Itiseasiertowinatchessifyouarefree,atyourpleasure,tochangethewhollyarbitraryrules,butthefunisinwinningwithintherules.Nodifficulty,nofun.即使于游戏之中,我们也需要有困难困苦。之所以需要它,是因为假设没有困难,便断无游戏可言。游戏即是这样一种方式,为了享受其中的情趣而人为地使事情变得不那么轻而易举。游戏中的种种规那么,便是将困难武断地强加于人。有的人将情趣摧毁殆尽,总是因为他拒不按游戏规那么行事而使然。这犹如下棋,如果你随心所欲、心血来潮全然武断地去更改那些游戏规那么、去赢棋当然会更加容易。但下棋的情趣那么在于应在规那么的限定范围内赢取胜利。一言以蔽之,没有困难,断无情趣。Thebuyersandsellersatthehappiness-marketseemtoooftentohavelosttheirsenseofthepleasureofdifficulty.Heavenknowswhattheyareplaying,butitseemsadullgame.AndtheIndianholymanseemsdulltous,Isuppose,becauseheseemstoberefusingtoplayanythingatall.TheWesternweaknessmaybeintheillusionthathappinesscanbebought.PerhapstheEasternweaknessisintheideathatthereissuchathingasperfect(thereforestatic)happiness.幸福市场上的买卖双方似乎大都体会不到挑战困难的乐趣。天知道他们在玩些什么,但似乎不外乎那些无聊的游戏。我猜印度的圣人在我们看来有些无聊,因为他似乎拒绝玩任何游戏。西方人的弱点在于他们梦想幸福可以买到。或许东方人的弱点在于他们认为存在产丰一种完美的〔因而也是静止的〕幸福。Happinessisnevermorethanpartial.Therearenopurestatesofmankind.Whateverelsehappinessmaybe,itisneitherinhavingnorinbeing,butinbecoming.WhattheFoundingFathersdeclaredforusasaninherentright,weshoulddowelltoremember,wasnothappinessbutthepursuitofhappiness.Whattheymighthaveunderlined,couldtheyhaveforeseenthehappiness-market,isthecardinalfactthathappinessisinthepursuititself,inthemeaningfulpursuitofwhatislife-engagingandlife-revealing,whichistosay,intheideaofbecoming.Anationisnotmeasuredbywhatitpossessesorwantstopossess,butbywhatitwantstobecome.从来就没有过完美的幸福。人类社会不存在尽善尽美。无论人们怎样界定何谓幸福,它既不在于拥有也不在于实现,而在于追求的过程。我们应该牢记:开国元勋们为我们所宣布的与生俱来的权利,不是享受幸福而是追求幸福。假设他们当初预见到现在出现的幸福市场,他们就会强调指出这样一个根本领实:幸福在于为之奋斗的过程,在于我们终生为之努力并从中获得启迪的事业,也就是说在于追求。对于一个民族的评价不是看它拥有什么或是幸福拥有什么,而是看它想要追求什么。Byallmeansletthehappiness-marketsellusminorsatisfactionsandevenminorfolliessolongaswekeeptheminscaleandbuythemoutofspiritualchange.IamnocustomerforeitherPuritanismorasceticism.Butdropanyrealspiritualcapitalatthosebazaars,andwhatyoucometowillbeyourownpoorhouse.当然,只要我们掌握好一个度,或者只作为一种精神调节,不妨从幸福市场买点满足感甚至可以花钱买点愚蠢的东西。我既不信奉清教徒的生活准那么也不赞面禁欲主义。但如果我们在这些市场上放弃任何真正意义上的精神财富,那么到头来我们只能是一无所有。
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