雅思真题集

IELTS9Test1LISTENINGSECTION1Questions1-10Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer. JOBENQUIRY Example?Workat:arestaurant ?Typeofwork:1?Numberofhoursperweek:12hours?Wouldneedworkpermit?Workinthe:2branch?Nearestbusstop:nextto3?Pay:4￡anhour?Extrabenefits:-afreedinner-extrapaywhenyouworkon5-transporthomewhenyouwork6?Qualitiesrequired:-7-abilityto8?Interviewarrangedfor:Thursday9at6p.m.?Bringthenamesoftworeferees?Askfor:Samira10............................................SECTION2Questions11-20Questions11-16Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswer. SPORTSWORLD?anew11ofaninternationalsportsgoodscompany?locatedintheshoppingcentretothe12ofBradcaster?hassports13andequipmentonfloors1-3?cangetyouanyitemwithin14days?shopspecialisesinequipmentfor15?hasaspecialsectionwhichjustsells16SECTION2Questions17-18Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.17 AchampionathletewillbeintheshopAonSaturdaymorningonly.BalldaySaturday.Cforthewholeweekend.18 Thefirstpersontoanswer20quizquestionscorrectlywillwinAgymmembership.Bavideo.Cacalendar.Questions19and20ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWOpiecesofinformationdoesthespeakergiveaboutthefitnesstest?A Youneedtoreserveaplace.B Itisfreetoaccountholders.C Yougetadviceonhowtoimproveyourhealth.D Ittakesplaceinaspecialclinic.E Itischeaperthismonth.SECTION3Questions21-30Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.CourseFeedback21 OnereasonwhySpirosfelthappyabouthismarketingpresentationwasthatAhewasnotnervous.Bhisstylewasgood.Cthepresentationwasthebestinhisgroup.22 WhatsurprisedHirokoabouttheotherstudents’presentations?ATheirpresentationswerenotinteresting.BTheyfoundtheirpresentationsstressful.CTheydidn’tlookattheaudienceenough.23 Aftershegaveherpresentation,HirokofeltAdelighted.Bdissatisfied.Cembarrassed.24 HowdoesSpirosfeelabouthisperformanceintutorials?AnotveryhappyBreallypleasedCfairlyconfident25 Whycantheotherstudentsparticipatesoeasilyindiscussions?ATheyarepolitetoeachother.BTheyagreetotaketurnsinspeaking.CTheyknoweachotherwell.26WhyisHirokofeelingmorepositiveabouttutorialsnow?AShefindstheotherstudents’opinionsmoreinteresting.BSheismakingmoreofacontribution.CThetutorincludesherinthediscussion.27Tohelpherunderstandlectures,HirokoAconsultedreferencematerials.Bhadextratutorialswithherlecturers.Cborrowedlecturenotesfromotherstudents.28WhatdoesSpirosthinkofhisreadingskills?AHereadsfasterthanheusedto.BItstilltakeshimalongtimetoread.CHetendstostrugglewithnewvocabulary.29WhatisHiroko’ssubjectarea?AenvironmentalstudiesBhealtheducationCengineering30 HirokothinksthatinthereadingclassesthestudentsshouldAlearnmorevocabulary.Breadmoreintheirownsubjectareas.Cdevelopbetterreadingstrategies.SECTION4Questions31-40Completethenotesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer. MassStrandingsofWhalesandDolphinsMassstrandings:situationswheregroupsofwhales,dolphins,etc.swimontothebeachanddieCommoninareaswherethe31canchangequicklySeveralothertheories:Parasitese.g.someparasitescanaffectmarineanimals’32,whichtheydependonfornavigationToxinsPoisonsfrom33orarecommonlyconsumedbywhalese.g.CapeCod(1988)-whaleswerekilledbysaxitoxinAccidentalStrandingsAnimalsmayfollowpreyashore,e.g.Thurston(1995)Unlikelybecausethemajorityofanimalswerenot34whentheystrandedHumanActivity35frommilitarytestsarelinkedtosomerecentstrandingsTheBahamas(2000)strandingwasunusualbecausethewhales?wereall36?werenotina37GroupBehaviour?Morestrandingsinthemost38............................................speciesofwhales?1994dolphinstranding-onlythe39............................................wasillFurtherReadingMarineMammalsAshore(Connor)—givesinformationaboutstranding40READINGREADINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below. WilliamHenryPerkinThemanwhoinventedsyntheticdyesWilliamHenryPerkinwasbornonMarch12,1838,inLondon,England.Asaboy,Perkin’scuriositypromptedearlyinterestsinthearts,sciences,photography,andengineering.Butitwasachancestumblinguponarun-down,yetfunctional,laboratoryinhislategrandfather’shomethatsolidifiedtheyoungman’senthusiasmforchemistry.AsastudentattheCityofLondonSchool,Perkinbecameimmersedinthestudyofchemistry.Histalentanddevotiontothesubjectwereperceivedbyhisteacher,ThomasHall,whoencouragedhimtoattendaseriesoflecturesgivenbytheeminentscientistMichaelFaradayattheRoyalInstitution.Thosespeechesfiredtheyoungchemist’senthusiasmfurther,andhelaterwentontoattendtheRoyalCollegeofChemistry,whichhesucceededinenteringin1853,attheageof15.AtthetimeofPerkin’senrolment,theRoyalCollegeofChemistrywasheadedbythenotedGermanchemistAugustWilhelmHofmann.Perkin’sscientificgiftssooncaughtHofmann’sattentionand,withintwoyears,hebecameHofmann’syoungestassistant.Notlongafterthat,Perkinmadethescientificbreakthroughthatwouldbringhimbothfameandfortune.Atthetime,quininewastheonlyviablemedicaltreatmentformalaria.Thedrugisderivedfromthebarkofthecinchonatree,nativetoSouthAmerica,andby1856demandforthedrugwassurpassingtheavailablesupply.Thus,whenHofmannmadesomepassingcommentsaboutthedesirabilityofasyntheticsubstituteforquinine,itwasunsurprisingthathisstarpupilwasmovedtotakeupthechallenge.Duringhisvacationin1856,Perkinspenthistimeinthelaboratoryonthetopfloorofhisfamily’shouse.Hewasattemptingtomanufacturequininefromaniline,aninexpensiveandreadilyavailablecoaltarwasteproduct.Despitehisbestefforts,however,hedidnotendupwithquinine.Instead,heproducedamysteriousdarksludge.Luckily,Perkin’sscientifictrainingandnaturepromptedhimtoinvestigatethesubstancefurther.Incorporatingpotassiumdichromateandalcoholintotheanilineatvariousstagesoftheexperimentalprocess,hefinallyproducedadeeppurplesolution.And,provingthetruthofthefamousscientistLouisPasteur’swords‘chancefavoursonlythepreparedmind’,Perkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfind.Historically,textiledyesweremadefromsuchnaturalsourcesasplantsandanimalexcretions.Someofthese,suchastheglandularmucusofsnails,weredifficulttoobtainandoutrageouslyexpensive.Indeed,thepurplecolourextractedfromasnailwasoncesocostlythatinsocietyatthetimeonlytherichcouldaffordit.Further,naturaldyestendedtobemuddyinhueandfadequickly.ItwasagainstthisbackdropthatPerkin’sdiscoverywasmade.Perkinquicklygraspedthathispurplesolutioncouldbeusedtocolourfabric,thusmakingittheworld’sfirstsyntheticdye.Realisingtheimportanceofthisbreakthrough,helostnotimeinpatentingit.ButperhapsthemostfascinatingofallPerkin’sreactionstohisfindwashisnearlyinstantrecognitionthatthenewdyehadcommercialpossibilities.PerkinoriginallynamedhisdyeTyrianPurple,butitlaterbecamecommonlyknownasmauve(fromtheFrenchfortheplantusedtomakethecolourviolet).HeaskedadviceofScottishdyeworksownerRobertPullar,whoassuredhimthatmanufacturingthedyewouldbewellworthitifthecolourremainedfast(i.e.wouldnotfade)andthecostwasrelativelylow.So,overthefierceobjectionsofhismentorHofmann,heleftcollegetogivebirthtothemodernchemicalindustry.Withthehelpofhisfatherandbrother,PerkinsetupafactorynotfarfromLondon.UtilisingthecheapandplentifulcoaltarthatwasanalmostunlimitedbyproductofLondon’sgasstreetlighting,thedyeworksbeganproducingtheworld’sfirstsyntheticallydyedmaterialin1857.ThecompanyreceivedacommercialboostfromtheEmpressEugenieofFrance,whenshedecidedthenewcolourflatteredher.Verysoon,mauvewasthenecessaryshadeforallthefashionableladiesinthatcountry.Nottobeoutdone,England’sQueenVictoriaalsoappearedinpublicwearingamauvegown,thusmakingitalltherageinEnglandaswell.Thedyewasboldandfast,andthepublicclamouredformore.Perkinwentbacktothedrawingboard.AlthoughPerkin’sfamewasachievedandfortuneassuredbyhisfirstdiscovery,thechemistcontinuedhisresearch.Amongotherdyeshedevelopedandintroducedwereanilinered(1859)andanilineblack(1863)and,inthelate1860s,Perkin’sgreen.ItisimportanttonotethatPerkin’ssyntheticdyediscoverieshadoutcomesfarbeyondthemerelydecorative.Thedyesalsobecamevitaltomedicalresearchinmanyways.Forinstance,theywereusedtostainpreviouslyinvisiblemicrobesandbacteria,allowingresearcherstoidentifysuchbacilliastuberculosis,cholera,andanthrax.Artificialdyescontinuetoplayacrucialroletoday.And,inwhatwouldhavebeenparticularlypleasingtoPerkin,theircurrentuseisinthesearchforavaccineagainstmalaria.DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Inboxes1-7onyouranswersheet,writeTRUE ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis1MichaelFaradaywasthefirstpersontorecognisePerkin’sabilityasastudentofchemistry.2MichaelFaradaysuggestedPerkinshouldenrolintheRoyalCollegeofChemistry.3PerkinemployedAugustWilhelmHofmannashisassistant.4Perkinwasstillyoungwhenhemadethediscoverythatmadehimrichandfamous.5ThetreesfromwhichquinineisderivedgrowonlyinSouthAmerica.6Perkinhopedtomanufactureadrugfromacoaltarwasteproduct.7PerkinwasinspiredbythediscoveriesofthefamousscientistLouisPasteur.Questions8-13Answerthequestionsbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes8-13onyouranswersheet8BeforePerkin’sdiscovery,withwhatgroupinsocietywasthecolourpurpleassociated?9WhatpotentialdidPerkinimmediatelyunderstandthathisnewdyehad?10WhatwasthenamefinallyusedtorefertothefirstcolourPerkininvented?11WhatwasthenameofthepersonPerkinconsultedbeforesettinguphisowndyeworks?12InwhatcountrydidPerkin’snewlyinventedcolourfirstbecomefashionable?13Accordingtothepassage,whichdiseaseisnowbeingtargetedbyresearchersusingsyntheticdyes?READINGPASSAGE2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages.Questions14-17ReadingPassage2hasfiveparagraphs,A-E.ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsB-Efromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-vii,inboxes14-17onyouranswersheet ListofHeadingsi Seekingthetransmissionofradiosignalsfromplanetsii Appropriateresponsestosignalsfromothercivilisationsiii VastdistancestoEarth’sclosestneighboursiv Assumptionsunderlyingthesearchforextra-terrestrialintelligenceV Reasonsforthesearchforextra-terrestrialintelligencevi Knowledgeofextra-terrestriallifeformsvii Likelihoodoflifeonotherplanets Example AnswerParagraphA V14 ParagraphB15 ParagraphC16 ParagraphD17 ParagraphEIsthereanybodyoutthere?ThesearchforExtra-terrestrialIntelligenceThequestionofwhetherwearealoneintheUniversehashauntedhumanityforcenturies,butwemaynowstandpoisedonthebrinkoftheanswertothatquestion,aswesearchforradiosignalsfromotherintelligentcivilisations.Thissearch,oftenknownbytheacronymSETI(searchforextra-terrestrialintelligence),isadifficultone.Althoughgroupsaroundtheworldhavebeensearchingintermittentlyforthreedecades,itisonlynowthatwehavereachedtheleveloftechnologywherewecanmakeadeterminedattempttosearchallnearbystarsforanysignoflife.ATheprimaryreasonforthesearchisbasiccuriosity-thesamecuriosityaboutthenaturalworldthatdrivesallpurescience.WewanttoknowwhetherwearealoneintheUniverse.Wewanttoknowwhetherlifeevolvesnaturallyifgiventherightconditions,orwhetherthereissomethingveryspecialabouttheEarthtohavefosteredthevarietyoflifeformsthatweseearoundusontheplanet.Thesimpledetectionofaradiosignalwillbesufficienttoanswerthismostbasicofallquestions.Inthissense,SETIisanothercoginthemachineryofpuresciencewhichiscontinuallypushingoutthehorizonofourknowledge.However,thereareotherreasonsforbeinginterestedinwhetherlifeexistselsewhere.Forexample,wehavehadcivilisationonEarthforperhapsonlyafewthousandyears,andthethreatsofnuclearwarandpollutionoverthelastfewdecadeshavetoldusthatoursurvivalmaybetenuous.Willwelastanothertwothousandyearsorwillwewipeourselvesout?Sincethelifetimeofaplanetlikeoursisseveralbillionyears,wecanexpectthat,ifothercivilisationsdosurviveinourgalaxy,theirageswillrangefromzerotoseveralbillionyears.Thusanyothercivilisationthatwehearfromislikelytobefarolder,onaverage,thanourselves.Themereexistenceofsuchacivilisationwilltellusthatlong-termsurvivalispossible,andgivesussomecauseforoptimism.Itisevenpossiblethattheoldercivilisationmaypassonthebenefitsoftheirexperienceindealingwiththreatstosurvivalsuchasnuclearwarandglobalpollution,andotherthreatsthatwehaven’tyetdiscovered.BIndiscussingwhetherwearealone,mostSETIscientistsadopttwogroundrules.First,UFOs(UnidentifiedFlyingObjects)aregenerallyignoredsincemostscientistsdon’tconsidertheevidenceforthemtobestrongenoughtobearseriousconsideration(althoughitisalsoimportanttokeepanopenmindincaseanyreallyconvincingevidenceemergesinthefuture).Second,wemakeaveryconservativeassumptionthatwearelookingforalifeformthatisprettywelllikeus,sinceifitdiffersradicallyfromuswemaywellnotrecogniseitasalifeform,quiteapartfromwhetherweareabletocommunicatewithit.Inotherwords,thelifeformwearelookingformaywellhavetwogreenheadsandsevenfingers,butitwillneverthelessresembleusinthatitshouldcommunicatewithitsfellows,beinterestedintheUniverse,liveonaplanetorbitingastarlikeourSun,andperhapsmostrestrictively,haveachemistry,likeus,basedoncarbonandwater.CEvenwhenwemaketheseassumptions,ourunderstandingofotherlifeformsisstillseverelylimited.Wedonotevenknow,forexample,howmanystarshaveplanets,andwecertainlydonotknowhowlikelyitisthatlifewillarisenaturally,giventherightconditions.However,whenwelookatthe100billionstarsinourgalaxy(theMilkyWay),and100billiongalaxiesintheobservableUniverse,itseemsinconceivablethatatleastoneoftheseplanetsdoesnothavealifeformonit;infact,thebesteducatedguesswecanmake,usingthelittlethatwedoknowabouttheconditionsforcarbon-basedlife,leadsustoestimatethatperhapsonein100,000starsmighthavealife-bearingplanetorbitingit.Thatmeansthatournearestneighboursareperhaps100lightyearsaway,whichisalmostnextdoorinastronomicalterms.DAnaliencivilisationcouldchoosemanydifferentwaysofsendinginformationacrossthegalaxy,butmanyoftheseeitherrequiretoomuchenergy,orelseareseverelyattenuatedwhiletraversingthevastdistancesacrossthegalaxy.Itturnsoutthat,foragivenamountoftransmittedpower,radiowavesinthefrequencyrange1000to3000MHztravelthegreatestdistance,andsoallsearchestodatehaveconcentratedonlookingforradiowavesinthisfrequencyrange.Sofartherehavebeenanumberofsearchesbyvariousgroupsaroundtheworld,includingAustraliansearchesusingtheradiotelescopeatParkes,NewSouthWales.Untilnowtherehavenotbeenanydetectionsfromthefewhundredstarswhichhavebeensearched.Thescaleofthesearcheshasbeenincreaseddramaticallysince1992,whentheUSCongressvotedNASA$10millionperyearfortenyearstoconductathoroughsearchforextra-terrestriallife.Muchofthemoneyinthisprojectisbeingspentondevelopingthespecialhardwareneededtosearchmanyfrequenciesatonce.Theprojecthastwoparts.Onepartisatargetedsearchusingtheworld’slargestradiotelescopes,theAmerican-operatedtelescopeinArecibo,PuertoRicoandtheFrenchtelescopeinNancyinFrance.Thispartoftheprojectissearchingthenearest1000likelystarswithhighsensitivityforsignalsinthefrequencyrange1000to3000MHz.Theotherpartoftheprojectisanundirectedsearchwhichismonitoringallofspacewithalowersensitivity,usingthesmallerantennasofNASA’sDeepSpaceNetwork.EThereisconsiderabledebateoverhowweshouldreactifwedetectasignalfromanaliencivilisation.Everybodyagreesthatweshouldnotreplyimmediately.Quiteapartfromtheimpracticalityofsendingareplyoversuchlargedistancesatshortnotice,itraisesahostofethicalquestionsthatwouldhavetobeaddressedbytheglobalcommunitybeforeanyreplycouldbesent.Wouldthehumanracefacethecultureshockiffacedwithasuperiorandmucholdercivilisation?Luckily,thereisnourgencyaboutthis.Thestarsbeingsearchedarehundredsoflightyearsaway,soittakeshundredsofyearsfortheirsignaltoreachus,andafurtherfewhundredyearsforourreplytoreachthem.It’snotimportant,then,ifthere’sadelayofafewyears,ordecades,whilethehumanracedebatesthequestionofwhethertoreply,andperhapscarefullydraftsareply.Questions18-20Answerthequestionsbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes18-20onyouranswersheet18 WhatisthelifeexpectancyofEarth?19 WhatkindofsignalsfromotherintelligentcivilisationsareSETIscientistssearchingfor?20 Howmanystarsaretheworld’smostpowerfulradiotelescopessearching?Questions21-26DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage2?Inboxes21-26onyouranswersheet,writeYES ifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriterNO ifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriterNOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis21 Aliencivilisationsmaybeabletohelpthehumanracetoovercomeseriousproblems.22 SETIscientistsaretryingtofindalifeformthatresembleshumansinmanyways.23 TheAmericansandAustralianshaveco-operatedonjointresearchprojects.24 SofarSETIscientistshavepickedupradiosignalsfromseveralstars.25 TheNASAprojectattractedcriticismfromsomemembersofCongress.26 Ifasignalfromouterspaceisreceived,itwillbeimportanttorespondpromptly.READINGPASSAGE3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.ThehistoryofthetortoiseIfyougobackfarenough,everythinglivedinthesea.Atvariouspointsinevolutionaryhistory,enterprisingindividualswithinmanydifferentanimalgroupsmovedoutontotheland,sometimeseventothemostparcheddeserts,takingtheirownprivateseawaterwiththeminbloodandcellularfluids.Inadditiontothereptiles,birds,mammalsandinsectswhichweseeallaroundus,othergroupsthathavesucceededoutofwaterincludescorpions,snails,crustaceanssuchaswoodliceandlandcrabs,millipedesandcentipedes,spidersandvariousworms.Andwemustn’tforgettheplants,withoutwhosepriorinvasionofthelandnoneoftheothermigrationscouldhavehappened.Movingfromwatertolandinvolvedamajorredesignofeveryaspectoflife,includingbreathingandreproduction.Nevertheless,agoodnumberofthoroughgoinglandanimalslaterturnedaround,abandonedtheirhard-earnedterrestrialre-tooling,andreturnedtothewateragain.Sealshaveonlygonepartwayback.Theyshowuswhattheintermediatesmighthavebeenlike,onthewaytoextremecasessuchaswhalesanddugongs.Whales(includingthesmallwhaleswecalldolphins)anddugongs,withtheirclosecousinsthemanatees,ceasedtobelandcreaturesaltogetherandrevertedtothefullmarinehabitsoftheirremoteancestors.Theydon’tevencomeashoretobreed.Theydo,however,stillbreatheair,havingneverdevelopedanythingequivalenttothegillsoftheirearliermarineincarnation.Turtleswentbacktotheseaaverylongtimeagoand,likeallvertebratereturneestothewater,theybreatheair.However,theyare,inonerespect,lessfullygivenbacktothewaterthanwhalesordugongs,forturtlesstilllaytheireggsonbeaches.Thereisevidencethatallmodemturtlesaredescendedfromaterrestrialancestorwhichlivedbeforemostofthedinosaurs.TherearetwokeyfossilscalledProganochelysquenstedtiandPalaeochersistalampayensisdatingfromearlydinosaurtimes,whichappeartobeclosetotheancestryofallmodemturtlesandtortoises.Youmightwonderhowwecantellwhetherfossilanimalslivedonlandorinwater,especiallyifonlyfragmentsarefound.Sometimesit’sobvious.Ichthyosaurswerereptiliancontemporariesofthedinosaurs,withfinsandstreamlinedbodies.Thefossilslooklikedolphinsandtheysurelylivedlikedolphins,inthewater.Withturtlesitisalittlelessobvious.Onewaytotellisbymeasuringthebonesoftheirforelimbs.WalterJoyceandJacquesGauthier,atYaleUniversity,obtainedthreemeasurementsintheseparticularbonesof71speciesoflivingturtlesandtortoises.Theyusedakindoftriangulargraphpapertoplotthethreemeasurementsagainstoneanother.Allthelandtortoisespeciesformedatightclusterofpointsintheupperpartofthetriangle;allthewaterturtlesclusterinthelowerpartofthetriangulargraph.Therewasnooverlap,exceptwhentheyaddedsomespeciesthatspendtimebothinwaterandonland.Sureenough,theseamphibiousspeciesshowuponthetriangulargraphapproximatelyhalfwaybetweenthe‘wetcluster’ofseaturtlesandthe‘drycluster’oflandtortoises.Thenextstepwastodeterminewherethefossilsfell.ThebonesofP.quenstedtiandP.talampayensisleaveusinnodoubt.Theirpointsonthegrapharerightinthethickofthedrycluster.Boththesefossilsweredry-landtortoises.Theycomefromtheerabeforeourturtlesreturnedtothewater.Youmightthink,therefore,thatmodemlandtortoiseshaveprobablystayedonlandeversincethoseearlyterrestrialtimes,asmostmammalsdidafterafewofthemwentbacktothesea.Butapparentlynot.Ifyoudrawoutthefamilytreeofallmodemturtlesandtortoises,nearlyall