徽派建筑PPT

Hui-StyleArchitectureHuizhou,formernameofHuangshanCity,wassituatedinthesouthofAnhuiprovince,ithadalittlebiggerareathantoday'sHuangshanCity,includingJixiCounty,JingdeCountyofAnhuiandWuyuanCountyofJiangxi.Becauseofit'slonghistoryandgloriousculture,ithadformeditsownniceandelegantarchitecturestyle,knownasHuizhouArchitecture.InHuizhou,well-preservedancientarchitectureisabundant:folkhouses,memorialarchways,ancestraltemples,steles,pavilions,towers,tombsandsoon,fromthoseconstructionswecaneasilyfindthebelief,customandworldviewofformerpeopleofthisarea.IntroductionPART1FolkHousePART2MemorialArchwayPART3AncestralTemplePART4ThreeCravingsFolkHouseHousesinHuizhouaredominatedbywhiteandblack.Thewalliswhitewashed,thetileroofisblack.Localpeopleprefersimpleandimpressivecolorratherthanfloridcolortobeautifytheirresidences,seektheharmonywithsurroundinggreentrees,lushbamboos,clearstreams.Civilianhui-styleresidentialhousingembracelocalphysicalfeaturesofthearea,fengshuiconceptsandaesthetictrends.ThebeautyofHuizhouarchitectureliesinitsparticularityaboutthesurroundingenvironment.FolkHouseThecommonpeople’shomesaregenerallyacompoundwithhousesaroundthecourtyardon3or4sides.Mosthousesaretwostorey,andtherearefewwiththreestorey.FolkHouseTheoutlookoftheresidencesareverysimple,thedecorationoftheinterhousealsoveryexquisite.Beams,pillarsandpurlingareallgildedandpainted,andartofcarvingonwoodbrickandstoneisdisplayedtothefull.FolkHouseTheFeaturesofHui-StyleArchitectureHorseHead-shapedWallsFromtheexternalformoftheresidentialbuildings,the"horsehead-shapedwalls"arehigherthantheroofofhouseswhichcanslightlybeseen,withsome"horsehead-shapedwalls"beingtallinthemiddleandlowatbothendsandsomeslantedonthetopasaherringbone-shapedanddownwardsatbothends.Thegreytileeavesarewarpingtothebluesky,drawinganoutlineofthetopofwallsandthesky,whichaddsabeautyofstructureandrhythmandreflecttheharmonybetweenheavenandman.Thewallishigherthanitsroof,preventingfirefromspreadingincaseahousecatchfire,soit'salsocalledfireproofingwall.Anothernameishorse-headwallbecauseoftheshapeoftheslimprotrudingpartneartheeave.Anotherfunctionofthehighwallistoprecludethieffromclimbingin,additiontothehighwall,peopletendnottoopenwindowonthewall,windowsusuallyaresmallandhighifany.WindowsarereplacedbyTianjing(Skylight)whichcanadmitdaylightandfreshairinstead.HorseHead-shapedWallsTheFeaturesofHui-StyleArchitectureSkylightHuistylehousesaretypicallyoneswithskylights.Withaquadrateskylightsurroundedbyhousesfromfoursidesorfromleft,rightandbackside,theseHuistylehousescanreducethebeatofsunshineandenjoyventilation.Allthehousesdrainoffwatertotheskylightwhichmeansfortunewillnotrunoffoutside,whichiscalled"foursideswaterreturningtothemainhallofthehouses"bylocalnatives.TheFeaturesofHui-StyleArchitectureSkylightIntheolddays,thereisalongtableonthefontoflivingroom.Thevaseisplacedontheeast,themirrorisonthewest,andtheclockonthemiddle.Itsymbolizesthepeacethroughtoutthewholelife.Forthesakeofcoordination,onecylinderisplacedonbothsidesoftheclock.EastvaseandwestmirrorMemorialArchwayAmemorialarchwayrepresentsnotonlyatypeofconstruction,butalsothesymbolofthehighesthonorinfeudalsociety.Fortherearesomuchmemorialarchway,Huizhouisnamed“CityofChineseMemorialArchways”.MemorialArchwaySanYuanFang1.BrickMemorialArchwayforChasteWomen—— TheSufferingattheBackoftheHonorBrickmemorialarchwayforchastewomenwasbuiltin1905andwaslocatedinShecounty.ItisthelastmemorialarchwaythatislocatedinHuizhou.Thesewomenwerewidowsatyoungageandwerechasteorcommittedsuicideafterthedeathoftheirhusbands.2.TangyueMemorialArchwayGroup——HonorofOneFamily3.HuWenguangMemorialArchway——HonorforHonestandUprightVirtue4.XuGuoStoneMemorialArchway——TheOnlyEight-footMemorialArchwayAncestralTempleTheAncestralTempleistheholyhallwhereancestorsofaclansmanaresacrificed.EachvillageinHuizhouhasalarge-scaleandmagnificentancestralhall,whichdisplaysHuizhoupeople’sprofoundsenseoffamily.Itiscomparedtoadelicateartworkandalsoapreciousculturalrelicfromwhichwecanseethehistoryanddevelopmentofafamily.Inthepast,theAncestralTempleisthegatheringplacewhereclansmendiscussedtheirimportantfamilyissues.Itswidespaceallowedfamilymemberstoholdweddings,funeralsandothersignificantceremonies.ThreeCarvingsGenerallyspeaking,theexteriorappearanceofHui-stylebuildingsdifferslittlewhiletheirinteriorcanvaryalotbasedonthewishesoftheowners.HomedecorischaracterizedbythreetypesofHuicarving:stonecarving,woodcarvingandbrickcarving.Theaveragehomeownerwouldexpendlesseffortondecoratingtheinteriorroomsthantheirfacades.Thewindowsandgatesfacingoutwardwouldnormallyrequiredelicateworkmanship,andthegatehouseinparticularservedasanimportantbannerofwealthandsocialstatus,soworthyofthemostornatedesigns.HuizhouThreeCarvingsStoneCarvingBrickCarvingWoodCarvingHuizhouThreeCarvingThosethreekindofcarvingsareknownasHuizhouThreeCarvings.Richmerchantsspentalotofmoneydecoratingtheirhouseswithdelicatecarvings.ThethreecarvingsoriginatedinSongDynastyandreachedtheirpeakinMingandQingDynasty.Thecarvingsaremainlyusedasdecorationsforcivilresidences,ancestraltemples,archesandhandicraftslikefurniture,shelters,pencilvasesandetc.1.BrickCarvingBrickcarving,doneinfinegraybricksofvaryingshapesandsizes,mainlydecoratedbrickframesandeavesabovethegates.2.WoodCarvingWoodcarvingswereoftenfoundonbeams,pillarsandtheirabovebrackets,upturnedeaves,railings,doors,windowsandsuchfurnitureascupboardsandtables.3.StoneCarvingStonecarvingsareusedonmemorialarchwaysorbridges,housefoundations,andstonepillarsofancestraltemples,leakinghousewindows,roof-beamplatesandeaves,etc.TotakealookattheHuiarchitecture,XidiVillageinYixianCountyisthebestplacetogo.ItisasiteoftypicalHuiresidences,andoneofthe“AncientVillagesinSouthernAnhui”thathavebeencollectivelylistedasaWorldCulturalHeritageSitebyUNESCO.Todayover240wellpreservedresidencesfromtheMingandQingdynastiesstillhousesome300householdsofmorethan1,100residents.ThetouristattractionsinthevillageincludeLingyunPavilion,CishiArchway(orknownastheMemorialArchwayoftheGovernor),TaoliGarden,EastGardenandtheHallofRespect.Thesecenturies-oldstructureshavemadethevillageamicrocosmoftraditionalChinesecultureandanopen-airmuseumofMing-andQing-styleresidences.