Johannesburg-约翰内斯堡

JohannesburgCityofJohannesburgClockwise,fromtop:JohannesburgArtGallery,theHillbrowskylineatnight,NelsonMandelaSquareinSandton,JohannesburgCBDlookingeastovertheM1Freeway,theUniversityoftheWitwatersrand'sEastCampusandMontecasinoinFourways.FlagCoatofarmsNickname(s):Jo'burg;Jozi;MudiMulilaNgoma(Vendaversion),Joni(Tsongaversion);Egoli(PlaceofGold);Gauteng(PlaceofGold)Motto(s):"Unityindevelopment"[1]JohannesburgJohannesburg(/dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/;Afrikaans:[jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ];alsoknownasJozi,JoburgandEgoli)isthelargestcityinSouthAfricaandisoneofthe50largesturbanareasintheworld.[8]ItistheprovincialcapitalandlargestcityinGauteng,whichisthewealthiestprovinceinSouthAfrica.[9]WhileJohannesburgisnotoneofSouthAfrica'sthreecapitalcities,itistheseatoftheConstitutionalCourt.Thecityislocatedinthemineral-richWitwatersrandrangeofhillsandisthecentreoflarge-scalegoldanddiamondtrade.ThemetropolisisanalphaglobalcityaslistedbytheGlobalizationandWorldCitiesResearchNetwork.In2011,thepopulationofthecityofJohannesburgwas4,434,827,makingitthemostpopulouscityinSouthAfrica.[10]Inthesameyear,thepopulationofJohannesburg'surbanagglomerationwasputat7,860,781.[4]Thelandareaofthemunicipalcity(1,645km2(635sqmi))islargeincomparisonwiththoseofothermajorcities,resultinginamoderatepopulationdensityof2,364/km2(6,120/sqmi).Thecitywasestablishedin1886followingthediscoveryofgoldonwhathadbeenafarm.ThecityiscommonlyinterpretedasthemoderndayElDoradoduetotheextremelylargegolddepositfoundalongtheWitwatersrand.[11]Thenameisattributedtooneorallofthreemeninvolvedintheestablishmentofthecity.Intenyears,thepopulationwas100,000inhabitants.Aseparatecityfromthelate1970suntilthe1990s,SowetoisnowpartofJohannesburg.Originallyanacronymfor"South-WesternTownships",SowetooriginatedasacollectionofsettlementsontheoutskirtsofJohannesburg,populatedmostlybynativeAfricanworkersfromthegoldminingindustry.Soweto,althougheventuallyincorporatedintoJohannesburg,hadbeenseparatedasaresidentialareaforblacks,whowerenotpermittedtoliveinJohannesburgproper.LenasiaispredominantlypopulatedbyEnglish-speakingSouthAfricansofIndiandescent.Theseareasweredesignatedasnon-whiteareasinaccordancewiththesegregationistpoliciesoftheSouthAfricangovernmentknownasapartheid.EtymologyHistoryGoldrushandnamingofthecityRapidgrowth,JamesonRaidandtheSecondBoerWarPost-UnionhistoryGeographyClimateCityscapeArchitectureParksandgardensPublicartRedevelopmentofindustrialheritageNewtownculturalprecinct44StanleyAvenueMabonengDistrictDemographicsKeystatistics(2001)JohannesburgmainplaceUrbanagglomerationWidermetropolitanareaGovernmentCoatsofarmsMunicipal(1)Municipal(2)CrimeEconomyRetailJohannesburgCoordinates:26°12′16″S28°2′44″EContentsJohannesburgshownwithinGautengCoordinates:26°12′16″S28°2′44″ECountrySouthAfricaProvinceGautengMunicipalityCityofJohannesburgEstablished1886[2]Government•TypeMetropolitanmunicipality•MayorHermanMashaba(DA)Area[3]•City334.81km2(129.27sqmi)•Urban[4]3,357km2(1,296sqmi)Elevation1,753m(5,751ft)Population(2011)[3]•City957,441•Density2,900/km2(7,400/sqmi)•Urban[4]7,860,781•Urbandensity2,300/km2(6,100/sqmi)•Metro[5]9,616,000Racialmakeup(2011)[3]•BlackAfrican64.2%•Coloured13.9%CommunicationsandmediaSuburbsTourismSportsteamsandstadiumsFootballCricketRugbyTransportAirportsRoadsTaxisMasstransitTrainsBusesReaVayaEducationCultureMuseumsandgalleriesEntertainmentandperformingartsFamouspeopleborninJohannesburgPublicartTwintownsandsistercitiesGallerySeealsoNotesReferencesExternallinksControversysurroundstheoriginofthename.Therewerequiteanumberofpeoplewiththename"Johannes"whowereinvolvedintheearlyhistoryofthecity.Amongthemaretheprincipalclerkattachedtotheofficeofthesurveyor-generalHendrikDercksen,ChristiaanJohannesJoubert,whowasamemberoftheVolksraadandwasRepublic'schiefofmining.AnotherwasStephanusJohannesPaulusKruger(betterknownasPaulKruger),presidentoftheSouthAfricanRepublic(ZAR)from1883-1900.JohannesMeyer,thefirstgovernmentoficialintheareaisanotherpossibility.Preciserecordsforthechoiceofnamewerelost.JohannesRissikandJohannesJoubertweremembersofadelegationsenttoEnglandtoattainminingrightsforthearea.JouberthadaparkinthecitynamedafterhimandRissikhashisnameforoneofthemainstreetsinthecitywherethehistoricallyimportantalbeitdilapidatedRissikStreetPostOficeislocated.[12][13]TheCityHallisalsolocatedonRissikStreet.TheregionsurroundingJohannesburgwasoriginallyinhabitedbySanpeople.Bythe13thcentury,groupsofBantu-speakingpeoplestartedmovingsouthwardsfromcentralAfricaandencroachedontheindigenousSanpopulation.Bythemid-18thcentury,thebroaderregionwaslargelysettledbyvariousSotho–Tswanacommunities(onelinguisticbranchofBantu-speakers),whosevillages,towns,chiefdomsandkingdomsstretchedfromwhatisnowBotswanainthewest,topresentdayLesothointhesouth,tothepresentdayPediareasoftheNorthernProvince.Morespecifically,thestone-walledruinsofSotho–TswanatownsandvillagesarescatteredaroundthepartsoftheformerTransvaalprovinceinwhichJohannesburgissituated.JohannesburgJohannesburgLocationwithinGreaterJohannesburgJohannesburgEtymologyHistoryThefarmwheregoldwasfirstdiscoveredin1886•Indian/Asian6.7%•White13.9%•Other1.3%Firstlanguages(2011)[3]•English31.1%•Zulu19.6%•Afrikaans12.1%•Xhosa5.2%•Other31.9%Postalcode(street)2001PObox2000Areacode011HDI0.75High(2012)[6]GDPUS$83.9billion[7]GDPpercapitaUS$18,918[7]Websitewww.joburg.org.zaTheSotho–Tswanapractisedfarmingandextensivelyminedandsmeltedmetalsthatwereavailableinthearea.Moreover,fromtheearly1960suntilhisretirement,ProfessorRevilMasonoftheUniversityoftheWitwatersrand,exploredanddocumentedmanyLateIronAgearchaeologicalsitesthroughouttheJohannesburgarea.Thesesitesdatedfrombetweenthe12thcenturyand18thcentury,andmanycontainedtheruinsofSotho–Tswanaminesandironsmeltingfurnaces,suggestingthattheareawasbeingexploitedforitsmineralwealthbeforethearrivalofEuropeansorthediscoveryofgold.ThemostprominentsitewithinJohannesburgisMelvilleKoppies,whichcontainsanironsmeltingfurnace.[14]ManySotho–TswanatownsandvillagesintheareasaroundJohannesburgweredestroyedandtheirpeopledrivenawayduringthewarsemanatingfromZululandduringthelate18thandearly19thcenturies(themfecaneordifaqanewars),[15]andasaresult,anoffshootoftheZulukingdom,theNdebele(oftenreferredtobythenamethelocalSotho–Tswanagavethem,theMatebele),setupakingdomtothenorthwestofJohannesburgaroundmoderndayRustenburg.ThemainWitwatersrandgoldreefwasdiscoveredinJune1884onthefarmVogelstruisfonteinbyJanGerritseBantjesthattriggeredtheWitwatersrandGoldRushandthestartofJohannesburgin1886.Thediscoveryofgoldrapidlyattractedpeopletothearea,makingnecessaryanameandgovernmentalorganisationforthearea.JohannandJohanneswerecommonmalenamesamongtheDutchofthattime;twomeninvolvedinsurveyingtheareaforthebestlocationofthecity,ChristianJohannesJoubertandJohannRissik,areconsideredthesourceofthenamebysome.JohannesMeyer,thefirstgovernmentofficialintheareaisanotherpossibility.Preciserecordsforthechoiceofnamewerelost.[16]Withintenyears,thecityofJohannesburgincluded100,000people.[17]InSeptember1884,theStrubenbrothersdiscoveredtheConfidenceReefonthefarmWilgespruitnearpresent-dayRoodepoort,whichfurtherboostedexcitementovergoldprospects.ThefirstgoldtobecrushedontheWitwatersrandwasthegold-bearingrockfromtheBantjesminecrushedusingtheStrubenbrothersstampmachine.Also,newsofthediscoverysoonreachedKimberleyanddirectorsCecilRhodeswithSirJosephRobinsonrodeuptoinvestigaterumorsforthemselves.TheywereguidedtotheBantjescampwithitstentsstrungoutoverseveralkilometresandstayedwithBantjesfortwonights.In1884,theypurchasedthefirstpurerefinedgoldfromBantjesfor£3000.Incidentally,Bantjeshadsince1881beenoperatingtheKromdraaiGoldMineintheCradleofHumankindtogetherwithhispartnerJohannesStephanusMinnaarwheretheyfirstdiscoveredgoldin1881,andwhichalsoofferedanotherkindofdiscovery-theearlyancestorsofallmankind.SomereportAustralianGeorgeHarrisonasthefirsttomakeaclaimforgoldintheareathatbecameJohannesburg,ashefoundgoldonafarminJuly1886.Hedidnotstayinthearea.[18]Goldwasearlierdiscoveredsome400kilometres(249miles)totheeastofpresent-dayJohannesburg,inBarberton.GoldprospectorssoondiscoveredtherichergoldreefsoftheWitwatersrandofferedbyBantjes.Theoriginalminers'camp,undertheinformalleadershipofColIgnatiusFerreira,waslocatedintheFordsburgdip,possiblybecausewaterwasavailablethere,andbecauseofthesite'sproximitytothediggings.FollowingupontheestablishmentofJohannesburg,theareawastakenoverbytheGovernmentwhohaditsurveyedandnameditFerreira'sTownship,todaythesuburbofFerreirasdorp.ThefirstsettlementatFerreira'sCampwasestablishedasatentedcampandwhichsoonreachedapopulationof3,000by1887.[17]Thegovernmenttookoverthecamp,surveyeditandnameditFerreira'sTownship.[19]By1896,Johannesburgwasestablishedasacityofover100,000inhabitants,oneofthefastestgrowthcitiesever.[17]MinesnearJohannesburgareamongthedeepestintheworld,withsomeasdeepas4000m.[20]Likemanylate19th-centuryminingtowns,Johannesburgwasaroughanddisorganisedplace,populatedbywhiteminersfromallcontinents,Africantribesmenrecruitedtoperformunskilledminework,Africanwomenbeerbrewerswhocookedforandsoldbeertotheblackmigrantworkers,averylargenumberofEuropeanprostitutes,gangsters,impoverishedAfrikaners,tradesmen,andZulu"AmaWasha",Zulumenwhosurprisinglydominatedlaundrywork.[21]Asthevalueofcontrolofthelandincreased,tensionsdevelopedbetweentheBoergovernmentinPretoriaandtheBritish,culminatingintheJamesonRaidthatendedinfiascoatDoornkopinJanuary1896andtheSecondBoerWar(1899–1902)thatsawBritishforcesunderFieldMarshalFrederickSleighRoberts,1stEarlRoberts,occupythecityon30May1900afteraseriesofbattlestothesouth-westofitsthen-limits,nearpresent-dayKrugersdorp.FightingtookplaceattheGatsrandPass(nearZakariyyaPark)on27May,northofVanwyksrust–today'sNancefield,EldoradoParkandNaturena–thenextday,culminatinginamassinfantryattackonwhatisnowthewaterworksridgeinChiaweloandSenaoaneon29May.[22][23]Duringthewar,manyAfricanmineworkersleftJohannesburgcreatingalabourshortage,whichtheminesamelioratedbybringinginlabourersfromChina,especiallysouthernChina.Afterthewar,theywerereplacedbyblackworkers,butmanyChinesestayedon,creatingJohannesburg'sChinesecommunity,whichduringtheapartheidera,wasnotlegallyclassifiedas"Asian",butas"Coloured".Thepopulationin1904was155,642,ofwhom83,363wereWhites.[24]GoldrushandnamingofthecityRapidgrowth,JamesonRaidandtheSecondBoerWarPost-UnionhistoryMajorbuildingdevelopmentstookplaceinthe1930s,afterSouthAfricawentoffthegoldstandard.Inthelate1940sandearly1950s,Hillbrowwenthigh-rise.Inthe1950sandearly1960s,theapartheidgovernmentconstructedthemassiveagglomerationoftownshipsthatbecameknownasSoweto.Newfreewaysencouragedmassivesuburbansprawltothenorthofthecity.Inthelate1960sandearly1970s,towerblocks(includingtheCarltonCentreandtheSouthernLifeCentre)filledtheskylineofthecentralbusinessdistrict.Thecentralareaofthecityunderwentsomethingofadeclineinthe1980sand1990s,duetothehighcrimerateandwhenpropertyspeculatorsdirectedlargeamountsofcapitalintosuburbanshoppingmalls,decentralisedofficeparks,andentertainmentcentres.SandtonCitywasopenedin1973,followedbyRosebankMallin1976,andEastgatein1979.[25]On12May2008,aseriesofriotsstartedinthetownshipofAlexandra,inthenorth-easternpartofJohannesburg,whenlocalsattackedmigrantsfromMozambique,MalawiandZimbabwe,killingtwopeopleandinjuring40others.Theseriotssparkedthexenophobicattacksof2008.[26]AcompletelyrefurbishedSoccerCitystadiuminJohannesburghostedthe2010FIFAWorldCupfinal.JohannesburgislocatedintheeasternplateauareaofSouthAfricaknownastheHighveld,atanelevationof1,753metres(5,751ft).TheformerCentralBusinessDistrictislocatedonthesouthernsideoftheprominentridgecalledtheWitwatersrand(Afrikaans:WhiteWater'sRidge)andtheterrainfallstothenorthandsouth.ByandlargetheWitwatersrandmarksthewatershedbetweentheLimpopoandVaalriversasthenorthernpartofthecityisdrainedbytheJukskeiRiverwhilethesouthernpartofthecity,includingmostoftheCentralBusinessDistrict,isdrainedbytheKlipRiver.Thenorthandwestofthecityhasundulatinghillswhiletheeasternpartsareflatter.Johannesburgmaynotbebuiltonariverorharbour,butitsstreamscontributetotwoofsouthernAfrica'smightiestrivers–theLimpopoandtheOrange.Mostofthespringsfromwhichmanyofthesestreamsemanatearenowcoveredinconcreteandcanalised,accountingforthefactthatthenamesofearlyfarmsintheareaoftenendwith"fontein",meaning"spring"inAfrikaans.Braamfontein,Rietfontein,Zevenfontein,Doornfontein,ZandfonteinandRandjesfonteinaresomeexamples.WhenthefirstwhitesettlersreachedtheareathatisnowJohannesburg,theynoticedtheglisteningrocksontheridges,runningwithtricklesofwater,fedbythestreams–givingtheareaitsname,theWitwatersrand,"theridgeofwhitewaters".Anotherexplanationisthatthewhitenesscomesfromthequartziterock,whichhasaparticularsheentoitafterrain.[27]Thesitewasnotchosensolelyforitsstreams,however.Oneofthemainreasonsthecitywasfoundedwhereitstandstodaywasbecauseofthegold.Indeed,thecityoncesatnearmassiveamountsofgold,giventhatatonepointtheWitwatersrandgoldindustryproducedfortypercentoftheplanet'sgold.[28]Johannesburgissituatedonthehighveldplateau,andhasasubtropicalhighlandclimate(KöppenCwb).Thecityenjoysasunnyclimate,withthesummermonths(OctobertoApril)characterisedbyhotdaysfollowedbyafternoonthundershowersandcoolevenings,andthewintermonths(MaytoSeptember)bydry,sunnydaysfollowedbycoldnights.[29]TemperaturesinJohannesburgareusuallyfairlymildduetothecity'shighelevation,withanaveragemaximumdaytimetemperatureinJanuaryof25.6°C(78.1°F),droppingtoanaveragemaximumofaround16°C(61°F)inJune.TheUVindexforJohannesburginsummersisextreme,oftenreaching14-16duetothehighelevationanditslocationinthesubtropics.[30]Winteristhesunniesttimeoftheyear,withmilddaysandcoolnights,droppingto4.1°C(39.4°F)inJuneandJuly.Thetemperatureoccasionallydropstobelowfreezingatnight,causingfrost.Snowisarareoccurrence,withsnowfallhavingbeenexperiencedinthetwentiethcenturyduringMay1956,August1962,June1964andSeptember1981.Inthe21stcentury,therewaslightsleetin2006,aswellassnowproperon27June2007(accumulatingupto10centimetres(4in)inthesouthernsuburbs)[31]and7August2012.[32]Regularcoldfrontspassoverinwinterbringingverycoldsoutherlywindsbutusuallyclearskies.Theannualaveragerainfallis713millimetres(28.1in),whichismostlyconcentratedinthesummermonths.Infrequentshowersoccurthroughthecourseofthewintermonths.ThelowestnighttimeminimumtemperatureeverrecordedinJohannesburgis−8.2°C(17.2°F),on13June1979.Thelowestdaytimemaximumtemperaturerecordedis1.5°C(34.7°F),on19June1964.[33]PritchardStreetc.1940StreetsceneinJohannesburgin1970GeographyJanuary2008Johannesburgaerialviewlookingtowardsthesouth-eastClimateAnaerialphotographofsummerraincloudsoverJohannesburg.Thecity'sclimateexperiencesregulardailythunderstormsfromNovembertoMarchintheafternoons.ClimatedataforJohannesburgMonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecordhigh°C(°F)41.4(106.5)33.5(92.3)31.9(89.4)29.3(84.7)26.4(79.5)23.1(73.6)24.4(75.9)26.2(79.2)30.0(86)32.2(90)38.5(101.3)39.4(102.9)41.4(106.5)Meanmaximum°C(°F)30.2(86.4)29.1(84.4)28.0(82.4)25.5(77.9)23.0(73.4)20.4(68.7)21.1(70)24.4(75.9)28.4(83.1)29.4(84.9)29.5(85.1)29.8(85.6)31.4(88.5)Averagehigh°C(°F)25.6(78.1)25.1(77.2)24.0(75.2)21.1(70)18.9(66)16.0(60.8)16.7(62.1)19.4(66.9)22.8(73)23.8(74.8)24.2(75.6)25.2(77.4)21.9(71.4)Dailymean°C(°F)19.5(67.1)19.0(66.2)18.0(64.4)15.3(59.5)12.6(54.7)9.6(49.3)10.0(50)12.5(54.5)15.9(60.6)17.1(62.8)17.9(64.2)19.0(66.2)15.5(59.9)Averagelow°C(°F)14.7(58.5)14.1(57.4)13.1(55.6)10.3(50.5)7.2(45)4.1(39.4)4.1(39.4)6.2(43.2)9.3(48.7)11.2(52.2)12.7(54.9)13.9(57)10.1(50.2)Meanminimum°C(°F)11.0(51.8)10.3(50.5)8.5(47.3)4.7(40.5)1.6(34.9)−1.9(28.6)−1.9(28.6)−0.6(30.9)1.8(35.2)4.7(40.5)7.3(45.1)9.5(49.1)−3.1(26.4)Recordlow°C(°F)7.2(45)6.0(42.8)2.1(35.8)0.5(32.9)−2.5(27.5)−8.2(17.2)−5.1(22.8)−5.0(23)−3.3(26.1)0.2(32.4)1.5(34.7)3.5(38.3)−8.2(17.2)Averageprecipitationmm(inches)125(4.92)90(3.54)91(3.58)54(2.13)13(0.51)9(0.35)4(0.16)6(0.24)27(1.06)72(2.83)117(4.61)105(4.13)713(28.07)Averageprecipitationdays(≥0.1mm)15.911.211.98.62.92.01.02.13.89.815.214.999.3Averagerelativehumidity(%)69706865565349464756656659Meanmonthlysunshinehours250.1224.8238.8236.9276.0266.9283.9284.1280.8269.5248.7263.93,124.4Source#1:WorldMeteorologicalOrganization,[34]NOAA[35]Source#2:SouthAfricanWeatherService[36]ApanoramaoftheJohannesburgCBDatsunriselookingeastacrosstheM1highwayCityscapeJohannesburgCBDFromM2Highway,photosbyPaulSaad[37]ThecityisoftendescribedasAfrica'seconomicpowerhouse,andcontentiouslyasamodernandprosperousAfricancity.[38]Johannesburg,likemanymetropolises,hasmorethanonecentralbusinessdistrict(CBD),including,butnotlimitedto,Sandton,RosebankandRoodepoortinadditiontotheoriginalCBD.SometendtoincludeBenoniandGermistonaswell.DuetoitsmanydifferentcentraldistrictsJohannesburgwouldfallunderthemultiplenucleimodelinhumangeographyterms.ItisthehubofSouthAfrica'scommercial,financial,industrial,andminingundertakings.Johannesburgispartofalargerurbanregion.Itiscloselylinkedwithseveralothersatellitetowns.RandburgandSandtonformpartofthenorthernarea.TheeastandwestridgesspreadoutfromcentralJohannesburg.TheCentralBusinessDistrictcoversanareaof6squarekilometres(2sqmi).ItconsistsofcloselypackedskyscraperssuchastheCarltonCentre,MarbleTowers,TrustBankBuilding,PonteCityApartments,SouthernLifeCentreand11DiagonalStreet.Johannesburg'scitycentreretainsitselementsofarectangulargridpatternthatwerefirstofficiallyrecordedin1886.[28]Streetsarenarrowandfilledwithhighrisesbuiltinthemid-tolate1900s.OldVictorianerabuildingsfirstbuiltinthelate1800shavebeentorndownlongago.[28]The1900sbroughtalongwithittheintroductionofmanydifferentarchitecturalstylesandstructures.TheJohannesburgArtGalleryandSupremeCourtBuildingbeingtwoexamples.ThesewereimportantBeauxArtsstructures,withthestyleputinplaceby(atthetime)colonialparent,theBritishEmpire.[28]SouthAfricadidn'tborrowarchitecturaltechniquesexclusivelyfromBritain,however.TheywerealsoinspiredbyAmericanmodelsandstyles,havingbuiltseveralstructuresliketheESKOMBuildingandtheCornerHousetoemulatetheprowessofNewYorkCity,locatedintheUnitedStates.[28]TheskylineofJohannesburg'sCentralBusinessDistrictasseenfromtheobservatoryoftheCarltonCentreTheskylineofHillbrowTheSouthernLifeCentreTheskylineofParktownasviewedfromWitsUniversityJohannesburgishometosomeofAfrica'stalleststructures,suchastheSentechTower,HillbrowTower,theCarltonCentreandPonteCityApartments.TheJohannesburgcityskylinehasmostofthetallestbuildingsonthecontinentandcontainsmostinternationalorganisationssuchasIBM,Absa,BHPBilliton,WillisGroup,FirstNationalBank,NedbankandStandardBank.Manyofthecity'solderbuildingshavebeendemolishedandmoremodernonesbuiltintheirplace.NorthoftheCBDisHillbrow,themostdenselypopulatedresidentialareainsouthernAfrica.NorthwestoftheCBDisBraamfontein,asecondaryCBDhousingmanyofficesandbusinesspremises.TheCBDispredominatedbyfourstylesofarchitecture,beingVictorianColonial,EdwardianBaroque,ArtDecoandModernism.ArchitectureParksandgardensParksandgardensinJohannesburgaremaintainedbyJohannesburgCityParksandZoo.[39]CityParksisalsoresponsibleforplantingthecity'smanygreentrees,makingJohannesburgoneofthe'greenest'citiesintheworld.Ithasbeenestimatedthattherearesixmilliontreesinthecitywiththenumbergrowingeveryyear–1.2milliononpavementsandsidewalks,andafurther4.8millioninprivategardens.[40]CityParkscontinuestoinvestinplantingtrees,particularlythosepreviouslydisadvantagedareasofJohannesburgwhichwerenotpositivebeneficiariesofapartheidJohannesburg'surbanplanning.JohannesburgBotanicalGarden,locatedinthesuburbofEmmarentia,isapopularrecreationalpark.Thecityishometoanextensiveportfolioofpublicart.Johannesburghasanactiveartscenea