药物与辅料相互作用

FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 1 Workshop IV Understanding Drug-Excipient Interactions Dr Brian A Carlin Director Open Innovation FMC BioPolymer, Princeton NJ Chairman QbD Committee International Pharmaceutical Excipient Council FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 2 • Excipients are more complex than well-characterized active pharmaceutical ingredients (“APIs”). Often, it is the multi-component nature of the excipient that drives many of the interactions with APIs. Even for the most commonly used excipients, it is necessary to understand the context of their manufacture in order to identify potential API interactions with trace components. This workshop will illustrate the contrasting nature of excipients, and help identify reaction mechanisms. This session is recommended for industry professionals in manufacturing, formulation, quality, and technical service functions dealing with drug degradations. FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 3 Drug (API) • Predominantly single synthetic small molecule chemical entities (excluding biologics) • Batch manufacture • Well characterised impurity profiles • Impurities are unintended or unavoidable constituents which differ from the labelled chemical entity – Process (by-products & residuals) – Degradation – Contamination FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 4 API/Drug Product Impurities • Impurity: Any component of the new drug substance that is not the chemical entity defined as the new drug substance. ICH Q3A • Impurity: Any component of the intermediate or API that is not the desired entity. ICH Q7A • Impurity: Any component of the new drug product that is not the drug substance or an excipient in the drug product. ICH Q3B • Drug = Labelled entity + impurities FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 5 Impurity • The quality or condition of being impure, especially: – Contamination or pollution. – Lack of consistency or homogeneity; adulteration. – A state of immorality; sin. • Something that renders something else impure • Inferior component or additive. FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 6 Excipient • Inert(?) substances used as a diluent or vehicle for a drug – Chemically inert? – Biologically inert? • Enablers of medicinal products • Majority of Pharmaceutical Suppliers are Chemical Industry subsidiaries • Small fraction of Parent Production • Varying degrees of dedicated R&D • Specifications-driven • Global Market and Manufacturing Base FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 7 Excipients are from a Diverse Materials Base • Chemical synthesis* • Mining of minerals • Harvesting of vegetation • Formulated Products • Biotechnology • Genetic Modification • Animal by-products * often less defined than single low mol wt entities, multicomponent &/or polymeric FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 8 Excipient vs Drug (API) • Rarely single synthetic small molecule chemical entities • Often polymeric (synthetic, semi-synthetic & natural) • Inorganics • Continuous Production • Less well defined composition and “impurity” profiles • Composition & impurities may be process/source dependent • Excipient = Labelled entity + other components + impurities – concomitant components – additives – processing aids FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 9 Humpty Dumpty language • n. An idiosyncratic or eccentric use of language in which the meaning of particular words is determined by the speaker. "When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean— neither more nor less." "The question is, " said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things." "The question is," said Humpty Dumpty. "which is to be master—that's all." FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 10 “Pure” Excipients that don’t work • Pure DiCalcium Phosphate doesn’t compact well – Absence of impurity related crystal defects – Crystal ‘strength’ depends on dislocations in the crystal lattice • Pure Magnesium Stearate doesn’t lubricate – Absence of water (only hydrates lubricate) FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 11 What might be contained in an Excipient? • The ‘nominal’ chemical component • Impurities (Raw material, process & degradation) – Organic – Inorganic • Processing aids • Additives • Residual solvents/water • Other (concomitant) components • Some may be essential for performance/functionality FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 12 What are ‘concomitant’ components? • Related substances • Unrelated substances • Organic or inorganic • By-products from the manufacturing process • Residues from starting materials • Residual solvent and/or water • May be quantitatively significant (tens of %) • May be:- – Necessary (≠ Impurities) – Desirable (≠ Impurities) – Innocuous (= Impurities?) – Undesirable (= Impurities) FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 13 Excipient Impurities • The term ‘impurity’ is a misnomer when applied to excipients in the same manner as used for APIs • There may be some components that must be controlled for safety or functionality • An excipient impurity is any undesirable component • This definition requires full understanding of manufacturing and sourcing history! • The presence of multiple components in an excipient may be beneficial and should not be construed as undesirable • Coprocessed excipients multicomponent by definition – Focus on new impurities (or absence) FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 14 International Pharmaceutical Excipient Council • IPEC Composition Committee developing guidelines on excipient composition which will address concomitant components, additives, processing aids, impurities and related issues • Working with PDG (USP, PhEur, JP) to develop policy on additives, processing aids and co-processed excipients. FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 15 97% purity 95% purity 72% purity 25% purity + degradants FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 16 Difficult to purify non crystallised or non-precipitated excipients Eg MCC Wood chips Wood Pulp Powdered Cellulose Microcrystalline Cellulose Processing Aids Delignification, bleaching, hydrolysis HydrolysisProcessing Aids Users do not purify excipients, used as purchased. Consequently components in the excipient will be present in the pharmaceutical product. FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 17 MCC Hydrolysates (Ether & Water Solubles) Landin et al Int J Pharm 91 133-41 1993 Lignin derived MCC components (ether solubles) Crowley PJ Martini LG, Pharmaceutical Technology Oct 2001 FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 18 Pharmacopoeial compliance insufficient •Safety/toxicology focus on identified components •May not be comprehensive wrt to all components (esp if undisclosed) •Inconsistent approach to additives and process aids •Qualitative limits (pass/fail) rather than quantitative results. •Non-specific assays or limits FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 19 Drug Excipient Interaction • Biological – Pgp and CYP3A4 inhibition • Physical – API adsorption onto suspended insoluble excipient • Ionic – Basic drugs with acidic excipients – pH microenvironment vs drug pH-stability profile • Chemical FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 20 Major Routes of Drug Degradation Crowley PJ Martini LG, Pharmaceutical Technology Oct 2001 •Solid-state vs Liquid •Water activity more important than water content •Water effects on mobility of reactants outweighs direct hydrolysis FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 21 Excipient or Impurities? • Few drugs react directly with excipients, except amines with reducing carbohydrates (Maillard reaction) • In many cases drugs react with excipient impurities, including reducing carbohydrates • Major Reactive Excipient Impurities (Waterman K) – Water – Hydrogen peroxide (other oxidised species) – Formaldehyde (other aldehydes) – Formic Acid (other acids) • Low drug excipient ratio = higher reaction risk • Low reactant mol wt = higher risk (mobile or even volatile) FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 22 Common Impurities in Excipients Crowley PJ Martini LG, Pharmaceutical Technology Oct 2001 FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 23 Profiling of Reactive Impurities in Pharmaceutical Excipients Excipient Impurities Level ppm MCC Glucose 40-80 Pregelatinised Starch Crospovidone HPC Povidone Crospovidone Nitrate Nitrite Monochloroacetate Formaldehyde 11-41 Peroxide 37-72 SSG 117-286 Y. Wu, J. Levons, W. Fu, V. Rao AAPS2007-002404 FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 24 Reactive Aldehydes Excipient ppm formaldehyde Corn starch 72 Pregelatinized starch 100 MCC 71 PVP 208 PEO MW 600K 66 PEO MW 2000K 65 HPC 63 Waterman K, 2nd Annual Drug-Excipient Compatibility Conference, Princeton 2006 FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 25 Trace Formic Acid and Formaldehyde in Film Coatings Ferrizzi & Farrell AAPS 2008 FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 26 Packaging Impurities • Na2O, SiO2, MgO, CaO from glass • Styrene from polystyrene • Diethylhexylphthalate plasticiser from PVC • Dioctyltin isooctylmercaptoacetate stabiliser from PVC • 2 mercaptobenzothiazole accelerator from rubber • Furfural from rayon FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 27 Water • Excipient moisture increases water activity and reactant mobility • Reactivity increases exponentially • Mobility usually more of a problem than hydrolysis • If water is also a reaction product:- autocatalysis • Acetylsalicylic acid + water → Salicylic acid + Acetic Acid + water • Control of free water can enable stable combination of otherwise incompatible reactants FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 28 Excipients Containing Peroxides • Polyvinyl pyrrolidones – povidone – crospovidone • Polyethers – PEG’s, PEO’s – polysorbates • Oils FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 29 Polyvinylpyrrolidones • Peroxide initiated polymerisation, ppb heavy metal catalysis • Peroxides formed during spray drying • Peroxide content increases with age • Drying excluding air, low temp storage, packaging under vacuum/inert gas slows but does not stop peroxide • Higher levels of heavy metals (ppm) inhibit peroxide • Peroxide-cleaving enzymes stabilise PVP US Patent 6592900 FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 30 Oxidation from PVP/PVP-XL peroxide impurities Hartauer et al Pharm Dev & Technol 5(3) 301-10 2000 FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 31 Polyether oxidation • Ethers react with oxygen to form peroxides, esp with light • Hydrogen peroxide and other oxides formed, up to 0.2% • Concentrations may increase with raw material age • Concentrations may stabilise due to reaction with other polyether molecules forming carbonyl compounds – HCHO, HCOOH, CH3COOH and other aldehydes & acids – hence carbonyl content test for non-carbonyl polyethers • Chain-breaking antioxidants but not metal-chelators block peroxide accumulation eg BHA, BHT, Pr Gallate • Anti-oxidants interfere with peroxide assays • If anti-oxidant also stabilises drug don’t switch to anti- oxidant-free grades of surfactant! FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 32 Oxidation due to reducing sugar impurities in Mannitol USP Dubost et al, Pharm Res 13 1811 1996 Reducing sugar impurities in mannitol responsible for oxidative degradation of cyclic heptapeptide by mechanism involving Schiffs base intermediates. Potential route of degradation for other arylmethylamines in mannitol based formulations. FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 33 Formaldehyde from drug attacking excipient • HCTZ + H2O → 5 Cl-2,4-disulfamoylanaline + HCHO • HCHO + 2RCOOH → RCOCH2OCR + H2O • Acetal crosslinking of SSG, reducing disintegration • Formaldehyde from drug attacked disintegrant, reducing dissolution Desai et al Int J Pharm 107 141-7 1994 FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 34 Excipient Induced Formaldehyde from one drug attacking another drug • Irbesartan/HCTZ combination tablets • Hydroxymethyl-Irbesartan adduct formed from HCHO from HCTZ • Povidone and poloxamer destabilised HCTZ US Patent 5994348 FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 35 Glyoxal in Hydroxyethyl Cellulose • Dialdehyde surface treatment additive • Ph Eur limit of NMT 20ppm (defined impurity) • Can react with amine groups on API FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 36 Other Impurities • Acids – Oxidation of aldehydes, residual reactant or process aid – Formic, Acetic from HCHO, CH3CHO respectively – React with alcohol to form esters – Eg Glycolic acid from carboxymethylation processes • Esters – Formate, acetate, glycolate (hydroxyacetate) – May form amides by reacting with amines. • Alcohols – Residual process aid – MeOH, EtOH, PrOH – Risk of trans-esterfication – Eg Processing of disintegrants and carrageenans FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 37 How to control excipient impurities • Chemical Modification – Practically impossible without Pharmaceutical sponsor • Minimise impurities – Technically or economically within supplier process capability? – Lot selection (frequency, process capability) – User purification • Additives to suppress undesirable reactants – Transparency vs trade secret – Need for common pharmacopoeial approach (IPEC) • Formulate • Talk to your suppliers to understand context of specific excipient manufacture and process capability. FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 38 Increased Data from Supplier to User •User needs more information than in past. – Confidential information via DMF? – Does FDA really need such information unrelated to safety or performance risk? •Paradigm shift as FDA gets more focused on risk management. •FDA only wants to review key data to assess safety and risk. •FDA doesn't want DMF to become entire dossier about excipient. •Non-confidential details should be provided to users during product development and potentially in their filing if really needed by FDA. FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 39 B Carlin USP Ann Sci Mtg 2005 FMC BioPolymer ExcipientFest 2009 40 In conclusion • The labelled or nominal entity may not be the cause of excipient-related API degradation • Understand your excipient manufacture and chemistry • Use supplier excipient expertise • Provide feedback to your suppliers:- – They cannot ensure fitness for use if user doesn’t provide criteria • Seek win-win to minimise cost-in-use Workshop IV �Understanding Drug-Excipient Interactions Slide Number 2 Drug (API) API/Drug Product Impurities Impurity Excipient Excipients are from a Diverse Materials Base Excipient vs Drug (API) Humpty Dumpty language “Pure” Excipients that don’t work What might be contained in an Excipient? What are ‘concomitant’ components? Excipient Impurities International Pharmaceutical Excipient Council Slide Number 15 Difficult to purify non crystallised �or non-precipitated excipients Eg MCC MCC Hydrolysates (Ether & Water Solubles) Pharmacopoeial compliance insufficient Drug Excipient Interaction Major Routes of Drug Degradation Excipient or Impurities? Common Impurities in Excipients Profiling of Reactive Impurities in �Pharmaceutical Excipients Reactive Aldehydes Trace Formic Acid and Formaldehyde�in Film Coatings Packaging Impurities Water Excipients Containing Peroxides Polyvinylpyrrolidones Oxidation from PVP/PVP-XL peroxide impurities Polyether oxidation Oxidation due to reducing sugar impurities �in Mannitol USP Formaldehyde from drug attacking excipient Excipient Induced Formaldehyde from one drug attacking another drug Glyoxal in Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Other Impurities How to control excipient impurities Increased Data from Supplier to User Slide Number 39 In conclusion