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nullThe Definition of LiteratureThe Definition of LiteratureLiterature n. 1. The body of written works of a language, period, or culture. 2. Imaginative or creative writing, especially of recognized artistic value: "Literature must be an analysis of experience and a synthesis of the findings into a unity" Rebecca West. 3. The art or occupation of a literary writer. 4. The body of written work produced by scholars or researchers in a given field: medical literature. 5. Printed material: collected all the available literature on the subject. 6. Music All the compositions of a certain kind or for a specific instrument or ensemble: the symphonic literature.nullThe Meaning of Literature:      Literature comes from that Latin word littera, that directly translated means letter, thus supporting the idea that literature is written. This view however leaves out the idea that there can be oral literature as well from which many of our stories and books come from.      The main form of literature, the book, has had a great impact upon the formation of our society today. Before the 1940’s TV had not come into being yet and there was not much else to do other than read books. So reading used to be a great pleasure for the older generations. There also can be forms of artistic literature such as poetry or play writing. These also play an important part in literature. Literature must have certain qualities such as plot, characters, tone, symbols, conflict, point of view, and many other elements working together. nullHistory: 1. A narrative of events; a story. 2. a. A chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events: a history of the Vikings. b. A formal written account of related natural phenomena: a history of volcanoes. c. A record of a patient's medical background. d. An established record or pattern of behavior: an inmate with a history of robbery. 3. The branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past events: "History has a long-range perspective" Elizabeth Gurley Flynn. 4. a. The events forming the subject matter of a historical account. b. The aggregate of past events or human affairs: basic tools used throughout history. c. An interesting past: a house with history. d. Something that belongs to the past. e. Slang One that is no longer worth consideration: Why should we worry about him? He's history!The History of LiteratureThe History of LiteratureThe history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry which attempt to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/hearer/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. Not all writings constitute literature. Some recorded materials, such as compilation of data (e.g., a check register) are not considered literature. What is a Movie? What is a Movie?What do you think of when you hear that word? A motion picture is simply a series of still pictures shown quickly so they simulate motion. But a film can be so much more than that. It can tell a story, inform people of news, or educate. A movie can shock, provoke, and stimulate the imagination. ActionAction"Action" in movies is usually conflict, suspense, and things that are exciting to watch (such as car chases and explosions). An action movie usually involves a war, a conspiracy, or an adventure that involves many fast-paced moments. The Indiana Jones movies, for example, include fights, shooting, explosions, chases, suspense, and adventure. These movies can usually be found in the Action/Adventure section of a video store. Nowadays, action movies are becoming more packed with exciting moments at the expense of a good plot. Armageddon, a film that premiered in 1998, had so many action moments that you couldn't figure out what was going on at some times. Still, these moments are what please the general audience, and a top-grossing film usually has action.ComedyComedyComedy is an entirely different language that some people speak a little better than others. What we do with this language is our choice entirely. Some of us speak with a cultural dialect (i.e. jokes, movies, and books that appeal to only one culture), while others use comedy that many people enjoy. Every now and then a good funny book, actor, or movie will be spat out by life, and then, we laugh. So when you watch a comedy, read a comedy, or listen to a comedy, remeber that it is not meant to be taken too seriously, and is just plain funny.Science FictionScience FictionScience fiction is the final frontier of human creativity. It is a combination of what we know, what we think we know, and what we don't know. Much like in literature, Sci-Fi has been known to give one a large realization, a shiver down the spine, or a glimpse at a possible future. Science fiction, starting from a little blip at the premier of the French Voyage to the Moon, has come a long way to movies such as the Alien series. With progress in these movies with their special effects and their more advanced plots and actors, these movies will just get better and better. Also, with all of the great movies that have come along with this subject, at least an equal number of poor movies have hitched a ride too. Movies such as the sci-fi/horror Plan Nine from Outer Space, for instance, were not too good at what they tried to be. However, the movie was incredibly popular years after its release. Also, the director was the only known winner of the Double Golden Turkey Award given for the worst movie and the worst director of all time.Ideas in Literary WorksIdeas in Literary WorksLiterary Thoughts Literary Images Character Features Literary Forms Plots Structures Main Themes Conflicts ClimaxHow to Watch Movies Intelligently and Critically?How to Watch Movies Intelligently and Critically? The movies made from foreign masterpieces of literature are usually called classic movies. Classic movies are often distinguished or unique works of cinema that have transcended time and trends, with indefinable quality.Ideas in Understanding Classics of Foreign Literary MasterpiecesIdeas in Understanding Classics of Foreign Literary Masterpieces1. Limitations in determining literary classics: Time’s choice/Personal choice; Common Standard/Special Standard; 2. Literary classics and best sellers: Ever-green/Time’s product 3. Artistic value and Market price: Looking for Market prices /standing for best brands 4. Originality and Translation: Original Copy: the most authority copy; Translations: Best quality nullMovies: Movie Art and Cinematics (Movie Theory, Movie Criticism and Movie History) Shooting Scenes: Time and Place Movie Language: Communicating process Movie Music: Essential Part Movie Techniques: Multiple points of view and Montage Movie Director: Leader in movie creation Movie Players: Decisive element in box officenull12. Movie Titles: Close relationship with the theme 13. Year of Release: Background Knowledge 14. Movie Rating: MPAA Rating System G—General Audiences PG—Parental Guidance Suggested PG-13—Parents Strongly Cautioned R—Restricted NC-17—No One 17 and Under Admitted 15. Running-Time: The development of the plot Genre ClassificationGenre Classification1. Action Films: Rescue, Runaway, Fighting, Natural disaster, Spies, GongFu…… Adventure Films: Forests, Deserts, Treasure Seeking, No-man’s land,….. Comedy Films: Humor and exaggeration through plots, language, behavior and others,…… Crimes & Gangsters Films: Bank robbery, Underground people, Thefts, Murder and others,…… Drama Films: Moving plots, lively characters and without any special effects,……. Historical Films: Mythologies, Histories, Bible stories,…… nullHorror Films: Ghosts and monsters, aliens, science fiction, supernatural powers, …… Musicals/Dance Films: Wonderful music and lively dancing as the means of plot development,…… Science Fiction Films: Far-away stars, space aliens, dreams, future science, …… War/Anti-war Films: Fierce fighting at the sea, on the land and in the air, military actions, captives,…… Western Films: Special scenery, sharp features, cowboys, Indians, dusty towns,…… NOTE: Understanding the genres of movies can help us better understand the ways of how to appreciate movies.电影的分类 Genre Classifications电影的分类 Genre Classifications电影的分类多种多样, 但主要有以下几种: 1. 动作片 (Action Films): 解救, 逃亡, 打斗, 自然灾，间谍, 功夫等. 2. 冒险片 (Adventure Films): 丛林, 沙漠, 寻宝, 经历无人地带, 前所未有的经历等. 3. 喜剧片 (Comedy Films): 通过情节, 语言, 行为人物间的关系 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现轻松幽默, 夸张嘲讽. 4. 犯罪片 (Crimes & Gangsters Films): 银行抢劫, 地下人物, 盗窃, 谋杀, 及各种犯罪活动. 5. 戏剧片 (Drama Films): 情节感人, 人物生动, 背景鲜明, 不以特殊效果为基础. 6. 历史片 (Historical Films): 神话传奇, 历史人物, 历史事件, 圣经故事等. 7 恐怖片 (Horror Films): 妖魔鬼怪, 异形生物, 科幻故事, 超自然能力, 杀人等. 8 音乐舞蹈片 (Musicals/Dance Films):以音乐舞蹈作为电影情节的陈述方式, 音乐舞姿轻松愉快. 9 科幻片 (Science Fiction Films): 异型动物, 遥远星球, 太空生灵, 梦幻背景, 未来科技等. 10 战争片 (War/Anti-war Films): 场面激烈, 水陆空战斗, 英雄故事, 战俘经历, 军事行动, 军事训练等. 11 西部片 (Western Films): 背景独特, 人物鲜明, 服装奇异, 骑士马车, 牛仔, 印第安人, 经常以尘土飞扬的西部小城为背景. Famous Movie-makersFamous Movie-makersParamount Pictures Corporation: “Godfather” (1972) United Artists Corporation: “Westside Story” (1961) 20 Century-Fox Corporation: “The Sound of Music” (1965) Columbia Pictures Inc.: “Kramer Vs Kramer” (1979) Universal Pictures Company：“Out of Africa” (1985) Metro-Goldwy-Mayer: “Gone with the Wind” (1939) Warner Bros Pictures: “Casablanca” (1943) The Story of IliadThe Story of IliadNine years after the start of the Trojan War, the Greek army sacks Chryse, a town allied with Troy. During the battle, the Achaeans capture a pair of beautiful maidens, Chryseis and Briseis. Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaean forces, takes Chryseis as his prize, and Achilles, the Achaeans' greatest warrior, claims Briseis. Chryseis's father, Chryses, who serves as a priest of the god Apollo, offers an enormous ransom in return for his daughter, but Agamemnon refuses to give Chryseis back. Chryses then prays to Apollo, who sends a plague upon the Greek camp. …… …… The Heroic Code (英雄符码) The Heroic Code (英雄符码) Three Greek Words Representing the Code:  ①áristos (英雄本色)； ②aristeía (英雄行为)； ③aretē (英雄声誉)。希腊－罗马神名对照希腊－罗马神名对照 希腊神话   罗马神话     英语名称          象征及主司 宙斯         朱庇特       Zeus/Jupiter     天空和天气 赫拉         朱诺         Hera/Juno         婚姻和家庭 波塞冬       涅普顿       Poseidon/Neptune   海洋和风浪 阿芙罗狄忒    维纳斯       Aphrodite/Venus   爱与美 阿瑞斯       阿瑞斯       Ares/Mars          战争和破坏 雅典娜       密涅瓦       Athena/Minerva    智慧和学问 赫利俄斯        阿波罗       Helius/Apollo            太阳和音乐 阿忒弥斯     狄安娜       Artemis/Diana      狩猎和处女 赫斐斯托斯  乌尔肯       Hephaestus/Vulcan 火和技术 赫耳墨斯      墨丘利       Hermes/Mercury    情报与商业技术 哈底斯       普鲁托       Hades/Pluto       死亡和阴间(地府) 赫斯提亚      维斯塔       Hestia/Vesta      家事和厨房 德米特尔      赛尔斯       Demeter/Ceres      谷物和丰饶 狄俄尼索斯  巴克科斯      Dionysus/Bacchus   醉香和演剧 The Nine Planets and Their Corresponding GodsThe Nine Planets and Their Corresponding Gods水星 Hermes－－Mercury 金星 Aphrodite－－Venus 地球 Gaia－－Earth 火星 Ares－－Mars 木星 Zeus－－Jupiter 土星 Cronus－－Saturn 天王星 Uranus－－Uranus 海王星 Poseidon－－Neptune (冥王星 Hades－－Pluto) Major Characters in TroyMajor Characters in TroyAchilles - The son of the military man Peleus and the sea-nymph Thetis. The most powerful warrior in the Iliad, Achilles commands the Myrmidons, soldiers from his homeland of Phthia in Greece. Proud and headstrong, he takes offense easily and reacts with indignation when he perceives that his honor has been slighted. Achilles' wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize, the maiden Briseis, forms the main subject of the Iliad. Agamemnon (also called “Atrides”)  -  King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army; brother of King Menelaus of Sparta. Arrogant and often selfish, Agamemnon provides the Achaeans with strong but sometimes reckless and self-serving leadership. Like Achilles, he lacks consideration and forethought. His tactless appropriation of Achilles' war prize, the maiden Briseis, creates a crisis for the Achaeans, when Achilles, insulted, withdraws from the war. null故事中最有魅力的英雄 特洛伊的大王子赫克托尔hector，最完美的男人。有正义感，有责任心，讲信义，且武艺高强。清晨，当敌人入侵的钟声响起，他放下怀中可爱的儿子，吻别美丽的妻子，披上盔甲，毅然率领众将士奔赴战场，直至为国捐躯。当看到他的尸体被倒拖于阿喀琉斯的战车后，相信观众都会为之黯然神伤。 帕里斯prise，拐走了海伦的特洛伊小王子。美目如星，女人被他深情地望一眼，八成是要缴械投降的。不过，这个美男子的行为实在令人作呕。为了满足他那点私欲，令烽烟四起，家破国亡。而他和斯巴达王决斗失败后，却抱着哥哥的腿求助，真是不堪入目的场景。 阿喀琉斯，一个可爱的男人。不事权贵，蔑视神灵，爱憎分明，只听从自己内心的召唤。他之所以参加这场战争，是为了满足男人与生俱来的英雄欲。当他意识到战争给希腊人带来灭顶之灾时，便毅然退出。直至最亲的表弟惨死，极度悲恸下才重新披甲上阵，与敌决一死战至胜利。 nullPatroclus - Achilles' beloved friend, companion, and advisor, Patroclus grew up alongside the great warrior in Phthia, under the guardianship of Peleus. Devoted to both Achilles and the Achaean cause, Patroclus stands by the enraged Achilles but also dons Achilles' terrifying armor in an attempt to hold the Trojans back. Menelaus -  King of Sparta; the younger brother of Agamemnon. While it is the abduction of his wife, Helen, by the Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan War, Menelaus proves quieter, less imposing, and less arrogant than Agamemnon. Though he has a stout heart, Menelaus is not among the mightiest Achaean warriors.nullHector -  A son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, Hector is the mightiest warrior in the Trojan army. He mirrors Achilles in some of his flaws, but his bloodlust is not so great as that of Achilles. He is devoted to his wife, Andromache, and son, Astyanax, but resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city. Hector (In-Depth Analysis)   Priam - King of Troy and husband of Hecuba, Priam is the father of fifty Trojan warriors, including Hector and Paris. Though too old to fight, he has earned the respect of both the Trojans and the Achaeans by virtue of his level-headed, wise, and benevolent rule. He treats Helen kindly, though he laments the war that her beauty has sparked.   Hecuba -  Queen of Troy, wife of Priam, and mother of Hector and Paris. nullParis (also known as “Alexander”) -  A son of Priam and Hecuba and brother of Hector. Paris's abduction of the beautiful Helen, wife of Menelaus, sparked the Trojan War. Paris is self-centered and often unmanly. He fights effectively with a bow and arrow (never with the more manly sword or spear) but often lacks the spirit for battle and prefers to sit in his room making love to Helen while others fight for him, thus earning both Hector's and Helen's scorn.   Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world, Helen left her husband, Menelaus, to run away with Paris. She loathes herself now for the misery that she has caused so many Trojan and Achaean men. Although her contempt extends to Paris as well, she continues to stay with him. God and ImmortalsGod and ImmortalsZeus - King of the gods and husband of Hera, Zeus claims neutrality in the mortals' conflict and often tries to keep the other gods from participating in it. However, he throws his weight behind the Trojan side for much of the battle after the sulking Achilles has his mother, Thetis, ask the god to do so.   Hera - Queen of the gods and Zeus's wife, Hera is a conniving, headstrong woman. She often goes behind Zeus's back in matters on which they disagree, working with Athena to crush the Trojans, whom she passionately hates.   Athena - The goddess of wisdom, purposeful battle, and the womanly arts; Zeus's daughter. Like Hera, Athena passionately hates the Trojans and often gives the Achaeans valuable aid.   Thetis - A sea-nymph and the devoted mother of Achilles, Thetis gets Zeus to help the Trojans and punish the Achaeans at the request of her angry son. When Achilles finally rejoins the battle, she commissions Hephaestus to design him a new suit of armor.nullApollo - A son of Zeus and twin brother of the goddess Artemis, Apollo is god of the arts and archery. He supports the Trojans and often intervenes in the war on their behalf.   Aphrodite - Goddess of love and daughter of Zeus, Aphrodite is married to Hephaestus but maintains a romantic relationship with Ares. She supports Paris and the Trojans throughout the war, though she proves somewhat ineffectual in battle.   Poseidon - The brother of Zeus and god of the sea. Poseidon holds a long-standing grudge against the Trojans because they never paid him for helping them to build their city. He therefore supports the Achaeans in the war.   Hephaestus -  God of fire and husband of Aphrodite, Hephaestus is the gods' metalsmith and is known as the lame or crippled god. Although the text doesn't make clear his sympathies in the mortals' struggle, he helps the Achaeans by forging a new set of armor for Achilles and by rescuing Achilles during his fight with a river god.nullArtemis - Goddess of the hunt, daughter of Zeus, and twin sister of Apollo. Artemis supports the Trojans in the war.   Ares - God of war and lover of Aphrodite, Ares generally supports the Trojans in the war.   Hermes - The messenger of the gods. Hermes escorts Priam to Achilles' tent in Book 24.   Iris - Zeus's messenger. Famous Expressions in Greek/Roman MythologiesFamous Expressions in Greek/Roman MythologiesThe Helen of Troy: A pretty but destructive woman. The Achilles’ Heel: a person’s weak point. Adonis: A handsome young man. Caught between SCYLLA & CHARYBDIS: A hard choice where either decision could end in disaster.  Herculean Effort: a big try. Oedipus (ELECTRA) Complex: A son's (daughter's) attachment to his mother (her father).  Pandora’s Box: to introduce yourself to trouble. Trojan Horse: Destruction from a serene object.nullEnglish Title： Ashoka the Great(2001) (India） MPAA： Rated R for violence. 一个痴情的王子，一个威武的勇士，一个残暴的君王，一段生死缠绵的爱情，影片《阿育王》向我们描绘了一幅荡气回肠的历史爱情画卷。 【导演】桑塔纳·斯万[Santosh Sivan] 【演员】沙鲁克·汗[Shah Rukh Khan]   丹尼·登佐帕[Danny Denzongpa]   卡任娜·卡普[Kareena Kapoor] 首映时间：2001年9月13日 nullThe magnificent story of one man’s journey from savage warrior to messenger of peace. The movie traces the life of Emperor Asoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya who ascended the throne of Magadha in the 3rd century BC. To extend the borders of his empire, Asoka waged one of the bloodiest wars in history with the neighboring kingdom of Kalinga, leaving it ravaged and devastated. Confronted by the aftermath of his conquest in which thousands lost their lives, Asoka is overcome with remorse and renounces the path of war to dedicate his life to spreading the teachings of Buddhism across the world.