2007年南京师范大学博士研究生英语入学考试

2007年南京师范大学博士研究生入学考试试卷 Part I Reading Comprehension Section A (50%) Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c) and d).You should decide on the best choice and circle the letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. 31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out. Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering. Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia (黑手党). As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that it came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers of Laundromats (自助洗衣点). As good cash businesses they were a good means of providing the appearance of honest cash flow. Various techniques can be employed and the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money from the scene of the crime A to a remote location B, ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguising the trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with a plausible explanation of how ti came legally into their possession. Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchi remarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishes respect for the value like honesty and cooperation upon which successful societies are based”. Or as a senior US official said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a polite form of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.” The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation(解除管制) of exchange controls are regarded ad the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up many more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunities to hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy. 1. We know from the passage that money-laundering . a) has almost been stamped out by the world’s financial authorities. b) has greatly promoted the development of the world’s industries. c) only has a ten-year history but has grown rapidly. d) has expanded rapidly over the past decade. 2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “stamp it out” (para.1) in the first paragraph? a) To put an end to it completely. b) To mark a sign by pressing on it. c) To announce it illegal. d) To do harm to is. 3. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that . a) the Mafia can carry out large numbers of illegal transactions in them. b) the Mafia has many wicked activities like prostitution and gambling in them. c) the Laundromats can give the dirty cash the appearance of legitimate income. d) the Laundromats is such a profit-making industry that it has attracted the Mafia. 4. In money-laundering, money would be moved from the scene of the crime to . a) the financial authorities b) the circulation fields. c) Laundromats operated by the Mafia. d) anonymous bank account in another country. 5. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-laundering has expanded rapidly by . a) deregulating the exchange controls. b) buying and operating more Laundromats. c) having more channels to launder dirty money. d) tightening the bank secrecy rules. Passage Two Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that wore occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities. Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities. In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This events was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. 32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved . Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as is seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process. 6. Where is the passage most likely to be from? a) Textbook of Media. b) Thesis. c) Newspaper or Magazine. d) Speech. 7. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake was mentioned to show . a) how damaging the earthquake was. b) how people carried out rescue work c) the electronic media extend your consciousness and your contact. d) the viewers’ impression of total disaster. 8. The term “ electronic city”( para.2) refers to . a) Los Angeles b) San Francisco c) Berkeley d) Earth 9. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because . a) the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King. b) people can make their own judgments. c) video coverage from helicopters had made people angry. d) video coverage had provided powerful feedback. 10. It can be inferred from the passage that . a) media coverage of events as they occur can have either good of bad results. b) most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of jury. c) the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week. d) Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday. Passage Three Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions(离子) in the air can have an ill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particle, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a large proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorms, earthquakes of when winds such as the mistral(寒冷的西北风) are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity(静电) indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens. When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea(恶心) or even mental disturbance. Animals are also found to be affected, particularly before earthquakes. Snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California. Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these are near the sea, close to waterfalls of fountains ,or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effort of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls. 33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all, it is debatable whether depending on seismic(地震的) readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat. 11. What effect does excessive positive ionization have on some people? a) They think they are insane. b) They feel rather bad-tempered. c) They become violently sick. d) They are too tired to do anything. 12. According to the passage, static electricity can be caused by . a) using home-made electrical goods. b) wearing clothes made of natural materials. c) waling on artificial floor coverings. d) copying TV programs on a computer. 13. A high negative ion count is likely to be found . a) near a pond with a water pump. b) close to slow flowing river c) in some barren mountains. d) by a rotating water sprinkler. 14. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors? a) Ionizers. b) Air-conditioners. c) Exhaust-fans d) Vacuum-pump 15. Some scientists believe that . a) watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effective b) the unusual behaviors of animals can not be trusted c ) neither watching nor using seismograph is reliable d) earthquakes cannot affect any animals Passage Four Questions 16to 20 are based on the following passage. Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer. 34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs for the benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred. Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity. But perhaps those hackers know something that we don’t know about the shape of things to come. “That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry,” says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And two former hackers became the founders of the highly successful Apple home computer company.” When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into people’s lives. She points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not. “The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances(细微差距) and textured relationships with the computers as they can with people.” Turkle points out. 16. The passage tells about . a) the strange behavior of the computer hackers b) the ultimate importance of bringing up computer hackers c) different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenon d) the emergence of computer hackers 17. According to Prof.Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers’ strange behavior is a) their strong desire to control the computer b) their ignorance of the responsibility of a programmer c) their incompetence in making new computer programs d) their deliberate attempts to make their programs complex and impracticable 18. In Prof. Dertouzos’ opinion, we know that . a) computer industry will certainly make multimillionaires of the hackers b) the hackers are likely to be very successful businessmen c) the hackers probably have better insight into the future than other people d) only a few hackers will be successful in their later life 19. The phrase “to develop an identity”(Para.4) means . a) to become distinguished b) to seek an answer c) to build up a creative ability d) to form a habit 20. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that . a) perhaps the hacker phenomenon is not bad at all b) though the hackers are in fact playing with the computer, there may be some benefits c) the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry of tomorrow d) the computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidance Passage Five Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. The value of a business increasingly lies not in physical and financial assets that are on the balance sheet, but in intangibles: brands, patents, franchises, software, research programs, ideas and expertise. Few firms try to measure returns on these assets, let alone publish information on them. Yet they are often what underlies a firm’s success. “Our primary assets, which are our software and our software-development skills, do not show up on the balance sheet at all,” says Microsoft’s boss, Bill Gates. “This is probably not very enlightening from a purely accounting point of view.” A sign that companies do not measure their assets properly may be the growing gap between their stock-market value and the book value of their assets. Between 1973 and 1993, the median ratio of market values to book values of American public companies doubles; the difference has grown with a boom in high-tech shares. The gap is biggest for companies that have most rapidly boosted spending on research and development(R&D). Even within industries, the divergence(分歧) between stock-market returns and reported earnings has increased. You might think this would present a problem for investors, who no linger have a good way of telling whether the market value of a company is soundly based. Yet investors seem to know instinctively that knowledge is valuable. 35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad. Presumably investors understand that companies in knowledge-based businesses can exploit the magic of rising returns to scale. Once a pill or a software program is developed, each extra sale brings in more money at little extra cost: the bigger the market, the greater the profits. In fact, the absence of good measures may bother those who run firms more than those who invest in them. For managers, the big problem is how to judge rates of return. With building a factory, there are time-honored methods for calculating the payback. But what if you are investing in R&D or software, or deciding whether to buy better people or to train more? There aren’t tools for making such decisions. 21. The intangibles of a company are reflected in . a) physical and financial assets b) stock-market value c) the balance sheet d) the difference between the stock-market value and the book value 22. What can we infer about Microsoft? a) It has no book-value assets. b) Its stock-market value equals its book value. c) There’s a great gap between its stock-market value and book value. d) Its stock-market value does not reflect the company’s real value 23. Why does the share price of American multinationals rise? a) Because they buy foreign subsidiaries b) Because they invest much in intangible assets. c) Because they have low R&D spending d) Because the investors know the methods for calculating the payback of knowledge-based businesses 24. An investor who buys stocks of a company in knowledge-based businesses bases his decision on . a) pure speculation(投机) b) the company’s book value c) whether the company buys foreign subsidiaries d) the prospect that its research will translate into low cost products 25. The phrase “such decisions”(Para.4) refers to . a) running firms in knowledge-based businesses b) investing in firms in knowledge-based businesses c) judging rates of return on firms in knowledge-based businesses d) calculating returns on a newly-built factory Section B Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 26~30, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10%) Life is full of dangers and surprise. Your house may burn down. You may fall out of the window and break your neck. Mice and beetles ay eat your floor so that you drop in to the flat below for an uninvited cup of tea.26. . You cannot always prevent disasters, but you can insure against them. Most forms of insurance are voluntary-it is up to you whether you take out a policy or not. But some forms are compulsory. 27. .The “parties” to an agreement, or contract, are the individuals or groups concerned. With third-party motor insurance, the three parties are (i) you yourself, (ii) your insurance company, and (iii) anybody else---for example, the man whose Jaguar has ju