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week_2_Speech_Act_Theorynull Speech Act Theory (I) Speech Act Theory (I) March 12, 2010The Outline of My PresentationThe Outline of My Presentation1. Basis: Constatives and Performatives 2.The embryo: How to do things with Words? (1962) 3. The classifications of illocutio...

week_2_Speech_Act_Theory
null Speech Act Theory (I) Speech Act Theory (I) March 12, 2010The Outline of My PresentationThe Outline of My Presentation1. Basis: Constatives and Performatives 2.The embryo: How to do things with Words? (1962) 3. The classifications of illocutionary acts Traditional sentence types Traditional sentence typesTraditional grammar divided sentences into different types according to their forms, such as indicative(陈述句), imperative(祈使句) and interrogative(疑问句). He is a child. See you. Would you pass the salt?nullSentences of the interrogative, indicative or imperative can be used to perform several functions. More examples (1) It’s going to rain. (2) Would you come to the party next week? What functions can each of the utterances perform in specific context? nullA proper understanding of the functions of sentences would have to go beyond the traditional classification. Basis:Constatives and PerformativesBasis:Constatives and PerformativesConstatives( 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 述句):to state, report, or describe It’s raining. He’s gone to America. Performatives(施为句): the uttering of the sentence is, or is part of an action I promise to pay you $5. Possible criteria for differentiating the two kinds of sentencesPossible criteria for differentiating the two kinds of sentences1.Truth value: constatives The cat is on the mat. China lies in Asia. 2. Felicitous or infelicitous: performatives I sentence you five years in prison. 3. Felicity condition There must exist an accepted conventional procedure to include the uttering of certain words by certain persons in certain circumstances Performatives: to perform an action. The particular person and circumstances must be appropriate for the invocation of the particular procedure involved The procedure must be executed by all the participants correctly and completely…. PerformativesPerformatives(1)I name this ship Queen Elizabeth. (2)I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow. By uttering such sentences the speaker actually names the ship or makes the bet, but he is not making any kind of statement that can be regarded as true or false nullExplicit performative: I promise to be there at two o’clock.(use a performative verb) Implicit or primary performative: I’ll be there at two o’clock./How about going by train?/I’m sorry. (do not employ performative verbs) Each speech act comprises: 1. Locutionary act, 言之行,言内行为, 说话行为,以言指事。 2. Illocutionary act,言之力,言外行为, 施事行为,以言行事。 3. Perlocutionary act,言之果,言后行为, 取效行为,以言成事。 The embryo: How to do things with Words? Three Facets of a speech actThree Facets of a speech actLocutionary act The act of saying something that makes sense in a language, i.e. follows the rules of pronunciation and grammar. Illocutionary act The uses to which language can be put in society Perlocutionary act The effect or ‘take-up’ of an illocutionary act (Task 3 on page 26) The classifications of illocutionary actsThe classifications of illocutionary acts1.Verdictives: typified by the giving of a verdict by a jury, arbitrator, or umpire. Like:convict,aquit,hold,analyse,calculate,value,assess,appraise, estimate, ect; 2. Exercitives: typified by the giving of a decision in favor of or against a certain course of an action, or advocacy of it. like: command, order, direct, plead, beg,advise, dismiss, declare open/closed, warn, veto,null3.Commissives: to commit the speaker to a certain course of action. Like:promise, vow, pledge,contract, guarantee, swear,ect. 4. Expositives: acts of exposition:expounding of views, conducting of arguments,clarifying of usages and of references. Like: affirm,deny state,illustrate,emphasize,turn to, I cite/quote 5. Behabitives: include the notion of reaction to other people’s behavior and fortunes and of attitudes and expressions of attitudes to someone else’s past conduct or imminent conduct. Like: apologize,thank,deplore,compliment,condole,congratulate,sympathize,resent,criticize,complain of, welcome, bless,curse,toast, drink to, wish, dare, defy,To sum up,To sum up,The verdictive is an exercise of judgement, the exercitive is an assertion of influence or exercising of power, the commissive is an assuming of an obligation or declaring of an intention, the behabitive is the adopting of an attitude, and the expositive is the clarifying of reasons, arguments, and communications.References:References:Austin, J. L. 1962. “Performative-constative”. In Caton (ed.) (1963) Philosophy and Ordinary Language. Illinois University Press. Austin, J. L. 1962/1968. How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press. Searle, J. 1965a “What is a speech act?” in Steven Davis (ed), 1991 Searle, J. 1965b “ Indirect speech acts” in Steven Davis (ed), 1991 Searle, J. 1976. “A classification of illocutionary acts”. Language in Society5: 1-23. 何兆熊,2001,语用学文献选读,上海外语教育出版社。 何自然,冉永平,2001,语用学概论,湖南教育出版社。 顾曰国,1989,奥斯汀的言语行为理论:诠释与批判。 Yule, George.1996. Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
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