关于动词不定式用法的探讨

摘 要 动词不定式作为英语中最常见的语法形式，用法非常之广泛，表现的形式也非常之多，在文章中的功能也各不相同。动词不定式既可以作宾语，也可以作表语，还可以作主语、宾补、主补、状语、系表结构等等。在实际运用过程中比较难以掌握，本文拟从几个不同的角度来探讨不定式的用法，系统地讨论动词不定式的各种功能，并将其用法和动名词的用法相比较以期达到更好地说明目的。本文讨论的主要的内容如下： · 动词不定式和动名词的句法功能的比较。从句法的各个角度，例如不定式和动名词作宾语、表语、状语等方面对不定式和动名词进行比较，从而使得能够清晰的区分不定式和动名词这一比较相近的用法。 · 动词后的动词不定式的用法。动词后面动词不定式的用法比较复杂，这里专门列出一章进行讨论。 · 动词不定式作定语的用法。主要说明作定语的不定式和被修饰词之间的各种关系，如从属关系、动宾关系、主谓关系等等。 · Be和不定式连用的用法。在英语中，常常会出现‘be’和动词不定式连用的现象。‘be’和不定式构成了复合谓语，有的表示将要发生的动作，表示“将来一定”，有的则表示建议。 · 省略to的不定式的用法。不定式的省略有两种：一种是单独使用to，以代替上文中一个省略了的不定式；一种是省略不定式符号to。 关键词 动词不定式 动名词 用法 1、 动词不定式和动名词句法功能的比较。 动词不定式和动名词的用法比较相近，功能也比较类似，有的句中还可以相互交换，故在使用的时候较难以区别，下面作一具体的分析。有关于动词不定式和动名词作宾语的部分由于内容较多，放在第二部分动词后的不定式用法专门作一讨论。 功能 类别 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 宾补 主补 不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 动名词 √ √ √ √ √ 1动词不定式和动名词作主语 1.1不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： ①It＋be＋名词＋to do It's our duty to take good care of the old. ②It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? ③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. ④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. ⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult, easy,hard, important,impossible,necessary等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式，如：It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English. 1.2动名词作主语 Learning without practice is no good. 动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如： ①It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing… It's no good reading in dim light. It's no use sitting here waiting. ②It's＋形容词＋doing It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式代替，如：It's important for you to keep fit. ③There is no+doing There is no saying what will happen next. 在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于"It's impossible to…"结构。 1.3动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 ①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如： It's no good eating too much fat. It's no good for you to eat so much fat. ②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如： It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules. 2动词不定式和动名词做表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为 ①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. ②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. ③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。文献[1]中指出当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定式说明主语的内容。 ④Our work is serving the people. ⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper. ⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.      ④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving the people is our work,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。 3动词不定式和动名词作定语 3.1不定式作定语 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：  ①The next train to arrive is from Washington.  ②Have you anything to be taken to your sister?  ③Do you have anything to say on the question?  ④Would you please give me some paper to write on?  ⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.  不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：   (1)表示将来的动作（例①）。   (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。   (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。   (4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①to arrive=that will arrive。 3.2动名词作定语  ①This passage can be used as listening materials.  ②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people.  ③All moving bodies have energy.      ①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 4不定式作补足语 4.1动词不定式和动名词作宾语补足语     一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。 (1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如： ①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? ②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly. (2)部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understand等。 ①We all believe John(to be)honest. ②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him to have been foolish. (3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 ①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it. ②They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第②句：The students are made to do too much homework every day. (4)help,know后面的"to"可有可无。如： Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform?  I've never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before. (5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如： You may depend on them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望），prepare for,wish for等。 4.2动词不定式和动名词作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： ①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. ②The young university student is considered to have great promise. 5不定式作状语 5.1不定式作目的状语 ①I stayed there to see what would happen. ②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor. 有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如：  Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not to forget it. 有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句，如：I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see what would happen. 在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 ①We are glad to hear the news. ②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.     在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：The question raised by the student is difficult to answer.还有  The room is really comfortable to live in.常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,expensive,fit,impossible等。  5.2不定式作结果状语     We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.     不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： ①so…as to;such…as to     I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。     I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. ②enough…to     The speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner. ③only to     Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital. ④too…to     I'm too tired to stay up longer.     但在下列结构中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如： ①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰glad to have…，相当于very） ②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。  5.3不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：     To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome.     常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（说句对他公道的话），to be sure（真的）等等。 二、 动词后的不定式的用法 在英语中，一个动词（第一动词）紧接另一个动词（第二动词）是很常见的。第二动词的形式有的只能是不定式，有的只能是动名词，还有的两者皆可。到底采取哪一种形式，要根据第一动词而定。如：hope, decide等动词后面只能跟不定式，而avoid, enjoy等动词后面只能跟动名词。此外还有些动词如：try, remember等动词后面既可以接不定式，也可以接动名词，有的在意义上并无较大差别，而有的着不尽相同，用法上也有差异。下面分类进行讨论。 1情感动词 情感动词通常用的有like, love, hate, fear, prefer, dislike, dread, detest 等 1.1动词hate, love, prefer 这三动词后面的不定式和动名词在意思上并无太大的差别。通常不定式指的是一次性的事情，具体事可发生的事情或表示某种心理，而动名词则通常表示经常性的事情。比较如下句子： ①I hate to disappoint you, but I’m afraid I can’t help you in this matter. I hate disappointing my friends. ②I love to go to the cinema, and I love you to go with me. I love going to the cinema. ③I prefer to go this evening. As a rule, I prefer going in the evening. 在prefer 引出比较句的时候，动词不定式和动名词具有不同的结构。 prefer+不定式+rather than+省to的不定式 prefer+动名词+to+动名词 比较如下句子： He prefers to write his letter rather than (to) dictate them. He prefers doing to talking. 1.2动词like 该动词除了有上述几点的差别以外，还有几点应注意： 第1， 动名词表示未完成的动作，不定式表示一个完成的动作。比较如下句子： ①He likes smoking a cigarette before going to bed. ② He likes to smoke a cigarette and then to go out for a walk. ①句中的“吸烟”表示通常的习惯，而b句中的“吸烟”表示一向完成的动作，指抽完一根烟后再出去走走。 第2， like后面接动名词和动词不定式在意思上是有区别的。前者表示爱好、喜欢，后者则表示愿望、选择之意。比较如下句子： ①Do you like having a cup of tea? ②Do you like to have a cup of tea? 另外，再don’t/didn’t like 结构后面的动词不定式和动名词通常意为“不愿意”，但接动名词时表示动作会发生，皆不定式时则表示动作不会发生。比较如下句子： ①I don’t like going.＝ I go, although I don’t enjoy it. ②I don’t like to go. = I don’t go because I don’t think it right. 2起始动词 该类动词通常有begin, start, commence, continue, cease, stop, go on等。 2.1动词begin, start 这两个动词意为“开始”时，后面接动名词和不定式都可以，意义上无较大区别。文献[2]中说明若开始一种长时间或习惯性的动作，后面接动名词更为常见。如：How old were you when you first started playing the piano?当begin和start的主语是物不是人时，最好后接不定时，如：The ice began/started to melt。若begin, start后面的动词表示心理活动或状态时，通常采用不定式形式。常见的动词有：know,see(作“明白”解释时),like,enjoy,understand, realize,love,dislike,think,wish,feel,notice,guess,matter等。另外，当begin ,start为进行式时，为了避免–ing发音的重复，因而接不定式。如：He was beginning to study Chinese. 2.2动词continue continue 后不论接动名词还是不定式都是“不停地…”解，而不是“（在停止后）继续…”。比较如下句子： ①婴儿整晚都在哭，可以翻译成 The baby continued crying/to cry all night.。但是不能说 The baby continued crying/to cry at eleven o’clock. ②回到家我继续写信，可以翻译成 When I got back home, I resumed writing the letter.但是不能说 When I got back home, I continued writing/to write the letter. 2.3动词 stop stop后接不定式作“停下来去干…”，而动名词则表示“停止…”，比较如下句子： ①Every half hour he stops to smoke a cigarette. 每半个小时，他都要停下来抽只烟。 ②He really must stop smoking. 他真不该抽烟。 2.4动词 go on go on 后面动名词和不定式在意思上是不同的。接动名词表示继续做原来未完成的事情，而接不定式则表示完成一件事情，接下去做另外一件事情。比较如下句子： ①He went on talking about his accident. 他继续谈论他的交通事故。 ②He went on to talk about his accident after he finish his work. 在他完成工作后，他接着谈起了他的交通事故。 3回顾性动词 forget, remember ,regret 就forget, remember, regret 三个动词来说，后接不定式和动名词有一种时间上的差别。文献[3]中指出不定式表示动作和事件发生在第一动词所表示的心理过程开始之后，比作为这种过程的一种结果。而动名词则刚好相反，它表示的是在第一动词所表示的时刻前的事件。比较如下句子： ①I forgot to go to the bank. 我忘了去银行。 I forgot going to the bank. 我忘了去过银行。 ②I remember to send email to you tonight. 我记得今晚发邮件给你。 I remember sending email to you yesterday. 我记得昨天发了邮件给你。 ③I regret to tell you that John stole it. 我很遗憾，约翰偷了东西。 I regret telling you that John stole it. 我很后悔对你说约翰偷了东西。 4 其他类动词 本文探讨的这些动词intend, deserve, heed, require, want, mean, try等。 4.1动词 intend intend后接不定式和动名词均可，意思也基本相同。但接不定式表示的语气比动名词要更加肯定。比较如下句子： ①They intend to start for New York next week. 他打定主意下周去纽约。 ②They intend starting for New York next week. 他打算下周去纽约。 4.2动词 deserve, need, require, want deserve, need, require, want等动词后，尽管表示的是被动的意思，但却用动名词的主动形式，但也可用不定式的被动形式来替换。如： ①The brake needs adjusting/to be adjusted. 刹车要调一下。 ②The strings want straining/to be strained. 琴弦要绷紧点。 ③The room requires cleaning/to be cleaned. 房间需要打扫一下。 4.3动词 mean mean 接动名词和不定式在意义上是有区别的。前者为“意思是…”，而后者为“打算…”。比较如下句子： ①To raise wages means increasing purchasing power. 涨工资意味着增加购买力。 ②I don’t mean to offend you. 我不想冒犯你。 4.4动词 try try后接动名词表示“试试…”，接不定式表示“努力、设法做…”。比较如下句子： ①Try putting in some more vinegar-that might make it taste a bit better. 试着多放一点醋可能味道会更好一点。 ②I once try to learn Japanese. 我曾经努力学习日语。 三、动词不定式作定语的几种用法 动词不定式用作定语时，与被修饰词之间存在一定的关系。下面通过具体的例句来说明各种关系的用法。 1. 被修饰词与不定式之间的丛属关系。 ①The poor children had no chance to go to the school. 穷人家的孩子没机会上学。句中的no chance to go to the school相当于no chance of going to school。 ②This should be a good opportunity to speak to him. 这是一个与他讲话的好机会。句中的a good opportunity to speak to him相当于 a good opportunity of speaking to him 2. 被修饰词与不定式之间的动宾关系。 ①I think him a very nice person to get along with. 我认为他是一个容易相处的人。a very nice person为to get along with的宾语。 ②We have many problems to solve. 我们有许多问题要解决。to solve的实际宾语为它所修饰的名词many problems. ③Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗？anything是to say的实际宾语。 3. 被修饰词与不定式短语的主谓关系。 ①So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.原来这些房间都是你打扫的。the one时to have cleaned这一动作的主语。 ②If people want to solve the problem of waste , there is no time to be lost.如果人们都想解决垃圾问题，那现在是时候了。time 是to be lost的主语。 ③There are no clouds to disturb the flight of the airline.没有云层干扰飞行。no clouds 为 disturb 的实际主语。 4. 被修饰词与不定式短语的同位关系。 ①Soon came the order to start the general attack.很快下达了发起总攻的命令。在此句中，the order = to start the general attack. ②We got no instructions to leave the city.我们没有接到离开这座城市的指示。此句中，instructions = to leave the city. 5. 被修饰词与不定式短语的同源关系。 ①You haven’t keep your promise to write us regularly.你没有遵守经常给我们写信的诺言。比较句子 You promise to write us regularly.动词promise可转化为名词promise时可带不定式结构。 ②He has the inclination to overlook difficulties.他有忽视困难的倾向。比较句子He was inclined to overlook difficulties.动词incline转化为名次inclination可带不定式结构。 上述两句即带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时，带有反映类似意义的不定式结构。另外还有能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时带的不定式结构也属于此类型。如：His anxiety to go was obvious.比较句子He was obviously anxious to go. 6. 不定式短语作定语时，还有一些地方需要注意 ①出于动宾关系的情况下，不定式属于不及物动词，其后面还需加上一个结构或含义上所需的介词。 She has lots of things to think about.她有许多事要想。 ②带有关系代词的不定式短语作定语。 She had no time left in which to pack her things.他没有时间收拾行李。 ③从意义上看预示即将发生的动作。 We’ll have more meetings like this in the few weeks to come.在未来的几周还要开几次这样的会。 ④为了明确不定式的逻辑主语，有时可以在作定语的不定式前用for+名词组表示。 Here’s a book for you to read.这里有几本你可读的书。 He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in.他指示把参观者领进来。 四、be和动词不定式连用的几种用法 在英语中，常常会出现‘be’和动词不定式连用的现象。有的表示将要发生的动作，如：All these things to be answered for.所有的一切都是要偿还的。‘be’和不定式构成了复合谓语，表示“将来一定”。有的则表示建议，如：A good way to begin with is to ask the question。最好的开始方式就是提问题。还有的表示注定会发生的事情，如：This something in Madame Cure’s own life was to lead science down a new path to a great discovery.居里夫人自己一生中所做的这一点事情将使得科学按新的途径实现伟大发现。从上面的句子可以看出，be+动词不定式这种结构表示的语气和含义都有所不同，也比较复杂，下面作一具体的分析。 1‘be’和不定式连用，构成系表结构，表示状态 ①My job is to teach you English.我的工作就是给你们教英语。 ②Not to grasp firmly is not to grasp at all.抓而不紧，等于不抓。 2‘be’和不定式连用，用在第一人称（单、复数）、第三人称（单、复数）表示按计划安排要做的事情。分为如下几种情况： 2.1表示责任、必要(duty、necessity)，如： ①I’m to inform you that you have to attend a meeting at the room.我受托通知你，你得去会议室参加一次会议。 ②People are to be educated.人民也要接受教育。 ③There is to be an investigation.应该进行一次调查。 2.2表示意愿、打算（intention），如： ①They are to be married in May.他们打算五月结婚。 ②They are to go swimming this afternoon.他们打算今天下午去游泳。 ③We are to meet at the schoolgate at six tomorrow morning.我们定于明天早上六点在校门口集合。 2.3表示可能性（possibility），如： ①This book was not to be found.这本书可能找不到了。 ②A lot of difficulties are to be overcome in our study of English.我们再学习英语时可能要克服许多困难。 2.4 表示命运（destiny）,如： ①He was never to see his wife and his family.他从那时起就再也没见过他的妻子儿女了。 ②If he is to succeed in his profession, he’ll be famous in this world.如果他将来事业上获得了成功，就会扬名世界。 ③He is to be a painter.他注定是一名画家。 2.5 表示相互的约定（mutual arrangement ）,如： ①We are to be married soon. 我们俩马上就要结婚了。 ②Every member of the party is to pay his own expenses.所有参加聚会的人需要自付餐费。 2.6 表示假设（supposition），如： If I were to tell you, you couldn’t understand clearly.即使我告诉你，你也搞不清楚。 2.7表示目的（purpose），如： If you are to succeed, you must work hard.如果你想成功，就必须努力工作。 3‘be’和不定式连用，构成复合谓语，用在第二人称（单、复数）表示命令、要求，其语气比祈使句语气要弱，如： ①You are to hand in your exercise by four o’clock this afternoon.你们必须在下午四点前把作业交上来。 ②You are to finish this work before five tomorrow afternoon.你们要在明天下午五点前把任务完成。 ③You are not to open the door till I come down.你得等我下来了再开门。 五、省略to的不定式的用法 动词不定式的省略有两种：一种是单独使用to，以代替上文中一个省略了的不定式；一种是省略不定式符号to。 1单独使用动词不定式符号to的情况 为了避免相同动词的重复出现，在一些情态动词或半助动词之后，以及表示“心理状态”的词语之后，可用不定式符号to代替整个不定式。 1.1情态动词或半助动词有：need, ought to，have to, used to, be　able to等。例如： ①Why don't you know the answer? You ought to. ②Nobody likes to listen to his lesson, but they have to　because he is a teacher. ③We don't save as much money these days as we used to. ④-I hope to join in the May Day celebration in Beijing.    -You'll be able to. 1.2表示“心理状态”的词语有：hate, like, hope, love, forget, wish, refuse, decide, try, want, expect, be glad ,know, be afraid, plan, be　happy, would like, be ready, have the courage等。这些词语后面的不定式可只保留to，有时也可连to一起省略，尤其是在be ready, have　the courage等词语后面。而want和would like在简单句中一般不省略to。例如： ①The teacher stopped me from playing football, but I had　really hoped to. ②Class Two were going to visit the Great Wall and we also decided to. ③-Can you express yourself in English at the meeting?    -I'll try(to). ④You may go to the town if you want to. ⑤-Why didn't he report it to the police?   -He was afraid to; he didn't think they would believe him.   -Do you want to have lunch with us?   -Yes, I'd like to. ⑦You can't expect him to go there alone if he isn't ready(to). ⑧She'll never leave home. She hasn't the courage(to). 1.3 want或like用于主从复合句中时，如在when, if, what, as之后，常省略整个不定式。例如： ①Come when you want. ②You may go if you like. ③Do what you want. ④Take any book as you like. 1.4不定式作宾语补足语时，to也可用来代替整个动词不定式，并且to一般不可省略。例如： ①I think he should do it at present, but you can't force him to. ②The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his　mother told him not to. ③You'd better sing a song if they ask you to. ④If I happen not to remember to ring up Mr Smith, would you　please remind me to?     值得注意的是，如果不定式是to be或to have，通常保留to be或to　have；如果不定式是完成式的被动语态，则要保留to have been。例如： ①He has become a teacher, as he wanted to be long ago. ②-He hasn't finished it yet?   -Well, he ought to have. ③-Were they allowed two hours for making the necessary　preparations?   -No. But they ought to have been. 2省略动词不定式符号to的情况 2.1两个带to的不定式由并列连词连接时，第二个不定式一般省略to。例如： ①She told the child to stay there and wait till she came　back. ②My wish is to go to college and study English. ③I'm going to see a friend and help her with her lessons. ④It is quite necessary for you to go to his house and　apologize to him right away. 但两个不定式若有对比之意时，则一般不省略to。例如 ： ①I came not to scold you, but to praise you. ②He hasn't decided whether to go home or to stay at school　during the vacation. ③The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, not　to make it more difficult. 2.2在美国英语口语中，动词come, go, run后用作（目的）状态的不定式可省略不定式符号to，但这种情况只适用于祈使语气。例如： ①Come have a glass. ②Go tell her about it. ③Run help that old woman. 这种情况可转换成用and 连接的并列结构，此时语气更强。例如： Go and tell her about it. 3不定式符号to有时既可省略，又可保留 3.1在动词help后不定式用作宾语或宾语补足语时，to可以保留，也可以省略。例如： ①He often helps me(to)study English. ②She will help(to)mend the coat for you.     但若句子的主语没有出现或出现的主语不是指人时，则一般不省略to。例如： ①Help the little boy to carry that box, will you? ②This medicine will help you to sleep. 3.2当help之后接一个较长的名词性词组作宾语时，通常也不省略to。例如： ①Help the little boy at the back of the hall to carry the　chairs out. ②Will you help the woman with a baby in her arms to get off the bus? 4 dare作实义动词时，后面的不定式可带to，也可不带to。例如： ①He doesn't dare(to)say the truth. ②I'll dare him(to )jump down from the roof.     但dare前面有shall/should, will/would, has/had等助动词时，dare后通常省略to。例如： ①I shall not dare to go there again. ②He has never dared to ask me about it. 5使役动词make, have, let等，感官动词see, hear, notice, watch等后面接不定式宾语补足语时要省略to。如： ①You make me feel happy.你让我感到高兴。 ②I have my brother do his homework.我让我弟弟做功课。 ③Let it be.随他去 ④I see John run around the lake.我看见约翰在湖边跑步。 ⑤I hear you talk about the accident.我听见你在谈论交通事故。 值得注意的事，与动词see连用的不定式，带to和不带to会引起语义上的差异。文献[4]中谈到Jespersen曾指出，不带to的不定式表达的是一种直接感受(immediate perception),而带to的不定式则表达一种推理(inference)或逻辑性结论(logical conclusion)。比较如下句子： ①I saw him be impolite.我看到他举止不礼貌。(直接感受) ②I saw him to be impolite.我看得出他是不讲礼貌的。（间接推理） ①句中的是不带to的不定式短语be impolite,指的是句子的主语I直接感知的现象；而b句中的不定式短语是带to的，就不再指主语的一种直接感知，而是指主语对宾语的言行进行观察分析后得出的一种逻辑性推论。 参 考 文 献 [1] Swan Michael. Practical English Usage. Oxford University Press,1980. [2] M.Ganshina and N.Vasilevskaya. English Grammer. Moscow Foreign Languages Publishing House,1958. [3] 葛传槼，廖文渊.英语疑难用法辞典.武汉：武汉出版社.1991. [4] 林添湖.英语动词不定式前的to的语义辨析.www.lforums.com.2003. [5] 程有新.动词不定式作定语的几种情况.1994 PAGE 2