对划线部分提问教案

感叹句练习 ⒈ ____ delicious the dish is! A. What B. How C. What a ⒉ ____ strange clothes he is wearing! A. What a B. What C. How a ⒊ ____ an interesting subject it is! A. What B. How C. What an ⒋ ____ foggy it was yesterday! A. What B. What a C. How ⒌ ____ careless a boy you are! A. How B. What a C. What 6 _______ fast the boy ran! A. How        B. How an C. What         D. What an 7. _______ well you sing but _______ badly he dances! A. How, how                B. What, what C. How, what               D. What, how 8. ________ delicious the soup is! I’d like some more. A. How       B. How an C. What        D. What an 9. _______ fools they were! They believed what the man said. A. How       B. How an C. What        D. What an 10. _______ foolish they were! They believed what the man said. A. How      B. How an C. What       D. What an 11. _______ difficult questions they are! I can’t answer them. A. How       B. How an C. What        D. What an 12. I miss my friend very much. _______ I want to see her! A. How        B. How an C. What         D. What an 13. _______ lovely weather we are having these days! A. How        B. How an C. What          D. What an 14. _______ beautiful your new dress is! A. How       B. How an C. What          D. What an 15. _______ interesting work it is to teach children! A. How       B. How an C. What          D. What an 怎样对划线部分提问 对划线部分进行提问，即针对句子中的某一成分提出问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ，实质上是把一个陈述句变成一个特殊疑问句的过程。 一、对划线部分进行提问分三步 第一步，分析划线部分的内容，能用什么疑问词来代替。（what when how where who which whose等） 第二步，找句子中是否有be动词，有be动词的做相应的变化，没有be动词，用助动词do/does，然后找主语及动词按顺序写下（注意必须用动词的原形），剩下部分一般照抄。 第三步，划线部分不能照抄，注意标点。 例句1：I have a pen pal. 1)      分析划线部分，是名词，选疑问词what 2)     找be动词，没有be动词，选助动词do/does；I 改成you，动词have用原形 3)      注意标点，句号变成问号。 问句：What do you have? 二、常见的对划线部分进行提问的题型 1 对主语提问 对主语提问时，只需找出一个恰当的疑问词代替划线部分；句子的语序不变。 （1）主语是人，用who代替。 1）Miss Zhang  teaches us English . Who teaches you English ？ （2）主语是物用what 代替 1）My bike is under the tree.  What is under the tree .？ 2）There is a book in the bag. What is in the bag ？ （There be句型一般不用what is there 或what are there）  2 对谓语提问（或谓语和宾语提问）   1   一般现在时   例1 He eats an apple. （1）do代替eat   what代替an  apple （2）写下疑问词，主语是he，无be动词，选用助动词does，动词原形用do （3）问句：What does he do？  例2 She does her homework. （1）do代替does  what代替 homework （2）写下疑问词，主语是she，无be动词，选用助动词does，动词原形用do （3）问句：What does she do? 规则： 在一般现在时中，对动词提问，用do代替划线动词；宾语用what代替 句型结构是：What  do/does-------do？ 2 现在进行时   规则： 在现在进行中，对动词提问，用doing代替划线动词；宾语用what代替; be提前 句型结构是：What  is/are-------doing？ 3 一般将来时  规则：在一般将来中，对动词提问，用do代替划线动词；宾语用what代替；will/shall提前 句型结构是：What  will/shall-------do 三、规律： 对物、人名、职业进行提问用what；对人进行提问用who（主格）或whom（宾格）。 对地点提问用where 对价格进行提问用how much。 对几点几分进行提问用what time；对星期提问用what day；对日期提问用what date；对不是表示几点几分的时间状语进行提问用when。 对年龄进行提问用how old。 对颜色进行提问用what color。 对身体状况进行提问用 how 。 对出行方式状语提问用how 对天气提问用what is the weather like---？或how 对相貌特征提问用what-be----like？ 对四季提问用which weather。  习题： 一、就画线部分提问 1.He is my father. 2.They are under the tree. 3.I often watch TV after dinner. 4.Lily swims in the swimming pool. 5.Superman flies in the sky. 6.I often brush my teeth in the evening. 7.Alan likes to play with Bill. 8.Joe's father plays badminton every weekend. 9.The supermarket is near the school. 10. Tom is eleven.  11. He goes to school by bike. 12. There are five people in his family. 13. There is much milk in the glass. 14. Li Lei watches TV six times a month. 15. Jack sees the movies twice a week. 二．用what time, what color, what day, what填空。 1. A: ______ _______ is it?   B: It is nine o’clock. 2. A: ______ _______ does your mother get up?    B: My mother gets up at 6:30. 3. A: ______ _______ do you go to bed? B: I go to bed at 10:00. 4. A: ______ _______ do Diana and Fiona have supper?   B: Diana and Fiona have supper at 18:00. 5. A: ______ _______is it? B: It is purple. 6. A: ______ _______ is the sky? B: The sky is blue. 7. A: ______ _______ is your coat? B: My coat is black. 8. A: ______ _______ is the dog? B: The dog is white. 9. A: ______ _______ is today? B: Today is Monday. 10. A: ______ _______ is tomorrow? B: Tomorrow is Tuesday. 11. A: ______ _______ was yesterday? B: Yesterday was Sunday. 12. A: ______ _______ do you like? B: I like red. 13. A: ______ is this? This is a computer. 14. A: ______ are you doing? B: We are playing basketball. 15. A: ______ does your mother do? B: My mother is a policewoman. 16. A: ______ are those? B: Those are peppers. 17. A: ______ is in the box? B: A lovely doll is in the box. 18. A: ______ is on the table? B: The apple is on the table. 19. A: ______ is in the classroom? The blackboard is in the classroom. 20. A: ______ ______ ______? B: Mary is hungry. 21. A: ______ ______ ______ ______ ______?    B: My favorite color is pink. 22. A: ______ ______ ______ ______? B: Nick is playing table tennis. 三．连线： 1. What’s on the chair?       There is a book in the bag. 2. How is your father?         These are apples. 3. What are these?             I go to school by bus. 4. What is in the bag?        The radio is on the chair. 5. How do you go to school?   My father is fine. 6. How much is it?          I wash my face in the morning. 7. What time is it?             I have two hands. 8. When do you wash your face?      It is four o’clock. 9. How many hands do you have?     It is 5 RMB(人民币). 10.When do you have lunch?         I have lunch at noon. 短语动词和句型 1. 短语动词的分类 (1)动词＋介词 常见的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如： Don’t laugh at others. (2)动词＋副词 常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in,等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如： You’ll hand in your homework tomorrow. (3)动词＋副词＋介词 常见的有 go on with, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如： Go on and I’ll catch up with you in five minutes. (4)动词＋名词＋介词 常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如： You should pay attention to your handwriting. (5)动词＋形容词 常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如： The prisoners were set free. (6)动词＋名词 常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如： This story took place three years ago. 2. 短语动词的辨析 (1)be made in（在……生产或制造），be made of(由……组成或构成) (2)come down(下来;落)，come along(来；随同)，come to oneself(苏醒)，come true(实现)，come out(花开；发芽；出现；出来)，come over（过来；顺便来访），come in(进来)，come on(来吧；跟着来；赶快), come up with(找到；提出) (3)do one’s best(尽最大努力), do well in(在……干得好), do one’s homework(做作业)，do some reading(阅读) (4)fall asleep(入睡)，fall behind(落在…..后面)，fall off(从……掉下)，fall down(到下；跌倒) (5)get down(下来；落下)，get on(上车)，get to(到达)，get up(起床)，get back(回来；取回)，get off(下来)，get on well with(与……相处融洽)，get married(结婚)，get together(相聚) (6)give up(放弃)，give…a hand(给与……帮助)，give a concert(开音乐会) (7)go back(回去)，go on(继续)，go home(回家)，go to bed(睡觉)，go over(过一遍；仔细检查)，go out(外出；到外面)，go wrong(走错路)，go on doing(继续做某事)，go shopping(买东西)，go boating(去划船), go fishing(去钓鱼)，go hiking(去徒步旅行)，go skating(去滑冰)，go straight along(沿着……一直往前走) (8)have a look(看一看), have a seat（坐下）, have supper（吃晚餐）, have a rest（休息）, have sports（进行体育活动）, have a cold（感冒）, have a cough（咳嗽）, have a good time（过得愉快）, have a headache（头痛），have a try(尝 试；努力) (9)look for(寻找)，look out(留神; 注意)，look over(仔细检查)，look up(向上看；抬头看)，look after(照顾; 照看)，look at(看； 观看)，look like(看起来像)，look the same(看起来像)， (10)make friends(交朋友)，make phone calls(打电话)，make money(赚钱)，make the bed(整理床铺)，make a noise(吵闹)，make a faces(做鬼脸)，make one’s way to(往……走去)，make room for(给……腾出地方)，make a decision(做出决定)，make a mistake(犯错误)，make up one’s mind(下决心) (11)put on(上演；穿上；戴上)，put up(挂起；举起)，put down(把某物放下来)，put away(把某物收起来), put off(推迟) (12)take off(脱掉衣服)，take photos(照相)，take time(花费时间)，take out(取出)，take a seat(坐下)，take an active part in(积极参加)，take care of(照顾；照料；注意)，take exercise(做运动)，take one’s place(坐某人的位置；代替某人的职务)，take turn(轮流) (13)talk about(谈话；交谈)，talk with(和……交谈) (14)turn on(打开电灯，收音机，煤气，自来水等)，turn off(关上电灯，收音机，煤气，自来水等)，turn down(关小；调低)，turn…over(把…..翻过来) (15)think of(认为；想起)，think about(考虑) 3.句子的基本句型结构 根据句子所用动词的不同，句子可归纳为五个基本句型。 (1)主语+连系动词+表语。例如：My mother is a doctor. (2)主语+不及物动词。例如：He runs fast. (3)主语+及物动词+宾语。例如：Children often sing this song. 1)常用-ing形式, 而不用不定式作宾语的动词有：enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practise, keep, suggest, mind等。例如： She enjoys reading novels and swimming. 2)常用不定式，而不用-ing形式作宾语的动词有：wish, hope, agree, plan, decide, refuse等。例如：Where do wish to sit? 3)有些及物动词既可用不定式，由可用-ing形式作宾语，但意义不同。这类动词常见的有：remember, forget等。 例如：Please remember to post the letter for me.请记住替我发了这封信。 I remember posting the letter.我记得那封信寄过了。 Stop的用法同上面的词相仿，不过stop后面跟不定式不是作宾语，而是作状语。试比较下列句子： He stopped to smoke. 他停下来吸烟。 He stopped smoking. 他停止吸烟了。 4)有些及物动词的宾语，既可用不定式，又可用-ing形式，意义基本相同。这类动词常见的有：like, love, hate, begin, start, continue等。例如： I like to swim in summer. I like swimming in summer. (4)主语+及物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语。例如：My father bought me a new bike. 1)及物动词之后跟有双宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物。指人的为间接宾语， 指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。如果要 把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾语前需加介词。例如： Please pass me a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to me. 2)把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾前有时加介词to, 有时加介词for,这主要取决于谓语动词。一般在动词give, tell, sell, lend, show之后加to。在动词buy, make, get等之后加for。 (5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。例如：We keep our classroom clean and tidy. 1)及物动词指后跟有复合宾语，一个是宾语，一个是宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：We call him Jack. 2)在及物动词之后，用不定式作宾语补足语和用-ing形式作宾语补足语表示的意思往往不同。用不定式作宾语补足语指事情的全过程；用-ing形式作宾语补足语指正在进行的动作的一部分。例如： I heard him sing that song. (我听他唱过那首歌。) When I came back, I heard him singing in the room.(我回来时，听见他正在房间里唱歌。) 3)在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, look at使役动词let, make, have等的复合宾语种，不定式须省去to。但变为被动句时，省去的to要加上。例如： I saw him go into the room. He was seen to go into the room. 4. 初中阶段主要句型的用法。 1. It's time to (for) .... 表“时间到了；该干…的时间了”之意。 It's time to go home. It's time for school. 注意：to的后面接动词短语，而for的后面接名词。 2. It's bad (good) for ... 表示“对…有害（有益）的”含义。 Please don't smoke. It's bad for your health. 3. be late for (school) 是“上学（迟到）”之意。for后面还可以接meeting或class。 Don't be late for class, please. 4. had better do / not do sth. 表示“最好做/不做某事”之意。 You had better put on the coat when you go out. It's cold outside. 注意：用had better时，后面一定要直接跟动词原形，决不能加to do sth. 否定一定用在第二个动词之前，是动词不定式的否定式。 5. be (feel) afraid of ... 表示“恐怕”，“害怕…”之意。 He is afraid of snakes. 6. enjoy doing sth. 是“喜欢（爱好）做某事”之意，doing是动名词作动词enjoy的宾语。enjoy有欣赏之意。 Are you enjoy living in Beijing? 7. stop doing sth. 停止做某事 stop to do sth. 停下来做某事 It's time for class. Stop talking, please. When she saw me, she stopped to talk with me. 8. Let (make) sb. do 让（使）某人做某事。 Let's go to school. Father made his son clean the room again. 注意：当make sb. do sth. 用于被动语态时，第二个动词前面就一定要加to了。如： His son was made to clean the room again. 9. like to do / like doing sth. 是“喜欢做某事”之意。 like to do sth. 是表示比较具体的喜欢做某事；like doing sth. 是表示宠统的喜欢做某事。如： I like to swim in the swimming pool. 我喜欢在游泳池中游泳。（喜欢的具体的地方游泳） I like swimming. 我喜欢游泳（只讲喜欢这项运动） 10. ask (tell) sb. to do. (not to do) sth. 请（让）某人（不）做某事 11. give (lend) sb. sth. = give (lend) sth. to sb. 给（借给）某人某物 12. be busy doing sth. 表示“忙于做某事”之意。 The students are busy getting ready for the exams. 13. too ... to ... 表示“太…以致不能…”的含义。 She is too young to go to school. 14. not……until …… 是“直……才……”之意。 My daughter didn't go to bed until 11 o'clock last night. 15. so ……that 是“如此……以致……”的意思。 Peter is so clever that all the teachers like him very much. 16. neither ……nor ……是“既不……也不……”之意。 Mr. Smith is neither a worker nor a soldier. He is a scientist. 17. enough to do sth. 是“足以去做某事”之意。 She is old enough to go to school. 19. prefer……to ……是“比起来，还是……好，”“喜欢……而不喜欢”之意。 I prefer English to maths = I like English better than maths 20. not ……at all ……是“根本不……”之意。 I don't know Mr. King at all. 21．keep sb. doing sth. 是“使某人继续做某事”之意。 Mr. Wang didn't come to school on time. She kept me waiting for two hours. 22. keep sth. + adj. 是“保持某物处于某种状况”之意。 Please keep our classroom clean and tidy. 23. see sb. doing sth. 表示“看见某人正在做某事”之意。 When my brother passed the post office, he saw a little boy crying at the door. 24. see sb. do sth. 是“看见某人做了某事”之意。 That girl saw an old woman fall down on the road yesterday. 25. be used for doing sth. 是“被用来做某事”的意思。 Knives are used for cutting things. 26. It's three metres long / high/ wide. 它是三米长（高、宽）形容词要放在后面作后置定语。句型是It / 主语+ be +数词+米/公里+形容词。 His father is one and seventy metres tall. 27. What's wrong with ......? / What's the problem with ......?/ What's the trouble with ......?/ What's the matter?表示“出了什么毛病？”“…哪儿不舒服？”“怎么啦？”的含义。 28. Would you like (to do) ......? 是“你想要…吗？”的意思。like后面可以接名词，词组或动词不定式。提出一种建议或邀请。 Would you like some fish? 29. Will you please do sth? 是“你想要做……吗？” Will you please say it more slowly? 30. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 是“做某事花费某人一段时间”之意。可以用于一般现在时， 31. I'd like sb. to do sth. 是“我希望某人来做某事”之意。 I'd like my friend to help me with my lessons. 32 There's sth. wrong with ......是“某物/人出了问题”，“某物/人有了毛病”之意。 33. I don't think that + clause 是“我想…不会…”“我认为…不…”之意。 I don't think that any of the questions is difficult. 36. What about ......? 表示征求意见，询问消息，是“…好不好？”“…怎么样？”之意。 What about some tea? 37. Why not do ...? 是表示建议，“为什么不……？”之意。 Why not come to play games with us? =Why don't you come to play games with us? 38. What do you mean by ......? 是“请问…是什么意思？”之意。 What do you mean by "scientist", please? 可以说What is the meaning of "manager"?或What does the "manager" mean? 39. You like singing very much. So do I. 你非常喜欢唱歌。我也非常喜欢。 So do I. = I like singing very much, too. So在句型"so + be (have，助动词或情态动词)+主语中"有“也”，“同样”的意思，表示前面所说的情况，也适合于另一个人（或物）。 He saw the accident, and so did I. She can ride a horse, and so can I. 40. It's easy for him to learn English well. 学好英语对他来说很容易。 It's + adj. + for sb. + to do sth. 是“对某人来说做某事怎么样”之意。It是代词作形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式（或短语），为避免句子头重脚轻而将主语放在了后面。 It is dangerous for children to play in the street. 习题 一. 单项选择 1. Would you please drive faster ? My flight is _________. A. taking off B. getting off C. turning off D. putting off 2. On October 15, 2003 China _______ its first man-made spaceship, which made Yang Liwei a hero to many kids. A. set out B. Set off C. sent up D. sent out 3. ---How is the play going ? ---We are going to _______ the day after tomorrow. A. put on it B. put it off C. put it on D. put it off 4. Mr Green is busy _______ the newspaper while his wife is busy ______ the housework. A. reading ; with B. to read ; with C. to read ; doing D. with ; to do 5. We have to _______ our things if we travel on a train or a bus. A. look at B. look up C.look like D. look after 6. ---If you ______ a new idea, please call me as soon as possible. --- Sure, I will. A. keep up with B. catch up with C. feed up with D. come up with 7. ---Zhou Jielun is so cool. I’m his fan. ---____________. A. So do I B. So I do C. So am I D. So I am 8. ---Your new sweater looks beautiful. Is it _______ pure wool ? ---Yes, and it’s _______ Inner Mongolia. A. made by ; made for B. made of ; made by C. made of ; made in D. Made by ; made from 9. Please _______ the box carefully. It is filled with glasses A. put down B. put on C. put off D. put together 10. ---________ ! There’s a car coming ! ---Oh. Thanks. A. Look over B. Look up C. Look on D. Look out 11. ---Look! The bus is coming. ---But it’s full of people. We can’t ______ . A.get off B. get down C. get on with D. get on 12. ---Excuse me. Where’s the Science Museum? ---Take No.3 bus and ______ at the fourth stop. A. get on B. get off C. get up D. get to 13. It’s very cold today. You’d better put _____ your coat when you go out. A. away B. down C. on D. up 14. Miss Li told the children to walk one after another. She didn’t want them to ______ in the park A. get wrong B. get away C. get lost D. get ready 15. The flowers start to _____ in spring. A. come in B. come out C. come from D. come to 16. Lucy, could you please help me _____ the map on the blackboard? A. put into B. put up C. put out D. put on 17. “Get a ladder, please. I can’t _____ .” Jim said in a tall tree. A. come back B. come out C. come down D. come over 18. I have ____ my parents, and now I’m answering it. A. heard of B. heard from C. heard D. heard about 19. I can’t see the words clearly. Can I _____ the light? A. turn on B. put off C. hold on D. take off 20. As soon as the man walked into the warm room, he _____ his heavy coat and sat down. A. took away B. took down C. took off D. took up 二. 用非谓语动词填空 1. The bus was very crowded, so she wanted ______ a taxi. 2. She enjoys _______ novels before going to bed. 3. It took him two hours _______ his homework. 4. He has made up his mind _____ hard. 5. Would you like _______ the football match this afternoon? 6. The child stopped ______ and listened to the music. 7. Beethoven taught me ______ the music. 8. Thank you for _______ me to the party. 9. He lost his money, so he asked his friend ______ a train ticket for him. 10. Mark Twain liked to tell funny stories to make people ______ . 三. 完成下列句子 1. 请你把这些花送给她，好吗？ Will you send ____ _____ _____ ? 2. 你离开教室的时候，不要忘记关窗户。 Don’t forget _____ _____ _____ _____ when you leave the classroom. 3. 我到学校的时候，听见她在唱歌。 When I got to school, I hear ____ _____. 4. 不仅学生们，而且他们的老师也喜欢那个电影。 Not only the students but also their teacher _____ _____ ____ . 5. 我们都不喜欢跳舞。 None of us is fond of _________. 6. 我用了两个小时修车。 It _______ me two hours _______ _______ the bike. 7. 直到妈妈回来时，他才完成作业。 He ______ finish his homework _______ his mother came back. 8. 他和我都不是老师。    ______ he _______ I am a teacher. 9. 他从小就对数学感兴趣。    He became ________ in maths when he was ________. 10. 你最好乘火车。 You'd _______ ______ a train. 初中英语易混词的用法辨析 一、容易混淆的动词： 　　延续性动词和瞬间动词在用法上的区别等。 　　　　1. come & be here 　　　　[误] He has come here for three hours. 　　　　[正] He came here three hours ago. 　　　　[正] He has been here for three hours. 　　　　come是瞬间动词，不是延续性动词，在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。而要与表示一段时间的状语连用，就要用延续动词。此同类的还有borrow/lend-keep; join-be in/at; die-be dead; buy-have; leave-be away,etc. 　　　　2. cost & take & spend & pay 　　　　[误] I cost a lot of time to read stories. 　　　　[正] It cost me a lot of time to read stories. 　　　　[正] I spent a lot of time reading stories. 　　　　cost除了钱的花费以外，还能表示时间上的花费，但常用物做主语。spend句子主语是人，可指花费时间和金钱，但后面的动词要用-ing形式，后面也可跟名词短语，介词用on。pay句子主语是人，常与for连用，buy也常与for连用，但花费“钱”要放在介词for后面，而pay则放在介词for前面。 　　　　3. join & take part in 　　　　[误] He joined the League for two years. 　　　　[正] He joined the League two years ago. 　　　　[正] He has been in the League for two years. 　　 [正] He has been a League member for two years. 　　　　join指“参加”组织，成为一个成员，join sb.意思是“加入某人”，take part in指参加活动特别是大的运动；如指“参加…多长时间”就要用延续动词be in或be a …member，而不能用join。 　　　　4. borrow & lend & keep 　　　　[误] She has lent me the book for a week. 　　　　[正] She lent me the book a week ago. 　　　　[正] It’s a week since she lent me the book. 　　　　borrow和lend是短暂性动词，在肯定句里不和表示一段时间的状语连用，keep延续动词，可与表示一段时间的状语连用。borrow意思是“借(进)”，后面跟介词from，lend意思是“借(出)”，后面跟介词to，lend也可用于某些成语中，如lend sb. a hand。 　　　　5. lie & lay & lain 　　 [误] She laid down the book and laid in bed. 　　　　[正] She laid down the book and lay in bed. 　　　　lie有两个意思，一个是“说谎”，过去式和过去分词是在词尾加-d；另一个是“躺，卧；位于”，是不规则动词，其过去式和过去分词是lay、lain，现在分词是lying。lay意思是“放；孵(蛋)”，其过去式和过去分词是laid、laid。 　　　　6. be made in & be made of & be made from & be made up of 　　　　[误] The table is made from wood. 　　　　[正] The table is made of wood. 　　　　be made in意思是“由……生产”，强调产地；be made of意思是“用……制成”，强调从成品上能看出原料，制成物没改变原料的本质；be made from意思也是“用……制成”，强调从制成物上看不出原料，制成物已改变原料的本质；be made up of意思是“由……构成或组成”，指人或物都可，指结构成分。 　　　　7. stop to do & stop doing 　　　　[误] He was too tired, so he stopped having a rest. 　　　　[正] He was too tired, so he stopped to have a rest. 　　　　[误] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop to talk. 　　[正] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop talking. 　　　　stop to do意思是“停下(正做的事)(开始)去做(别的某事)”，带to的不定式在句子中作目的状语；stop doing意思“停止做某事(不做了)”，带-ing形式的动名词在句子中作宾语。 二、容易混淆的形容词： 　　　　1. any & some 　　[误] Have you got some money with you? 　　　　[正] Have you got any money with you? 　　　　[误] Would you like any milk? 　　　　[正] Would you like some milk? 　　　　any和some意思是“一些”，用作定语，可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。any多用于否定句和疑问句，some多用于肯定句。但如果说话人表示“请求，提议”或“希望得到肯定回答”的意义时，some也可用在疑问句中；some还可用于单数名词前，表示未知或说话人不想特别说明的人、地、物等，意思是“某一，某个”。如果表示“任何，无论哪个”时，any可用在肯定句中。 　　　　2. either & each & both & neither & every 　　　　[误] There are many flowers on either side of the street. 　　　　[误] There are many flowers on neither side of the street. 　　　　[误] There are many flowers on each sides of the street. 　　　　[正] There are many flowers on both sides of the street. 　　　　[正] There are many flowers on each side of the street. 　　　　[误] Every student has not finished their homework. 　　　　[正] No student has finished their homework. 　　　　either意思是“两者之一的”，each意思是“任意一个的”，neither意思是“两者都不的”，every强调整体，意思是“个个”。 　　　　3. few/little & a few /a little 　　　　[误] Sorry, I have few money on me. 　　　　[正] Sorry, I have little money on me. 　　　　[误] Her books are few. 　　　　[正] She has few books. 　　　　[误] The work needs a few number of workers. 　　　　[正] The work needs a small number of workers. 　　　　[正] The work needs a few workers. 　　　　few后跟可数名词复数，little后跟不可数名词，都表示“几乎没有”的否定性意思；a few和a little区别也在于前者跟可数名词，后者跟不可数名词，都表示“有几个”的肯定性意思。 　　4. no & not 　　　　no意思是“没有”，可以否定一切名词，修饰不可数名词和可数名词的复数时等于not any，修饰可数名词单数时等于not a/an；如果被修饰的名词通常情况下只有一个，则用它的单数形式；不能用a、the、all、every等限制词之前，而not可以。not意思是“不，不是”，可以否定一切动词，修饰动词。no more than意思是“不过，仅仅”，相当于only，修饰“数量”词，强调“少”的含义；not more than意思是“至多，不多于，不超过”，用于陈述事实；no more…than和not more…than多用于多音节形容词的比较级。 　　　　5. already & yet & still 　　　　[误] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off yet. 　　　　[正] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off already. 　　　　[正] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had already taken off. 　　　　already意思是“已经”，一般用于肯定句，常与完成时连用，常用于句中；yet意思是“已经，还”，一般用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末；still意思是“仍然，还是”，强调动作在进行，主要用于肯定句，常用于句中。 　　　6. also & too & either & so & neither & nor 　　　　[误] My parents didn’t like swimming, nor did his. 　　　　[正] My parents didn’t like swimming, neither did his. 　　　　also用于肯定句，一般放在行为动词之前、助动词、情态动词、系动词之后，too一般用于肯定句末，前面常用逗号；either一般用于否定句末，前面也用逗号；so置于句首，引起句子倒装，表示前面所讲的情况也适用于另一个人或物，具有否定的意思；so后的主语与前一句主语是同一个人或物时，后面的主谓不倒装，表示“确实如此”；neither置于句首，引起句子倒装，表示前面所讲的情况不适用于另一个人或物，具有否定的意思；nor常与not连用，表示“也不”，neither和nor都可用来对前面的否定陈述加以补充，如果补充的成分否定的不是同一事物，同一内容，就只能用nor，不可用neither；当否定的并列分句有两个以上时，只能用nor，因为neither只能指两者中的一个，nor指三个以上的另一个。 　　 7. sometimes & sometime & some time & some times 　　　　[误] You can only keep the book for sometime. 　　　　[正] You can only keep the book for some time. 　　　　sometimes是频度副词，意思是“有时，不时”，常与一般现在时或一般过去时连用；sometime是副词，意思是“在某个不确定的时间，在某个时候，某时”，可与将来时或过去时连用；some time是名词词组，意思是“一段时间”，做时间状语，也可用作副词词组，用来指一个未肯定的时刻，常指将来，此时可与sometime通用；some times是名词词组，意思是“几次，几倍”。 三、容易混淆的代词： 　　　　[考试说明] 熟练掌握人称代词主格、宾格形式及基本用法，在口语和书面语的表达中正确运用；掌握形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的基本用法；掌握反身代词作为宾语和同位语的基本用法；熟练掌握指示代词和疑问代词的基本用法。 　　　　1. either & each & none & neither & both & all & some 　　　　[误] Either of the books are good. 　　　　[正] Either of the books is good. 　　　　either/ each / none / neither of+复数名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数， 　　其中neither的也可用复数；both/ all /some of+复数名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 　 　[模拟练习] 　1. Mum, I’m very thirsty. Is there _____ in the fridge? 　　　　A. some milk   B. any juice   C. any bread   D. some cakes 　2. –What time is it? 　　　　--Sorry. I don’t have a ______. 　　　　A. book   B. watch    C. pen    D. picture 　3. ______ is ______. 　　　A. Orange, orange   B. Orange, an orange 　　  C. An orange, orange   D. An ranges, an orange 　4. Oh. It’s time ______. 　　 A. for break  B. to break  C. for a break  D. to a break 　5. The novel is very ______. I’m ______ in it. 　　　　A. interest, interest    B. interesting, interesting 　　　　C. interested, interested    D. interesting, interested 　6. Although the man lived ______, he didn’t feel ______ because he had quite ______ old friends. 　　　　A. lonely, lonely, few    B. alone, alone, few 　　　　C. alone, lonely, a few    D. lonely, alone, a few 　7. Everyday Mr. Green got ______ the lift and then got ______ his car to go to work. 　　　　A. on, off   B. into, out, of  C. off, on  D. out of, into 　8. The jacket is so expensive. It ______ me a lot of money. 　　　　A. takes  B. spends   C. pays  D. costs 　9. Don’t throw about the paper. Please ______. 　　　　A. pick up it  B. pick it up  C. picks up it  D. picks it up 　10. Please hurry up! The plane ______ in a few minutes. 　　　　A. takes down  B. will take away  C. takes place D. will take off 　11. His brother enjoys ______ football matches. 　　　　A. seeing  B. looking  C. watching  D. finding 　12. You may ______ we go to visit our uncle. 　　　　A. say   B. tell   C. speak   D. talk 　13. When we ran to the railway station, the plane just ______. 　　　　A. reached   B. got   C. arrived   D. went 　14. China has ______ several manmade satellites into space. 　　　　A. sent up   B. sent for  C. sent away  D. sent back 　15. You can ______ the book until you finish ______ it. 　　　　A. borrow, looking   B. lend, watching 　　　　C. keep, reading  D. return, seeing 　16. The box is ______. You can’t put ______ in it. 　　　　A. empty, something  B. empty, anything 　　　　C. full, something    D. full, anything 　17. China is a ______ country in the world. 　　　　A. big  B. huge    C. tall   D. great 　18. There is ______ time for me to think. I must leave at once. 　　　　A. few   B. a few   C. little   D. a little 19. Girls always try to keep their rooms ______. 　　　　A. clean   B. cleaning   C. to clean   D. cleans 20. –You look pretty today. --______. 　　　　A. You’re right.   B. All right. 　　　　C. No. You’re not right.    D. Thank you. 时间介词in、on、at、by的用法辨析 介词in用来表示一天中某段时间，指天、年、月、季节、周次等。如：in the morning 介词on用来表示某一天或星期几，指明具体的时间。如：on a rainy day 介词at用来表示特定的时间、节日、年龄等。如：at noon 介词by表示…的时候、到、等到…已经等用在天、时间的前面。如：by 2 o‘clock 时间介词in与after 的用法辨析 介词in + 一段时间用于一般将来时。如：We’ll go to school in two weeks. 介词after + 一段时间用于一般过去时。如：My mother came home after half an hour. 介词after + 时间点常用于一般将来时。如：We’ll go out for a walk after supper. 时间介词for与since的用法辨析 介词for 表示一段时间如：I have been living here for 10 years. 介词since 表示从过去某一时间以来如：I have been living here since 2000. 时间介词during与for的用法辨析 当所指的时间起止分明时用介词during如：He swims every day during the summer. 如果一段时间不明确则用介词for如：I haven’t seen her for years. 时间介词before与by的用法辨析 介词before表示“在…之前”如：He won’t come back before five . 介词by表示“到…时为止，不迟于…”如：The work must be finished by Friday. 时间介词till与until用法的异同 till和until用在肯定句中，均可表示“直到…为止”，如：I will wait till（until）seven o'clock． till和until用在否定句中，均可表示“在…以前”或“直到…才”。 如：Tom didn't come back till（until）midnight． till多用于普通文体，而 until则用于多种文体，并且在句子开头时，用until而不用till。如：Until he comes back，nothing can be done． 不用介词表达时间的几种情况 当表示时间的词前有this, that时，其前面不用介词，如：this morning 当表示时间的词前有next时，其前面不用介词，如：next Sunday 当表示时间的词前有last时，其前面不用介词，如：last Sunday 当表示时间的词前有one, any, each, every, some或all时，其前面不用介词，如：You can come any day. 二．方位介词与地点介词的用法辨析 方位介词on, over, above的用法辨析 介词on表示一物放在另一物上面，两者紧贴在一起，如：The book is on the table. 介词over表示一种垂直悬空的上下关系，即“在…上方”，如：Is there any bridge over the river? 介词above表示一般的“高于…”，“在…之上”，如：There was an electric clock above his bed. 方位介词under与below的用法辨析 介词under是over的反义词即“在…下方”，如：They were seen under the tree. 介词below是above的反义词即“低于…”，“在…之下”，如：They live below us. 方位介词across,、through、over,、past的用法辨析 介词across着重于“从一头或一边到另一头或另一边”，强调从表面穿过。 如：She went across the street to make some purchases. 介词through着重于“穿越”，强调从一定的空间内穿过。 如：The sunlight was coming in through the window. 介词over多表示从“上方越过”，如：He failed to go over the mountain; he had to go round it. 介词past表示从“面前经过”，如：Someone has just gone past the window. 方位介词in、on、at的用法辨析 介词in表示“排、行、组”，如：We are in Team One. 介词on表示“左、右”，如：Li Ping is on my left. 介词at表示“前、后”，如：I sit at the front of the classroom. 方位介词to、for的用法辨析 介词to表示目的地或去的目的，如：Wil you take a train to Tianjian. 介词for表示动身去某地，如：He got on a train for Shanghai. 地点介词at与in的用法辨析 介词at表示较小的地方，如家、村、乡村等，如：He lives at a small village. 介词in表示较大的地方，如大城市、国家、洲等，如：He lives in Beijing. 地点介词at与on的用法辨析 介词at用于门牌号，如：He lives at No.200, Nanjing Road. 介词on用于路名，如：He lives on Nanjing Road. 地点介词in、on、to的用法辨析 介词in表示“包含”如：Beijing is in the north of China. 介词on表示“紧邻”如：Canada lies on the north of the U.S. 介词to表示“没接触”如：France lies to the south of England. 三．其他易混介词的用法辨析 动作介词to与toward的用法辨析 介词to表示向某处移动，如：They were driving to work together. 介词toward 表示移向某处，如：We're moving toward the light. 原因介词because、as、for的用法辨析 介词because表示“因为；由于”指直接的、明确的原因，用来回答why的问句，语气最强。 如：The boy was absent because he was ill. 介词as表示“由于；鉴于”指一种显而易见、谈话双方已知的理由。 如：She stayed at home as she had no car. 介词for表示 “因为；由于”指一种间接原因，甚至只是一种附带的说明。 如：It must have rained last night, for the road is wet. 材料介词of和from的用法 介词of用于成品与材料的性质不变时，如：The desk is made of wood. 介词from用于成品与材料的性质已变时，如：Wine is made from grapes. 表示“用”的介词in、with、by的用法辨析 介词in表示“用材料、语言”如：Can you say it in English? 介词with表示“用工具、某物”如：with a pen 介词by表示“用、以、靠、通过…方法”如：He prefers traveling by car. 介词between与among的用法辨析 介词between 表示“在两者之间”如：Don’t sit between the two girls. 介词among表示“在…当中（三者或以上）”如：They lived among the mountains in the past. 介词besides与except的用法辨析 介词besides表示“除…之外（全部计算在内）”如：We have seen the crocodile besides Li Fang. 介词except表示“除…之外（不计算在内）”如：We are all Chinese except Tom in our class. 习题： 1.There's a small garden ______ the house. A. in front of       B. in the front of    C. at the front of     D. on the front of 2.Early ______ the morning of May 1, we started off ______ the mountain village. A. on ; for                 B. on ; /                       C. in ; to               D. in ; for 3.The policeman helped the old woman ______ the street. A. off                     B. across                     C. past                   D. through 4.Xiao Li masters several other foreign languages ______ English. He studies German, Japanese and Russian. A. beside  B. besides  C. but   D. except 5.The soldier stood quite 2000 still, ______ his lips moved slightly. A. except that      B. except for             C. except                D. besides 6.Your composition is good ______ a few spelling mistakes. A. besides               B. except                 C. except for        D. except that 7.Peter's car is excellent ______ the color. A. except            B. besides               C. except for        D. only except 8.Everybody went to the exhibition ______ Mary. A. not                   B. but                               C. for                         D. by 9.There are a lot of news ______ today's newspaper. A. in                     B. on                               C. at                       D. with 10.Say something about your school ______ English. A. in                     B. with                   C. by                          D. for 11.The girl ______ will give us a report. A. on blue                 B. of blue                   C. in blue               D. at blue 12.Look, there is a hole ______ the wall. A. on                    B. at                               C. in                       D. of 13.The doctor will be back ______ ten minutes. A. after                    B. in                               C. on                        D. at 14.She left the party ______ her headache. A. because                 B. since              C. in spite of           D. because of 15. ______ the end of last year we had learned five English songs. 16.It's quite warm today ______ January. A. for                   B. in                               C. at                       D. on 17. ______ the development of science and technology, our country has become richer and stronger. A. In                B. By                       C. At                      D. With 18.Can you swim ______ the river? A. over              B. cross                  C. on                           D. across 19.The Great Wall ______ North China. A. runs across        B. runs through            C. runs cross           D. runs 20.Mr Smith went home ______ Christmas. A. on                    B. at                               C. in                       D. beside 21.I bought these books ______ one yuan a copy. A. at                     B. by                               C. on                          D. in 22.A new bridge was built ______ the river. A. with                    B. in                       C. over                   D. through 23.He hasn't seen the Smiths ______ 1978. A. after                    B. since              C. around                  D. before 24.The railway runs ______ the town. A. to                    B. through                  C. into                 D. towards 25.Taiwan lies ______ the east of Fujian and Jiangxi ______ the west of Fujian. A. to ; on                 B. in ; in                  C. on ; to                 D. to ; in 26.It's usually quiet here ______ Sunday mornings. A. in                     B. on                               C. at                       D. the 27.The medical team set off ______ the morning of September 10. A. in                     B. at                               C. on                      D. from 28.They had a party ______ Christmas Eve. A. at                   B. in                          C. on                   D. during 29.Does John know any other foreign language ______ French? A. except                B. but                       C. besides                D. beside 30.The boat is passing ______ the bridge. A. under               B. through               C. across 31.We went to Nanjing ______ October, 1977. A. in                      B. on                      C. at 32.Taiwan is ______ the east of Fujian. A. in                      B. at                            C. to 33. ______ the morning of June 27, they visited the Great Wall. A. In                      B. At                      C. On                       D. From 34.We often go to the park ______ Sunday morning. A. on                      B. in                            C. at                        D. from 35.My aunt has worked in a clinic ______ 1949. A. after               B. before                      C. till                      D. since   情态动词 情态动词主要用以表明说话者对某一行为的态度和观点。主要包括揣测、判断、需要、可能等意思。 一、情态动词的特点 1.情态动词本身有一定词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和句子的主要动词（实义动词）一起构成谓语。 2.情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化，——在各种人称后形式相同。 只有have to除外，第三人称单数作主语时，用has to. 3.情态动词后接动词原形。 4.有些情态动词有过去式，但must, ought to, had better, would rather没有，只有一种形式。 一般式 can may shall will dare need have(has)to be able to 过去式 could might should would dared needed had to was/were able to 二、情态动词的基本用法 can和could can的过去式是could, 主要用来表示能力、可能性、许可、征求对方意见等意义。 1.表示能力。 can可以表示“能、能够、会”，包括本能、体能、技能、智能等，泛指一般的能力。 could表示过去的能力状况。 2.表示可能性。 ⑴表示情况允许的可能性，可用在肯定句中和否定句中，can的这种用法与may所表示的那种可能完全不同。can表示“一时的特性”，含有“有时会…”这层意思，用于肯定句中。 The temperature can rise to 34℃. 气温可升至零上34度。 ⑵在否定句和疑问句中，表示对现在动作或状态的猜测时，can和could没有时间上的差异。 He can’t be at home now, for the light is out. ⑶could表示可能，可以指过去的时间，也可以指现在的时间，表示语气缓和。 He looks young, He couldn’t be over fifty.他看起来年轻，他不可能超过五十岁。 3.表示许可。 can/could可以用来表示“向对方请求许可”、“给予对方许可”、“陈述许可”等。 ⑴表示向对方请求许可时，can和could都可以用，而且没有时间上的差别。 只是could比can更加委婉、客气或不确定。 Can I have a look at your new design? 我可以看一下你的新设计吗？ ⑵表示给予对方许可时，可用can，也可用may, 但不能用could. You can have a short holiday after this item of work. 4.征求对方意见。 在征求意见时，常用“could/can you… ?”。此时也可用“would you …?”。不过“could/would you …?”比“can you …”更有礼貌。 5.can的习惯用法。 ⑴can 用在否定句和疑问句中表示惊讶。 What can he be doing at this time of night? ⑵can but 作“只好”、“至多不过”讲。 We can but do our best. 我们只好尽力而为。 ⑶cannot help but do sth 意为“不得不做”；cannot help doing 意为“情不自禁做…” The girl can’t help but live on herself. 小女孩不得不自食其力。 When I try to speak, I can’t help laughing. 我一开口说话，就禁不住笑。 ⑷cannot… too… 表示“无论…都不过分”、“越…越好” We can’t think you too much for what you’ve done for us. 对于你为我们所做的一切，我们无论怎么感谢你都不过分。 You can never do the work too well. 这项工作你做得越出色越好。 注：can表示请求、许可和偶尔的可能性的用法，考查相当频繁。 Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的笔吗？ It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有时容易刮风，特别在春季。 may和might may/might 可以表示“许可、可能性、祝愿”等意义。might是may的过去式。另外，may/might还有一些固定的用法。 1.表示许可。 may/might可以表示允许别人做某事，也可征求对方的许可。比can和could更正式。还可表示法律、条文等的许可。 ⑴向对方请求许可。may和might没有时间之分，只是might比may更加委婉，更没有把握。 May I trouble you to pass me the book? ⑵给予别人许可，可用can，也可用may，但不可用might。 might一般不表示过去，但是在间接引语中可作may的过去式，转述已经给予的许可。 You may/can phone me tomorrow. 你明天可以给我打电话。 ⑶法律、条文等的客观许可。机关、学校等的文书、公告里的“不得”、“禁止”。 在正式场合下不用cannot表示，而用maynot或mustn’t表示。 Any book may not be taken out of the library. 不得把任何书带出图书馆。 ⑷表示咨询一件事情可以做还是不可以做，回答may引起的问句时。否定形式用“must not/mustn’t禁止，had better not最好别…”。may not比明确表示禁止的must not 更委婉。 --May I watch TV tonight？ 我今晚可以看电视吗？ --Yes, you may. 是的，你可以。 2.表示可能性。 ⑴may, might表示可能性时，可以对现在、过去、将来进行推测，意为“或许、可能”，表示一件事或许可能发生，但可能性不大，主要用于陈述句中。此时might不是may的过去式，它所表示的可能性比may所表示的可能性小一些。 John is absent, He may/might be ill.约翰没来，他可能病了。 The little girl might be sleeping this time of day.那个小姑娘现在这个时间可能正在睡觉。 ⑵might与may 用法相同，但might比may语气更委婉、客气些，意为“可否”，表示可以做的事，指的是过去时间。 I wonder if I might borrow a book. 我想知道我是否可以借本书。 3.其他用法 ⑴表示祝愿，常用“May+主语+动词原形”结构。 May you have a happy life. 祝你生活幸福。 ⑵may/might …but …表示“我承认…是事实，但是…” It may rain tomorrow, but we’ve been determined. 明天会下雨，但是我们主意已定。 ⑶may/might as well表示有礼貌的劝告，常意为“还是…的好” There is nothing to do, so I may as well go to bed.没有事可做，我还是上床睡觉好了。 注：在so that, in order that引导的表示目的的句子中，常用may/might，也可用can/could. 其中might, could用以表示过去的情况。 We work hard so that we may life a happier life.我们努力工作以生活得更幸福。 I raised my voice in order that I might be heard clearly.我提高声音以让别人听得更清楚。 must和have to 1.表示“必须”。 ⑴must多表示主观上的“必须”，意为“一定、必须”； have to多表示客观上的“必须”，意为“不得不、必须”。 You must be back by ten. 到10点钟你必须回来。（命令、叮嘱） You have to be back by ten. 到10点钟你得回来。（客观需要） ⑵must只有一种形式，而have to则有多种形式变化。 ⑶have to 的否定式相当于needn’t，表示没有义务、没有必要做，意为“不必”。must的否定式用mustn’t 表示禁止，意为“一定不要”。 You mustn’t tell lies anyway. 不管怎么样，你不能说谎。 注： ⑴have to在英国口语中，常用have got to替代。 You haven’t got to leave so early. 你没有必要这么早就离开。 ⑵以表示“必须”意义的must开头的一般疑问句，否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to. --Must I hand in my composition today? 我必须今天交上作业吗？ --No, you needn’t/don’t have to. 不，不必。 --Yes, you must. 是的，必须。 ⑶must 表示推测时，用于否定句和疑问句，此时用can代替。 --Someone is knocking at the door. Who can it be?有人在敲门，会是谁呢？ --It can’t be Jim. He is still at school.一定不是吉姆，他还在上课呢？ 2.must可以表示特定的语气和态度，意为“偏要、偏偏、硬要、非得”。表示说话人与对方的愿望相反的情绪。如“不满意、不耐烦”。 Why must you always interrupt me?你为什么非要打断我呢？ Shall/should和ought to 1.shall的用法 shall /should 可作情态动词，也可以作助动词，用来构成将来时。 ⑴表示将来时。用于第一人称，表示“将要”。 I shall do it tomorrow. 明天我将要做这件事。 ⑵征求对方意见或请求。用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。 Shall we go? 我们走好吗？ ⑶表示许诺、警告等。用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的许诺、命令、警告、威胁等。 You shall get an answer from me tomorrow.到明天你就会得到我的答复。 表示“应、必须”。用于第三人称的陈述句中，在条约、规定、法令等文件中，表示义务或规定。 The National Party Congress shall be held every five years.党的全国代表大会每五年举行一次。 2.should的用法 ⑴作为shall的过去式，用于第一、三人称的问句中，意为“将要、将来”。多出现在间接引语中，以征求对方的意见。 I asked the teacher if I should have one day off.我问老师能否请一天假。 ⑵表示义务、 职责 岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载建筑公司岗位职责下载社工督导职责.docx 等，意为“应该”，比ought to 语气弱，口语中常用。 You shouldn’t be so careless. 你不应该这么粗心大意。 ⑶表示劝告、建议、要求对方给自已提出意见。 I think you should start at once.我想你应该立即开始。 ⑷表示推测“想必一定、照说应该、估计”，比must语气弱。 Mr Black must be home now. 布莱克先生现在肯定在家。 ⑸表示说话人的惊奇、愤怒、失望等特殊情感。意为“居然、竟然”。 Don’t ask me，How should I know? 不要问我，我怎么会知道呢？ ⑹表示很大的可能性，意为“按道理说应该”。 It should be Mike who has taken away all the materials.应该是迈克拿走了所有的材料。 3.ought to的用法 ⑴ought to 与should 同义，表示“应该、应当，表示一种义务或责任，提出要求及人们应该去做的正确的事或好事，语气较should 强，比must弱。而should 只表示单纯建议的口气，多用于口语中。 Humans ought to stop polluting nature. 人类应该停止污染大自然。 ⑵表示很大的可能性。 She ought to finish the work by next week.到下星期她应该能完成这项工作。 ⑶ought to 的否定式为oughtn’t to 或ought not to. ⑷变一般疑问句时，ought提到句首，回答时用ought to或oughtn’t to, to可以省略。 --Ought you to finish your homework before watching TV? 你应该在看电视之前完成你的家庭作业吗？ --Yes, I ought (to). 是的，我应该。--No, I oughtn’t (to). 不，我不应该。 will/would Will/would可作情态动词，也可作助动词，构成将来时态，其各种形式相同。 1.表示意愿、决心、意志，可用于各种人称。would用于过去的情况。 2.表示请求。用于主语是第二人称的问句中，表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求。 would比will更客气、委婉，不表示过去意义。 3.表示习惯或特性，意为“总是、惯于”，否定结构意为“不肯、不能”。这种用法并不指将来，不与表示将来的时间状语连用。would do 指“过去常常”，带有主观性。 Fish will die without water. 没有水，鱼就不能活。 4.will 表示规律性的“注定会”。 You will regret forever if you lose this golden chance. used to 意为“过去常常、过去是”，表示过去的习惯或喜好，现在已经不再这样了。可用于各种人称，后接动词原形。 其否定形式：usedn’t to或didn’t use to. 一般疑问句形式：将“used”提到主语前或用“Did …use to”的形式。 He didn’t use to be so careless. 他过去根本没这么粗心过。 Used they to exercise in high school? 上高中时他们经常锻炼身体吗？ need 1.用作情态动词。need通常用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。没有人称和时态变化，后接动词原形。其否定式直接加not，疑问式直接将need提前，由need构成的一般疑问句，其肯定回答用muust. --Need I tell him everything that’s happened to his parents? 我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗？ --Yes, you must. 是的。--No, you needn’t. 不，没必要。 2.作实义动词。有人称和数的变化，即现在时，第三人称单数needs，现在分词needing，过去式和过去分词needn’t，后面要跟带to的不定式。其否定式、疑问式都要通过助动词do构成，可用于一切句式。 --Do I need to leave my telephone number and address? 我有必要把电话和地址留下吗？ --Yes, you need to. 是的。 --No, you don’t need to. 不必。 The watch needs repairing . (=to be repaired) 这块表需要修理了。 had better 主要用来表示劝告和建议，后跟动词原形，与汉语的“最好…”意义略有不同。You’d better是一种命令的口气，含有“我说了，你得听”的味道。故下级对上级，晚辈对长辈不宜用这种结构。 注：had better 的否定式：在better 后加not. 疑问式：将had 提至主语前。 You had better not quarrel with your neighbors whatever happens. 不管发生了什么事，你最好不要和邻居吵架。 would rather 表示选择，意为“宁愿”。 Would you rather do it? 你宁愿这么做这件事吗？ 1.若在两者中间选择，用than连接。 I’d rather drink tea than (drink) coffee. 我宁愿喝茶也不喝咖啡。 2.would rather 后接that从句，从句用过去时。 We would rather (that) you went there with us. 我宁意你同我们去那儿。 三、情态动词后的动词的时态形式 情态动词后接的动词可以有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种形式。其中一般式为“情态动词+动词原形”，表示情态动词的基本含义。 1.进行式。 He might be sleeping next door. we’d better not disturb him. 他可能正在隔壁睡觉,咱们最好不要打扰他了。 2.完成式。 ⑴表示对过去发生的事情的推测。 They must have lived here since last year. 他们准是从去年就住在这里的。 注： ①must have done的否定形式用can’t /couldn’t have done代替。 He can’t/couldn’t have watched the game yesterday.他昨天不可能看了这场比赛。 ②疑问句中用can/could+主语+have done…？ Can /could he have watched the game yesterday? 他昨天可能看了这场比赛吗？ 3.完成进行式。 由“情态动词+have been doing”构成。 They are so tired now. They must have been working all day. 他们现在太累了，他们准是一整天都在工作。 四、使用情态动词时需要注意的情况 1.在一个句子中只用一个情态动词，不可同时用两个。 2.情态动词的过去式，有时只表示语气婉转，并不表示“过去”。 3.情态动词表示推测与判断时，语气依下列顺序而减弱。 must→can→could→may→might 4.情态动词+have been doing (不定式的完成进行式)，表示对一直在进行的活动的推测。 Peter must have been reviewing his lessons the whole morning. 彼得肯定整整一上午都在复习功课。 五、易混淆的情态动词 can和be able to 1.can 只有一般现在时和一般过去时（could）两种形式。 而be able to 除一般现在时、过去时外，还有将来时、完成时，甚至可用作非谓语动词短语。Tom has been able to drive. 汤姆已经会开车了。 Will you be able to camera the lecture tomorrow? 你明天能把讲座录下来吗？ No one is able to do it. 没有人能做这件事。 2.在过去时态中，could仅指具备某种能力，泛指一般能力，但实施的结果如何不明确。而was/were able to不仅说明有某种能力，而且还成功地做到了。相当于manage to do 或succeed in doing，表示“（经过一番努力）终于能够…”。多用肯定句和一般疑问句，但在否定句中，两者却可互换。 3.can 可用于人或其他事物作主语的句子，be able to只用于有生命的名词作主语的句子。 4.带can的主动式结构的句子可变成被动式结构。而be able to的主动式结构的句子不能变成被动式结构的句子。 5.在be able to 前可以加can 以外的情态动词。 You might be able to persuade him. 你可能能说服他。 I ought to be able to live on my salary. 我应该能靠自己的工资为生。 6.can和be able to 都没有进行时。 can和could can表示一般性的请求，语气较随便，常用于熟人之间或长辈对晚辈，上级对下级的场合。用could表示有礼貌的请求，语气委婉，常用于非熟人之间或晚辈对长辈，下级对上级的场合。 Can you tell us a story, Mum? 妈妈，你能给我们讲故事吗？ Could you tell me your address, sir? 先生，可以将您的地址告诉我吗？ can not，cannot，can’t 美国英语使用can not , 英国英语使用cannot，只有在特别加强否定时，才能写作can not. can’t 用于口语中。 You ask if you can go to Alaska? No, you certainly can not. 你问你是否可以到阿拉斯加去？不行，绝对不行。 may和can 1.这两个词只有在表示“可能”时，意义基本相同，但即使在这种情况下，它们也不能随意互换。 ⑴can not表示“不可能，may not表示“可能不”。can not 比may not表达的肯定程度大。⑵在疑问句和否定句中，通常用can, 不用may. ⑶在肯定句中，表示“可能性”时，用can 表示客观的逻辑上的可能性。may表示主观的事实上的可能性。 Anyone can make mistakes. 人人都会犯错误。 He looks pale, He may be ill. 他脸色苍白，也许病了。 2.表示允许时，二者意义无甚区别，只是may较正式些，而can 则较口语化。 May I speak to you for a moment , Professor? 我可以跟你谈一会儿吗？教授？ Can I have a cup of tea, mother? 我可以喝杯茶吗？妈妈? 3.“May I …?”表示征求对方意见，而“can I… ？”有时不表示征求对方允许，而表示愿望，营业员、医生、服务员等人与顾客、病人等见面时，常说“can I help you?”，“What can I do for you?”表示“需要些什么吗？哪儿不舒服？”，“我可以为您做些什么？”等意思。 may和might在多数情况下，might 比may语气更为缓和、委婉，含义更不确定。表示可能时，may只用于指现在、将来，一般不用might指过去。might只用于间接引语中，表示责备时，则只用might. He may come soon. 他也许马上就来。 He might come soon. 他也许马上就会来的。（更不明确） might, may, could, can表示可能性时的区别 在表示可能性时，以上四个词的可能性依次加大。can/could一般不用于具体的可能性，但与be连用时，没有这个限制。may/might一般不用于提问。may not的意思为“可能不”，can not 的意思为“不可能”。 You might be right. 你或许正确。（30%的可能性） You may be right. 你或许正确。（40%的可能性） You could be right. 你可能正确。（50%的可能性） You can be right. 你可能正确。（60%的可能性） He might not be at home. 她可能不在家。（可能不） He can’t be at home. I saw him just now at the supermarket. 她不可能在家，我刚才在超市看见他了。（不可能） must和have to 1.must表示说话人的客观看法，即主观上的必要性。have to 表示客观需要，即周围的环境、习惯、协约等诸如此类的东西要求某人“不得不（必须）做某事”。 Mother is ill. I must look after her. 妈妈病了，我必须照料她。（母亲病了，子女来照顾，是情理之中的事。） 2.must /have to 的否定式must not（或mustn’t）和do not have to表示的意义不同。must not表示“不应该、不许可、禁止”等。do not have to表示“不必要”。 You mustn’t tell John about it. 关于这件事你一定不要告诉约翰。 You don’t have to tell John about it. (=You needn’t tell John about it.) 关于这件事你不一定要告诉约翰。 英国英语中常用needn’t代替 don’t have to. 3.must具有一种形式，并且无人称、时态和数的变化。have to还有过去式had to和将来时shall (will) have to，其一般现在时有人称和数的变化。have to前可加情态动词。 ought to 和should 在用法上，他们差别很小。should 多表达自已的主观看法，ought to 则多反映客观情况。 在谈到法律、义务、和规定（或要使自已的意见听起来像义务和法律一样有力）时，常用ought to. used to和 would 它们都可以表示“过去常常…”，但用法上有区别： 1.used to 侧重于过去与现在的对比，强调现在“已不…了。”而would 只表示过去的情况，与现在无关，没有used to 频率高。 He used to live in the country, but now he lives in the city.他过去住在乡下，但现在住在城里。 when he was young, he would smoke a lot .他年轻时总是吸许多烟。 2.used to 可表示过去的习惯动作或状态，可以与表示动作、状态的动词连用。而would只表示过去的习惯动作，只能与表示动作的词连用。 There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.(√) There would be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.(×) 街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。 3.两者都可以与表示次数的状语连用，而would常与often, always, sometimes等状语连用。Mother would often tell us stories in the evening.妈妈常常在晚上给我们讲故事。 used to do sth, be used to (doing) sth, be used to do sth 1.used to do sth 表示“过去常常做…” 2.be used to（doing）sth 表示“习惯于（做）…” 3.be used to do sth表示“被用来做…” My parents used to live in South America.我父母曾在南美洲居住过。 I am already used to the noisy city life here.我已经习惯于这里吵闹的城市生活了。 This machine is used to cut up waste paper.这个机器是用来切碎废纸的。” 习题： 1 ( ) 1 John___ come to see us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. A. may B. canC. has to D. must ( ) 2 They ___ do well in the exam. A. can be able to B. be able to C. can able to D. are able to ( ) 3 -May I take this book out?-No, you___. A. can't B. may not C. needn't D. aren't ( ) 4 You___ go and see a doctor at once because you're got a fever. A. can B. must C. dare D. would ( ) 5 -Can you speak Japanese?-No, I____. A. mustn't B. can't C. needn't D. may not 2 ( ) 1 -He___ be in the classroom, I think. -No, he ___ be in the classroom. I saw him go home a minute ago. A. can; may not B. must; may not C. may; can't D. may; mustn't ( ) 2 -Shall I get one more cake for you, Dad? -Thanks, but you___, I've had enough. A. may not B. must not C. can't D. needn't ( ) 3 Even the top students in our class can't work out this problem, so it be very difficult. A. may B. must C. can D. need ( ) 4 He isn't at school. I think he ___ be ill. A. can B. shall C. must D. has to ( ) 5 ___ I take this one? A. May B. Will C. Are D. Do 3 ( ) 1 The children___ play football on the road. A. can't B. can C. mustn't D. must ( ) 2 You ___ be late for school again next time. A. mustn't B. needn't C. don't have to D. don't need to ( ) 3 -Must I do my homework at once?-No, you___. A. needn't B. mustn't C. can't D. may not 4 ( ) 1 His arm is all right. He___ go and see the doctor. A. has not to B. don't have to C. haven't to D. doesn't have to ( ) 2 He had to give up the plan, ___ he? A. did B. didn't C. does D. doesn't ( ) 3 They had to walk here, ___ they? A. mustn't B. did C. didn't D. hadn't 5 ( ) 1 He had better stay here, ___ he? A. didn't B. don't C. hadn't D. isn't ( ) 2 You'd better___late next time. A. not to be B. not be C. won't be D. don't be ( ) 3 You'd better ___ your hair ___ once a month. A. had; cut B. had; cuttedC. have; cut D. have; cutted ( ) 4 You___ ask that man over there. Maybe he knows the way. A. had better not to B. had not better C. had better D. had better not 6 ( ) 1 -Shall we go and visit the History Museum next Sunday? A. Here you are B. Sorry, I can't C. Yes, please D. Let me try ( ) 2 -Why don't you ask Mike to go with us? -Thanks, ___. A. I will B. I won't C. lean D. I may ( ) 3 -___ I take the newspaper away? -No, you mustn't. You____read it only here. A. Must; can B. May; can C. Need; must D. Must; must 7 ( ) 1 Excuse me. ___ you please pass me that cup? A. Do B. Should C. Would D. Must ( ) 2 ___ you like to have another try? A. Could B. Will C. Would D. Do ( ) 3 -Would you like to go boating with us?-Yes, ___. A. I'd like B. I want C. I'd like to D. I do 8 ( ) 1 You___ worry about your son. He will get well soon. A. needn't B. can't C. mustn't D. have to ( ) 2 The poor man needs our help, ___ he? A. need B. needn't C. does D. doesn't ( ) 3 -Must we do our homework first? -No, you___. You may have a rest first. A. mustn't B. needn't C. may not D. can't