大学英语自学教程上册

大学 英语 关于好奇心的名言警句英语高中英语词汇下载高中英语词汇 下载英语衡水体下载小学英语关于形容词和副词的题 自学教程（上）电子版[大家网www.TopSage.com] 大学英语自学教程(上) 01-A. How to be a successful language learner? “Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!” Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields. Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the language every day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don’t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.” But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes. Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above. 01-B. Language When we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and down when we want to say "yes” and we move our heads from side to side when we want to say "no." People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it. An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy. One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it, took them out again and moved his lips. In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman, who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty, looked very sad. He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink. The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasn’t food, of course. He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough: in a few minutes there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him. As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of words is much more exact. Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh” when we mean "keep silent.” When babies laugh, we know they are happy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something. It is the same with animals. When a dog says “G-r-r” or a cat says "F-f-f” we know they are angry. But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. But animals can not do this: a dog can say “G-r-r” when he means "I am angry,” but he cannot say first "I” and then "am” and then "angry.” A parrot can talk like a man; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean. We may say that a parrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows. Only man has the power to do this. 02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes. Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes. Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due. The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing. The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings. Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high. 02-B. Advertising Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. For the most part, they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy – food and drinks, cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities. The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcement that something is available. Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch the eye. The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product. The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye. Television ads are short –usually only 15,30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you have to put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment. The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising. 03-A. The Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe. Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. One idea was that it reached out to "the edge of the world." Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it is still very large. It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles (3,200 km) wide. This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa. Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean. There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up. On the average the water is a little more than two miles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper. The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico. This "deep" 30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km). One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor of the Atlantic. This mountain range runs north and south down the middle of the ocean. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands. The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range. Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were. Ocean currents are sometime called "rivers in the sea." One of these "river" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming down from the Arctic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. One of its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near Newfoundland. Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships. We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it. A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four! Unit 3 大　西　洋 大西洋是将欧洲和美洲分隔开的海洋之一。它使南北美洲长达几个世纪之久都未被人发现。 人们对大西洋有许多误解，这使得早期的海员不愿意远航驶入大西洋。一种想法是大西洋远抵“世界的边缘”，海员们担心他们会一直航行到地球边上掉落下去。另一个想法是在赤道处，大西洋的海水是滚烫的。 大西洋的面积只是太平洋的一半，但也非常辽阔。哥伦布穿越过的地方宽达4000多英里(6000公里)。即使最窄的地方宽度也有大约2000英里(3200公里)，这是一片位于南美洲最东端与非洲最西端之间的水域。 大西洋有两点非同寻常。其一是在如此辽阔的海洋里少有岛屿。另外，大西洋是世界上含盐量最高的海洋。 大西洋海水量很大，人们无法想像到底有多少水。但如果假设不再有降雨和河水注入，则需4000年大西洋才会干涸。大西洋平均水深有2英里(3.2公里)多一点，但有些地方要深得多。最深处在波多黎各岛附近，深达30246英尺——约6英里(9.6公里)。 世界上最长的山脉之一从大西洋海底隆起，这条山脉沿海底中部向南北延伸，几座山峰露出海面，形成岛屿。亚速尔群岛就是大西洋中部山脉露出水面的几座山峰。 佛罗里达州向东几百英里有一处海域叫马尾藻海，这里由于很少刮风，海面很平静。在使用帆船的时代，船员们担心他们会因无风而在此处无法航行。有时他们确实会遇到这种情况。 海流有时被称作“海洋中的河流”。大西洋有一条这种“河流”，叫做墨西哥湾流，这是一股暖水流；另外一条是拉布拉多海流——这是来自北冰洋的冷水流。洋流对流域附近大陆的气候有影响。 大西洋为两岸的人们提供了丰富的食物。大浅滩是最著名的捕鱼区之一，位于纽芬兰附近。 今天，大西洋是一条重要的航路，这条航路并不总是风平浪静，毫无危险。暴风雨会掠过洋面，堆起大浪。从北冰洋漂来的冰山也会横穿航道。 我们现在有快捷的旅行方式，这个大洋似乎也变小了。哥伦布横越大西洋用了两个多月的时间，一艘现代化快轮不到4天就可完成这一航程，而乘飞机从纽约到伦敦只用8小时，从南美到非洲只用4小时。 【课文难点注释】 1．The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New(Para 1).大西洋是将欧洲和美洲分隔开的海洋之一。 ［考点］1)在“one of the + 复数名词”结构中one of 表示“…之一”，这一结构作主语 时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。 2)在“one of the + 复数名词 + who(which,that)定语从句”结构中，定语从句的 谓语动词用复数形式。［例句］One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises from the floor of the Atlantic.　　　　世界上最长的山脉之一从大西洋底隆起。　　　　Mary is one of the women who refuse to accept the regulation.　　　　玛丽是那些不肯接受这一规定的女性之一。 2．The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific,…(Para 3)大西洋的面积只有太平洋的一半，…。［考点］“as + 形容词或副词+as”表示形容词或副词的同级比较；否定比较用“not as … as”或“not so …as”。当同级比较的形容词为same时，前面通常不用as，而用the。 ［例句］He likes this car as much as he likes that one.他像喜欢那辆车一样喜欢这辆车。　　　　My mastery of English is not half as (so)good as yours.　　　　我英语掌握得还不及你一半好。　　　　He looked just the same as before.她看起来像从前一样。 3.For so large an ocean it has very few islands.(Para 4)在如此辽阔的海洋里少有岛屿。 介词for引导介词短语for so large an ocean，意思是“对…来说”，“作为…”，与 “considering”同义。［例句］The weather was very cold for the time of the year.　　　　对这一时节来说天气就算很冷了。　　　　For so young a man he had read largely. 作为这样一个年轻人，他算博学了。 4．There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is.(Para 5) 大西洋海水量很大，人们无法想像到底有多少水。［考点］1)“so+形容词或副词+that”引导结果状语从句，这类结构也可以是“so+分词或其他结 构+that从句”。　　　　2) so位于句首时，主句须用倒装句。［例句］The book was so boring that he gave up reading it half-way through.　　　　这本 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 很枯燥，他读到一半就不读了。　　　　There were so many people in the room that we could not get in.　　　　　　房间里人很多，我们进不去。　　　　So badly was he injured that he had to go to the hospital.　　　　他伤得很重，必须去医院。 5．We now have such fast ways of travelling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.(Para 11) 我们现在有快捷的旅行方式，这个大洋似乎也变小了。［考点］1)“such a + 单数可数名词 + that”或“such+其他名词 + that”引导结果状语从句， such后的名词之前往往带有形容词作前置修饰语。　　　　2)such后可直接跟that从句表示结果，这时such是代词，一般用于SVC结构。　　　　3)such位于句首时，主句须用倒装句。［例句］The book is written in such simple English that the beginners can understand it without much difficulty.　　　　这本书是用简单的英语写成的，初学者可以毫不费力地读懂。　　　　His diligence was such that he made great progress.他很聪明，进步很大。　　　　Such was his anxiety that he couldn't stop trembling.他很担心，忍不住发抖。 Text A The Atlantic Ocean 搭配： separate A from B 把某人；或某物分开/动词词组 keep sb. from doing sth. 使某人无法做某事；无法做某事/动词词组 on the average 平均；below/above the average 在什么的水平以下；上/介词词组 furnish sth for sb. 给某人提供某物/动词词组 pile up 折起，累计，若干车辆碰在一起/动词词组 语言点： 本课带宾补的动词：make e.g. make early sailors unwilling to do sth.(宾补) Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. 形容词的特殊用法： It is more than 4000 miles wide.(形容词后置) On the average the water is a little more than two miles deep. 形容词前有as, so, no, too, how等词时，不定冠词应置于形容词之后，如： e.g. We couldn’t do it in so short a time. She is too kind a girl to refuse. Aids is so terrible a disease. He is too old a man to do that kind of job. suppose +句子=表示一种假设 it takes/took +（某人）+多少时间+to do sth. 花了某人多少时间做某事。 It would take the ocean about 4000 years to dry up. much可以用来修饰形容词的比较级。E.g. much better; much deeper. raise为及物动词，后可以加宾语，e.g. raise the pay.(增加工资)；rise为不及物动词（其后不能加宾语），e.g. the sun rises in the east. 注：宾语为名词，代词，动词的-ing. 在一般名词所构成的专有名此前需要加定冠词。 E.g. the Azores 亚苏尔群岛; the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋 for用来连接两个句子的时候为并列连词，表原因。 E.g. Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here.主谓一致 so … that/ such …that 句型：太…+句子 e.g. We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. 我们现在有太多快速的旅行方式，因此大西洋看起来好像小了很多。 So主要用来修饰形容词或副词；such 则最终需要修饰名词。 across为介词或副词，使用它时，句子中应该已有动词。 E.g Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships. Cross为动词，作谓语或跟在动词不定式to 后面。E.g. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it. Text B The Moon 搭配： be kept tied to sth./sb. 离不开某人/紧紧的依附于某物 face towards sth./sb. 面向；face away from sth./sb. 背向 keep sth./sb. in mind 牢记于心 be lighted up by sth. 被什么照亮 speak of 提及；说到 reflect sth. on to sth. 把什么反射到什么上去 语言点： 半系动词(半系动词后加形容词)：remain/stand/look/appear 世界独一无二的事物前应该加定冠词。如：the earth, the world, the moon except, except for, besides怎么区别？ besides“除…外，还有…”，指更进一步的拥有，包括所“除”事物在内。Have you got any clothes besides these? 除了这些衣服你还有别的吗?except不包括所引事物。常与no, none, nothing等否定词或all, everyone, everything等连用，但不可用于句首。They all went to the Summer Palace except one. 除一人之外他们都去了颐和园。except for常指除去所引情况让人稍感遗憾之外，整体情况尚属理想，被除去的事物与正在谈及的事物之间不具有共同属性或性质。The roads were clear except for a few cars. 除几辆小汽车外，路面很空旷。 enough作为副词时修饰形容词放在形容词后，adj.+enough for sb. to do sth. e.g. it is light enough for us to be able to see its outline. 初次接触到带介词定语从句，如： The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun, but from the earth. “The old moon in the new moon’s arms” is nothing but that part of the moon’s surface on which it is night. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Which代指前面被修饰的名词，翻译时，就把which前的介词放在被修饰的名词前即可。 如: The light by which=by light 通过月光 surface on which=on surface 在月亮上的表面 several ways in which=in several ways 在很多方面 感观动词see的特殊用法：see sb. do sth.或see sb. doing sth. 前者表示看到了全过程，或者表示正在看到的动作。 nothing but表示仅仅E.g. The money brought nothing but sadness.这笔钱仅仅带来了痛苦。 03-B. The Moon We find that the moon is about 239,000 miles (384,551km) away from the earth, and, to within a few thousand miles, its distance always remains the same. Yet a very little observation shows that the moon is not standing still. Its distance from the earth remains the same, but its direction continually changes. We find that it is traveling in a circle - or very nearly a circle - round the earth, going completely round once a month, or, more exactly, once every 27 1/3 days. It is our nearest neighbour in space, and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth by the earth's gravitational pull. Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. Actually it is one of the smallest, and only looks big because it is so near to us. Its diameter is only 2, 160 miles (3,389 km), or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth. Once a month, or, more exactly, once every 29 1/2 days, at the time we call "full moon," its whole disc looks bright. At