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2018届高考英语阅读主旨大意题)

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2018届高考英语阅读主旨大意题)eq\x(二、重难增分课)—攻克重难拉分型题目主旨大意题、推理判断题和词义猜测题这三种题型属于阅读理解中的重点、难点,本课针对这三种易失分的题分别加以讲解,以期在二轮有限的复习时间内帮助考生攻重点、破难点,攻克薄弱点,才是增分点。 主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目,因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求,文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类,即标题归纳题、...

2018届高考英语阅读主旨大意题)
eq\x(二、重难增分课)—攻克重难拉分型 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 目主旨大意题、推理判断题和词义猜测题这三种题型属于阅读理解中的重点、难点,本课针对这三种易失分的题分别加以讲解,以期在二轮有限的复习时间内帮助考生攻重点、破难点,攻克薄弱点,才是增分点。 主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目,因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求,文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类,即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题,我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。1.主旨大意题正确选项特征(1)涵盖性强,覆盖全文或全段。(2)确定的范围恰当,既不太大,也不太小。(3)精确性强,不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。2.主旨大意题干扰选项特征(1)过于笼统,不知所云。所给选项内容概括的范围过大,超出文章所述内容。(2)以偏概全,主次不分。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容,或以文章中的细节信息或个别字词作为选项的设置内容,或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。(3)移花接木,偷换概念。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上,若不留神,极易选错答案。(4)无中生有,生搬硬套。所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了,但选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。叮嘱考生:永远把主旨大意题放在最后做。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题,所以在解答此类题目时,考生不要急于去找答案,不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题目后,无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。题型一标题归纳题文章的标题是全文中心思想最精炼的表达。它的特点是:短小精炼,多为一短语,涵盖性强,一般要求能覆盖全文,其确定的范围要恰当,既不能太大,也不能太小;精确性强,不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。[典例]Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars,wewouldgoindarknesshappily,themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal(夜间活动的)speciesonthisplanet.Instead,wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun’slight.(2015·浙江,C片段)Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact,eventhoughmostofusdon’tthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetit’stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe’vedonetothenight:We’veengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight.54.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?()A.TheMagicLightB.TheOrangeHazeC.TheDisappearingNightD.TheRhythmsofNature√解析解析 标题归纳题。整篇文章都在 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 光污染给生物带来的巨大影响,本来是宁静、舒适的夜晚也被人类设计的灯光所影响。所以,标题应该是TheDisappearingNight。常见设问方式Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?题型二文章大意题文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想,具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句,各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。常见设问方式Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Thepassageismainlyabout________.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethepassage?Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthepassage? (2014陕西)Areyougoingtohighschooltogoonwithyourstudy?Whatwillyoudoifyoucan't?Don'tworry.Vocational(职业的)schoolsareopenforyoubecauseourcountryisinneedofpeoplewithspecialskills. Comparedwithcommonhighschools,vocationalschoolshavemoreadvantages.Firstly,inordertopromote(促进)thedevelopmentofvocationaleducation,ourcountryspendsalotofmoneyonit.Soyouneedtopayonlyasmallpartoftheschoolfee(学费).Secondly,inhereyouhavealreadystartedlearningpracticalskillsthatyoucanuseallyourlife. Butsomeotherstudentsmaystillworryabouthowtospendthelongthreeyearsathighschools.Why?Becausetheydidn'tchoosetheschoolthatsuits(适合)them.Andfinally,whentheyarestillwonderingwheretogo,youarealreadyabletoliveonyourownhandsproudly.Andperhapsitwon'tbelongbeforeyouareontheroadtosuccess. Peopletakedifferentroadsbecausetheyhavedifferentpotentials(潜力).Sodifferentstudentsshouldchoosedifferentschools.Gotohighschoolifyouthinkthatyoucangofartheronthatroad.Chooseakeyhighschoolifyouareluckyenoughtohavethechance.Enteravocationalschoolifyouareinterestedinthelessonsthereandyouarebetteratmakingthingswithyourhands. Inaword,thinkcarefullyandseewhatkindofpersonyouare.Remember,alwayschoosethingsthatsuityou. 49.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Peopleshouldtakethesameroad. B.Keyhighschoolstudentsmustbegoodatmakingthings. C.Cleverstudentsarebetteratusingtheirhands. D.Weshouldchoosethingsthatsuitus.√ 50.Thispassageiswrittento .   A.advisesomestudentstochoosevocationalschools  B.talkabouttheadvantagesofcommonhighschools  C.discusshowtodividestudentsintodifferentgroups  D.comparedifferentschools√题型三段落大意题要准确概括某一段落的大意,务必要知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分结构组织,首句做总的说明,其他句子对其进行具体论述,主题句就在段首;如果按分 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 构组织,主题句就在段尾;如是按分总分的结构组织,则主题句就在这段话的中间;如是对比各事物,那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。常见设问方式WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout_____.WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePara.1? (2016·浙江,C片段) Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffort—thedesiretoexplore,explain,andunderstandourworld—issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood. Perhapsevolution(进化)providedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds,andadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitive(认知的)systemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit,“Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren.” Q:Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph? A.Theworldmaybemoreclearlyexplainedthroughchildren'splay. B.Studyingbabies'playmayleadto abetterunderstandingofscience. C.Childrenmayhavegreaterabilitytofigureoutthingsthanscientists. D.One'sdriveforscientificresearchmaybecomestrongerashegrows. [解题思路] 第一步 读本段文字,试找出本段的主题句,并标出能总结段落大意的关键词 Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.   第二步 根据该题选项的特点以及找到的主题句选BA IhateBlackFridaysales.It'softenagatheringofpeoplewhoarethereformanydifferentreasons.Somearelookingforadealonthatoneitemfortheirlovedone,orperhapsthemselves.Theirintentionsarecompletelyunrelatedtothefestivetimeoftheyear. ItwasseveralyearsagowhenmywifeaskedmetomeetheratthelocaldepartmentstoreonBlackFridaymorning.Theyhadadvertisedachild'sbikethatshewantedtopurchaseforourson.Westoodwithaverylargecrowd,waitingforthemanagertoblowthewhistle. Afterawhilethewhistleblew.Itwaslikethrowingabucketofsmallfishintoatankofsharks.Itoldmywifethatifweobtainedabike,fine,butifwedidnot,IwasOKwiththattoo. Asthepileofbikesbegantograduallydecreaseinsize,Isawmypoliteopportunitytowrapmyhandsaroundthecornerofoneoftheboxes.Ilifteditupandsuddenlyfeltsomemildresistance.IlookeduptoseeoneofthelargestgentlemenIhadeverseeninmylife. Frighteningwasnotthewordtodescribehispresence.Heworelotsofbeltsofmetalstuddedleatheraroundbotharmsandevenhisneck.Tattoos(文身)wereanobviouspassionofhis. Istartedtogiveuptheboxbuthegentlypusheditbackinmydirectionandbackintomyhands.Hethendirecteditintomyshoppingcart.Helookedatme,smiled,andsaid,“MerryChristmas.”MywifeandIwenttothecheckout,paidforthebikeandwenthome. AllthewayhomeIwasthinkingthatthismomentwasbyfarthebestgiftIhadeverreceivedforChristmas.Thekindnessofastrangerbrokeallpreconceivednotions(预想)Imayhavehadofstereotypesandprejudices.【解题导语】 本文是一篇记叙文。作者和妻子想在黑色星期五大抢购时给儿子买辆自行车,无奈百货商店里人山人海。作者本想放弃,没想到一个陌生人把自行车盒子让给了他。这让作者改变了之前对他人的偏见。1.Howdidtheauthorfeelwhengoingintothestore?A.Thecrowdwaslikesmallfish.B.Theymightnotgetthebike.C.Hewasexcitedtodotheshopping.D.Thewhistlewasblowntoolate. 解析:B 考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Itoldmywifethatifweobtainedabike,fine,butifwedidnot,IwasOKwiththattoo”可知作者进入商店时已经做好了买不到自行车的打算,故选B项。 干扰项 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 :根据第二段中的“Itwaslikethrowingabucketofsmallfishintoatankofsharks”可知,它就好比往鲨鱼池里扔一桶小鱼一样,因此crowd应是被比作鲨鱼,而不是小鱼,故排除A项; 2.Whathappenedwhentheauthorwasbuyingthebike? A.Hewasscaredbyaman'slookatfirst. B.Agentlemanboughtthebikeforhim. C.Astrangerhelpedhimliftthebox. D.Hegaveupthebikehefirsttouched. 解析:A 考查细节理解。根据第三段的“IlookeduptoseeoneofthelargestgentlemenIhadeverseeninmylife.Frighteningwasnotthewordtodescribehispresence”可知,“吓人”这个词已经不足以形容这个人地出现了。故选A项。3.Whatdidtheauthorlearnfromtheexperience?A.Lookbeforeyouleap.B.Customisasecondnature.C.Doingisbetterthansaying.D.Don'tjudgeabookbyitscover. 解析:D 考查推理判断。根据第三段中对陌生人的描写可知,作者一开始因陌生人的外表而觉得他是个可怕的人;根据第四段的内容可知,陌生人把盒子让给了作者,作者由此发出感慨“Thekindnessofastrangerbrokeallpreconceivednotions(预想)Imayhavehadofstereotypesandprejudices”,即陌生人的善意打破了作者对他人的偏见,让作者知道不能以貌取人。4.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.BlackFridaysalesB.Myson'sbestbikeC.ThebestChristmasgiftD.Astrangegentleman 解析:C 考查主旨要义。文章讲述了作者和妻子为儿子买自行车作为圣诞礼物时受到了陌生人的帮助的故事,作者认为那一时刻是他收到过的最好的圣诞节礼物。故C项作标题最佳。  (2017·湖南省部分重点中学考前演练) It'swellknowntocardriversthatredmeans“stop”,greenmeans“go”,andyellowmeans“hurryupandmakethatdamnlight”.Whythosecolors,though?Theanswerliesinthefactthattheearliesttrafficsignalsweredesignedfortrains,notcars.Theywereredandgreen,gas­powered,andmorethanalittledangerousintheeventofaleak. Redisaninherited(继承的)symbolfromrailroads,whichsymbolizesdangerinmanycultures.Asredhasalongerwavelengththananyothercoloronthevisiblespectrum(光谱),itcanbeseenfromagreaterdistancethanothercolors.Redhasmeant“stop”sincelongbeforecarsexisted,withtrainsignals'useofreddatingbacktothedayswhenmechanicalarmsliftedandloweredtoindicatewhethertherailaheadwasclear.Green'swavelengthisnexttoyellow'sonthevisiblespectrum,meaningit'sstilleasiertoseethananycolorotherthanredandyellow.Backintheearlydaysofrailwaylights,greenmeant“caution”,whilethe“all­clear”lightwas,well,clearorwhite.Itissaidthatseveraldisastrouscollisionshappenedafteranengineermistookstarsinthenightforanall­clear.Thus,greenbecame“go”,andforalongtime,railwaysusedonlygreenandredtosignaltrains. Fromtheearliestdaysofmotoringupuntilthemid­1900s,notallstopsignswerered—manywereyellow,becauseatnightitwasallbutimpossibletoseearedstopsigninapoorlylitarea.In1915theyellowstop­signcrazebeganinDetroit,acitythatfiveyearslaterinstalleditsfirstelectrictrafficsignal,whichhappenedtoincludetheveryfirstyellowtrafficlight. Butwhatofthosemysteriousyellowstopsigns?Asmaterialsandtechnologiesevolved,theabilitytoproducehighlyreflectivesignsmeantthatredcouldresumeitsnaturalspotinthesignhierarchy,leavingthestill­highly­visibleyellowtothedomain(领域)of“caution”.That'swhyschoolzonesandbuses,crosswalks,andotherimportantwarningsareyellowtoday. 【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。我们都知道“红灯停,绿灯行,黄灯亮了快点走”的交通规则,但交通信号灯为什么是红、黄、绿三种颜色呢?本文主要介绍了交通信号灯的起源和发展。 5.Whatweretrafficlightsoriginallyintendedfor? A.Trains.  B.Cars. C.Planes.D.Ships. 解析:A 考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Theanswerliesinthefactthattheearliesttrafficsignalsweredesignedfortrains,notcars”可知,最初,交通信号灯是为火车而不是汽车的通行而设计的。故选A。   6.What'sthemainreasonforred'slongbeingusedtomean“stop”? A.Itcanbeseenevenindarkareas. B.Itrepresentsdangerinmanycultures. C.Ithasthelongestwavelength. D.Peoplepreferredtoothercolors. 解析:C 考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Asredhasalongerwavelengththananyothercoloronthevisiblespectrum(光谱),itcanbeseenfromagreaterdistancethanothercolors”可知,由于红色在可见光谱中波长最长,因此可视距离要比其他颜色更远,这也是其能长期被用作表示“停止”的交通信号的原因。故选C。 7.Whichofthefollowingmaytheauthoragreewith? A.Themeaningofredisculture­specific. B.Yellowfunctionedasstopsignsinthe1900s. C.Green'swavelengthisjustsecondtothatofred. D.Green'sroleinlightshaschangedovertime. 解析:D 考查推理判断。根据第三段的内容尤其是“greenmeant‘caution'”“greenbecame‘go’”可知,随着时间的变化,绿色在交通信号灯中所扮演的角色也发生了巨大的变化。故选D。 8.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout? A.Thesignificanceofroadtrafficsigns. B.Thehistoryofrailroadtransportation. C.Thesymbolicmeaningofdifferentcolors. D.Theoriginanddevelopmentoftrafficlights. 解析:D 考查主旨要义。通读全文内容可知,本文主要讲述了交通信号灯的起源与发展,并解释了这三种颜色(红、黄、绿)的物理性质及为什么会被用作交通信号灯。故D项最为全面地概括了文章的主要内容。(2017·甘肃第一次诊断) The2016NobelPrizeinPhysicsissharedbythreescientists,theRoyalAcademyofSciencesannouncedinStockholmonTuesday.TheNobelPrizeinPhysics2016wasdivided,withonehalfawardedtoDavidJ.Thouless,theotherhalftoF.DuncanM.HaldaneandJ.MichaelKosterlitz“fortheoreticaldiscoveriesoftopologicalphasetransitionsandtopologicalphasesofmatter(物质拓扑相变和拓扑相).” Haldanesaidhewas“verysurprised”atthenews,addingthathewasgladthattheirdiscoveriesfoundsomethingpreviouslyunnoticedbymany,andthattheyrevealed“morepossibilitiesforlookingfornewmaterials.”Heparticularlypointedoutthatalotofworkwasstillongoing. Theyear'sprizeamountis8millionSwedishkrona,andwillbesplitproperlybetweenthethreewinners. Thewinnersaregivenasumofmoneywhentheyreceivetheirprizes,intheformofadocumentconfirmingtheamountawarded.TheamountofprizemoneydependsuponhowmuchmoneytheNobelFoundation(基金会)canawardeachyear. Thepursehasincreasedsincethe1980s,whentheprizemoneywas880,000SEKperprize.In2009,themonetaryawardwas10millionSEK.InJune2012,itwasloweredto8millionSEK.Iftherearetwowinnersofaparticularprize,theawardmoneyisdividedequallybetweenthewinners. Iftherearetwowinnersofaparticularprize,theawardmoneyisdividedequallybetweenthewinners.Iftherearethree,theawardingcommitteecanchoosetodividethemoneyequally,orawardone­halftoonewinnerandone­quartertoeachoftheothers.Itiscommonforwinnerstodonateprizemoneytobenefitscientific,cultural,orcharitablecauses. 【语篇导读】 本文介绍了2016年诺贝尔物理学奖的归属以及诺贝尔奖的相关知识,包括奖金的金额、来源和分配。 9.HowmuchprizemoneydoesThoulessget? A.8millionSwedishkrona. B.6millionSwedishkrona. C.4millionSwedishkrona. D.2millionSwedishkrona. 解析:C 推理判断题。根据第一段第二句TheNobelPrizeinPhysics2016wasdivided,withonehalfawardedtoDavidJ.Thouless...及第三段Theyear'sprizeamountis8millionSwedishkrona...可知,2016年的奖金是800万瑞典克朗,而索利斯获得了一半的奖金。故选C项。 10.Accordingtothepassage,Haldanethoughtthathiswork________. A.wasfarfromending B.wasbasedonmanypreviousstudies C.hadperfectlybeencompleted D.hadsurprisedthewholeworld 解析:A 细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句Heparticularlypointedoutthatalotofworkwasstillongoing.可知,霍尔丹指出还有很多工作仍在进行,即远远没有结束。故选A项。 11.Theamountofprizemoney________. A.hasbeeneverincreasingsincethe1980s B.hasbeeneverdecreasingsincethe1980s C.remains880,000SEKeachyearafter2012 D.differsaccordingtotheNobelFoundation'saffordability 解析:D 细节理解题。根据文章第四段可知,诺贝尔奖的奖金金额并不是固定的,而是根据每年诺贝尔基金会所能奖励的金额而决定。故选D项。 12.Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout? A.Thepurposeoftheawardmoney. B.Thenumberofwinnersperprize. C.Howthewinnersareselected. D.Howtheawardmoneyisdealtwith. 解析:D 主旨大意题。最后一段讲了诺贝尔奖奖金的分配及获奖人如何利用这些奖金。故选D项。
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