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清华在线同等学力英语短文写作清华在线同等学力英语短文写作备考指导 一、考项分析 1.英语写作部分的考试要求 本部分设1题,15分。考试时间为30分钟。要求考生在规定时间内,按照题目要求写出一篇不少于150字的短文。考试形式为根据提纲作文、看图作文、描述图表或根据一篇所给的文章写出内容提要或读后感等。所写短文要求主题明确,条理清楚,语言比较规范。  2.写作典型问题 (1)偏离主题。很多考生没有审题和构思过程,有的担心时间不够,匆匆动手。结果是下笔“百”言,离题万里。 (2)汉式英语。有的考生用汉语思维表达方法,或干脆照中文习惯把文字逐字翻译成...

清华在线同等学力英语短文写作
清华在线同等学力英语短文写作备考指导 一、考项分析 1.英语写作部分的考试要求 本部分设1 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ,15分。考试时间为30分钟。要求考生在规定时间内,按照题目要求写出一篇不少于15 0字 个人自传范文3000字为中华之崛起而读书的故事100字新时代好少年事迹1500字绑架的故事5000字个人自传范文2000字 的短文。考试形式为根据提纲作文、看图作文、描述图表或根据一篇所给的文章写出内容提要或 读后感 读后感免费下载草房子读后感免费下载草房子读后感免费下载草房子读后感免费下载草房子读后感免费下载 等。所写短文要求主题明确,条理清楚,语言比较规范。  2.写作典型问题 (1)偏离主题。很多考生没有审题和构思过程,有的担心时间不够,匆匆动手。结果是下笔“百”言,离题万里。 (2)汉式英语。有的考生用汉语思维表达方法,或干脆照中文习惯把文字逐字翻译成英文,结果是非驴非马,无法理解。 (3)词汇搭配不当。英语语言的一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭配。词与词之间的固定搭配是长期使用形成的,看似不符合逻辑的不一定有错,而满以为正确的却不一定是地道的英语用法。 (4)表达不准确。由于有些考生词汇量小,根本无法表达自己的意思,成绩自然不会理想。 (5)逻辑关系混乱。部分考生的作文,句子之间没有过渡,段落之间没有联系,让考官摸不着头脑,不知文章所云,自然无法得到理想成绩。 (6)语法错误。语法错误主要表现为混淆可数名词与不可数名词,可数名词前无冠词,情态动词、介词、代词误用,分不清及物与不及物动词,混淆被动语态与主动语态,弄错词类(如将动词或形容词误作名词,将名词或动词误作形容词用)等。    优秀作文的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 为:(1)内容切题,有较好的谋篇构段框架,文章结构完整:紧扣主题,转承衔接自然;(2)语法基本正确,句法基本准确,句子与句子、段落之间过渡连贯;(3)用词面宽,遣词造句.得当,句式、句型有变化,字数符合要求;(4)层次分明,说理清楚,语言流畅,内容充实。 不合格作文表现在:(1)文章不通顺,无段落,无结构,无明显主题;(2)出现很多基本语法错误,拼写错误;(3)词汇量很小,词不达意,缺乏英语表达能力;(4)不像一篇文章,仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。        3.写作对策与技巧    根据考纲要求,考生要想在短文写作中取得高分,首先要具备两方面的英语基本功:一是较强的句子表达水平,句子要写正确、表达准确到位,要有一定的英语修辞知识。二要具备英语语篇写作知识,这样才能适应不同类型的命题,主动灵活有条理地运用自己的语言知识和能力写好短文。此外,考生还应对作文考题有一定的了解,知己知彼才能稳操胜券。  作文判卷的原则指明了应试者应该努力的方面,因此考生必须做到知己知彼,“投其所好”:语言表达要规范,结构层次要清晰。具体技巧包括: (1)开好头,写好主题句和第一段。要是第一段给考官留下的印象很差,即使后面两段写得再好,总成绩也要大受影响。因为如果考官看到第一段很差,一般不会相信后面的段落能有精彩语言表达和连贯的组织结构突然出现。虽然真正的内容在后面两段,但第一段在阅卷实践中给考官的初步定位和准备给分高低上起着举足轻重的作用。    (2)表达手法要灵活。要达到这个目标,考生要练就能用两种以上句子形式来表达同一个内容的本领。这样就不至于在一个词汇(尤其是动词)的用法或句型结构上没有把握时,无法调整而“卡壳”,或者写出错误的句子。  (3)避免使用生僻词汇。考生的基本水平,考官心里是有数的。文中突然出现过于生僻的词汇,会显得别扭,反倒会影响整篇写作的文体效果。  (4)句子与句子之间有一定的逻辑联系。要注意使用转折性连接词。转折连接词的正确使用,直接代表考生的英语基础能力,所以是得分的重要因素之一。  (5)段落与段落之间要注意有层次性和连贯性。各段之间的关系可能是并列、转折、递进等,因此使用正确的层次表达手法,会使文章结构分明,层次清晰,给阅卷人留下很深的印象。核心段落里一定要有层次感,看上去显得层次分明,一目了然,哪怕是机械地标明“一”“二”“三”点,也要比没有层次感好。这既是作文本身的要求,又是阅卷实践的要求。议论文从结构上而言要有逻辑的层次,而逻辑的层次必须通过语言表现,这种显示逻辑层次的语言可以称之为“航标”。“航标”可 以让阅卷人跟得上作者的思路,并且能帮助阅卷人在结构清晰的条件下,快速判断语言是否符合要求。考官每天要判阅大量毫无趣味可言的同一话题内容的作文,工作量大,极易疲劳。如果作文没有层次感,好印象也无从得来。  (6)题目所要求的全文总字数是考生要注意的关键之一。2000年以前考研作文要求不少于150字。从2001年起,要求不少于200字。字数不足是影响成绩的重要因素之一。 常言道,天下文章一大套,就看套得妙不妙。同等学力英语考试短文写作不是创作性写作,而是考查考生的语言功底和笔头表达能力。因此,提高写作的一个有效捷径就是模仿,通过模仿掌握一些通行的作文模式,然后套用,也是重要的途径之一。但是不要照抄题目给定的词语、词组和表格中的数字等。照搬原文或生硬地套用别人的话语是不可取的。 二、从词汇到句子 写作的第一步是过词正关,有很多问题需要注意,首先是选择词汇,而选择词汇的前提又是搞清楚要写什么,怎么写。这就涉及到句子形式的选择。而句子形式的选择会受要写的内容的影响。英语的句式极其丰富,数不胜数。例如表示否定的形式除not,never,neither…nor…等外,还有little,few,fail to do,anything but,let a1one,rarely,seldom,in no time,on no account,under no circumstance,by no means,other than等等手法。这些用法都属于基本语法知识范畴,考生应该注意使用灵活多变的形式。 在选择词汇上,同一个意思有不止一个表达法。但关键是选择出一个简练的说法,更要避免啰嗦和重复。记住,在写句子阶段,多余的词汇并不一定能给文章增色,有时候反而显得累赘。也要注意多样化表达的问题,在作文中不要重复用词,而使用同义词和同义词短语来表达相同和相近的意思。  近年来的出题内容主要涉及社会生活中常见题材和大家普遍关心的热点性题材。如果以城市交通拥挤问题为题的话,题目就要求考生把问题摆出来,然后提出解决 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 (如建造更多道路和开辟更多公共汽车线路)。提出的解决方案既有优点也有缺点:建造更多道路的优点是降低街道拥挤程度,加速车流,但缺点是占地过多;开辟更多公共汽车线路的优点是减少自行车与小汽车数量,但缺点是对部分人可能造成不方便。因此结论是:两者结合。若以大家普遍关心的求职和面试为话题,就要求说明面试在求职过程中的作用,并列举取得面试成功的因素:仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……等等。 一般而言,同等学力英语作文大都涉及陈述现象和问题,然后列举原因并分析因果关系,再提出意见和建议。这种基本模式正是短文写作的共性和考生首先要掌握的要点。议论文的基本模式是摆事实、讲道理,而讲道理就是说明原因。除写出原因外,还需要写出事实、阐明利弊、强调重要性、得出结论和看法、提出解决办法和建议。把握了这个核心,有利于考生选择和确定写作基本句式。如果作文形式有变化,也建议考生将作文的思路转化到此模式进行构思和写作,一样可以取得较好的效果。 议论文写作的基本句式可以归纳为以下几种,考生可以摸索规律并练习使用。 (1) 摆事实、谈现状 点击查看全部文章内容:清华在线同等学力英语短文写作指导 No one can deny the fact that since the beginning of the l980s,… There is no denying that… Strong evidence suggests the fact that… … has become a household word in the past decade. The fact that…can prove the commonness of this phenomenon in modem society. More and more people prefer to have … An increasing number of people are now interested in… With China's entry of WTO, many people… With the advent of the computer, … As living standards improve, every family is considering… It is well known that… As is known to all… From the graph (table, chart, picture) given, it can be seen that… The diagram clearly shows that … According to a recent statistics, … A recent survey conducted by...shows that 25 percent of the... As popular saying "East, west, home is best" can prove that … The meaning of the well known proverb "Where there is a will, there is a way" Is best demonstrated by … (2)表示看法、分析原因 I believe that a job interview is necessary to both the interviewer and the interviewee. It is important (necessary, difficult, convenient, possible) for people to … In my opinion, it is necessary for top students to develop many other skills. It seems to me that modem life cannot go on properly without … Reading extensively is extremely necessary for students in the information age. The chief reason lies in that fact that … Some major factors leading to this result are … Although different people may have different opinions on this, one major factor seems to be… In spite of the fact that most people may prefer…I believe that … While many people believe that …, there are certain other people who argue that… At least three major causes contribute to this fact. First,… The reasons for this problem can be as follows.… Some of the reasons for such a serious problem can be… We have good reasons to believe that … To do things in this way has the following advantages. First,… Therefore, to do…can really result in better results. To take this matter into consideration, one can at least… It will benefit us all if government officials and social workers … Taking immediate actions to correct the situation is the most important task at present. Adopting this method, of course, has disadvantages as well as advantages, but … Attaching much importance to this issue can prevent…from… This policy can surely bring much more economic returns when business companies compete in international markets. It will not do any harm to enterprises that adopt these effective measures. All the joint-venture businesses must try their best to overcome these difficulties. The sudden drop in the figure can be attributed to the following reasons. Changes that have taken place in the past five years can be explained by the fact that… It is principally because of government's emphasis on education that there has been such a big increase in… Medical treatment and insurance policies have led to that fact that… The 80% increase in the…is the result of… (3)提出和归纳结论 In short l it can be said that… To conclude (In conclusion), if people pay more attention to…, they will certainly… To sum up, these three measures can… The above discussion certainly leads to the conclusion that… From what has been discussed, we can come to an obvious conclusion that… (4)看图作文   The pictures indicate that there have been significant changes in the ways of communication in the last 30 years.   By showing…, the examiner tries to convey the message that…   Through the pictures the author tries to warn us of the serious problem of endangered animals.   The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the diminution of ocean resources.   The cartoon describes a very common phenomenon in our society that.   The cartoon ridicules/criticizes' some producers and companies that often make empty promises in the advertisement of their products.   The picture reveals a serious problem in public examinations—hiring ringers, those who take tests for others.  It can be seen in the picture that two cars collided and the two drivers were quarreling with each other.   As shown/illustrated/can be seen/depicted/described in the picture, a number of TV manufacturers are in fierce price cut competition to enlarge their share of market.   At the upper part of the picture there are some Chinese characters; which reads "Like a lamp love burns most brightly in the darker places." (5)描述图表  From the figures given in the graphs, we learn that the average housing space for city residents increased to 10 square meters in 2000.  As is shown in the table, there exists a big difference between the life expectance in the developed~ countries and that in the developing countries.  According to the charts, China's higher education has been developing rapidly with the growth of the gross domestic product.  The number of single people establishing their own households reached/hit 14 percent in 2000. From the table we can see that within half a year of 1998, a total of 532 people became the victims of traffic accidents, of whom 460 were injured and 72 killed. From the graph we can see that there were a total of 142 fire accidents in the city in 1999, most of which were caused by defective electrical appliances, smokers and children playing with fire. From the chart we learn that the proportion of part-time education has increased substantially in the last 5 years. The curve graph shows that the percentage of family income has declined sharply, accounting for only 13 percent of the total. Forest coverage was reduced from 28 percent of total land area in 1954 to 12 percent in 1998. There is a sharp increase in the expenses on housing and medical care, increasing by 8% and 6% respectively. Asia ranks first both in area and in population among the seven continents. Europe is second to Asia in population, but in area it is the last but one. The number of death and injury was more than 3 times greater than that of the July. And in August as many as 39 car accidents were reported, indicating an increase of about 79 percent as compared with the number of January. The population rose rapidly until it reached 600 000 in 1990. Since 1990 the growth has continued but the population has risen relatively slowly. Before 1970 the birth rate remained level. Then in 1970 it fell until it reached 30 per thousand in 1930. After a steady decline for a whole decade the country's fertility rate shows signs of leveling off. 在实际写作中,可供考生选择的句型结构是无法一一列举的。考生应按照以上部分句型总结规律,熟练地掌握一些基本句式,正确地套用。 句子是由单词构成的。如何选择合适的单词表达自己的意思,是考生应该注意的。因此,在确定写作基本句式的同时,要根据题目要求在大脑里搜索出由一系列相关词汇构成一个小词汇库。例如,看到有关环境污染的题目,毫无例外地会涉及到environment,air,water,food,vegetables,pollution,contamination,toxic,poisonous, harmful, dust, industrial waste, automobiles, acid rain, ecology, balance of nature, extinction, precious and rare plants and animals, health, death rate, public awareness, formulate, roles and regulations, take effective measures, water treatment 等等。 写作时,应该注意句子简练,能用一个词汇表达的概念或动作过程,不要故意绕圈子凑字数。能用He excused himself from the meeting because of the urgent work表达清楚的,就不用写成He found an excuse in order not to attend the meeting because he had some urgent work to do。 如上所述,写作时尽可能不要使用太大和太偏的词。如在能用house的情况下就尽可能不用residence,habitation,domicile等过分正式的词。能用destroy表达你要表达的意思,就没有必要用annihilate,exterminate,eradicate等这些你读起来懂但用起来把握可能不大的词。一个很普通的词,如果用在非常合适的地方而且用得有技巧,会得到更好的效果。请比较以下句子: Visitors could observe a wide expanse of sea.     Visitors could see a wide expanse Of sea.  A wide expanse Of sea greeted our eyes.  第一句中observe显然不如第二句中的see直截了当和准确。如果换成第三句的被动语态结构,用比喻用法则更有生气。  当然选择什么样的词汇表达思想最合适,不能一概而论,许多时候应视具体情况确定。例如上面强调不要使用太大和太偏的词。但也会有人说,懂得使用count on和consist in的考生显然比只知道使用depend on和lie in的考生英文水平要高,这也不是没有道理。 但是阅卷人员主要看考生的语言能力,流利表达程度,而不是看你背了多少不大常见的单词。如果你使用了特别生僻的单词,假如阅卷人员都不大熟悉其意思(从科学的态度出发,这种情况是可能的),而阅卷实践中是没有人停下来找词典查阅的,那么只有你吃亏了。原因很简单:除死记硬背外,你目前的语言水平不足以写出连他都不认识的单词(除非是你熟悉而他不熟悉的专业术语)。1988年的大学英语四、六级考试作文用的是一个共同题目:吉利数字是否会带来好运?许多考生用了effective,valid,faithful以及更大的词汇,有些当然用得不准确。而相反,其中一个考生的开头句子是:Many people think that lucky numbers such as 6 and 8 can bring them good luck.But do lucky numbers really work?很简单的一个work就胜过许多别的大词和偏词而获得比较好的印象。     一句话,扎实的语言基础是写出灵活而准确的句子的前提。没有扎实的基础,写出的句子不是名词单复数不对就是动词句型出错,不是主谓语一致问题就是主动被动语态分不清,要不就是按照汉语习惯使用“因为……所以……”、“尽管……但是……”等结构,在because从句后的句子前加上therefore…或在although…从句后的句子前加上but等。写作所涉及的语言知识虽然是综合性的,但能用到的词汇量总是有限的,远小于考生在阅读中所接触到的语言点和知识面。一位诗人说过:使你疲惫不堪的不一定是远方的高山与大河,而是你脚下鞋子里面的一粒沙子。对考生来说,英语写作过程中的这粒沙子也许就是你的基础语言能力使你无法顺利从词汇走到句子。    三、从句子到段落 选择正确的词汇,组出正确的句子,还不是目的。连贯的思想是由若干个句子来表达的。句子的出现有一定的先后顺序,不同的句子在段落中有不同的作用,而且句子与句子之间有一定的衔接方式。下面我们看看怎样由句子组成段落。 1.   段落的结构 一个段落一般由三部分组成:主题句(The Topic Sentence),段落扩展句( Paragraph Development Sentences)和结论句 ( The Concluding Sentence), 如: Reasons for the growing popularity of fast-food chains appear obvious enough (1). For one thing, the food is generally cheap. A hamburger at McDonald's, for example, costs about one-half as much as a meal at a regular restaurant. Another advantage of the chains is their convenience. For busy working couples who don't want to spend the time or effort cooking, fast-food restaurants offer an attractive alternative (2). Considering the fact that customers are increasing in number, many Americans like the taste of the food (3). 主题句(The Topic Sentence)  主题句是英文段落的典型特点,顾名思义,主题句就是提出段落主题的句子。它是一个段落的中心,要求全段其他所有的文字都围绕它展开。它指出了这段内容的主导思想。主题句既可以用在段落的开始或中间,也可以用在段落的末尾,但是对于硕士研究生入学考试来说,我们应该尽量把主题句放置于一个段落的开始,这既有助于组织材料,也可以使文章结构清楚。主题句是一篇文章的灵魂,文章的所有材料和论述都是围绕主题句展开的,因此,写好段落的主题句是写好作文的关键,一个好的主题句首先应该紧扣文章的中心思想,把该段落的内容限定在文章的中心内容之内。  好的段落主题句必须表达一个完整的思想,该段落将围绕这一主题句逐步展开,用定义、描述、分类、解释、举例说明等手段。因此,段落主题句中必须包含段落的主旨,必须包含一个等待发展的思想。另外,一个好的段落主题句应该具有一定的限定性,它应该限定该段落的内容不至于偏离全文的中心内容,而且一个段落的容量是很有限的,如果主题句限定的范围太宽,主题句的内容就无法在该段落内得以阐述清楚。如果以The Problem of Cheating in Testing为题作文,考生很可能联系到有些学生考试作弊等不诚实的行为。但是如果说Cheating is very common around the world或Many students do not take cheating as a dishonest act等就显得主观和证据不足。一方面,主题句不能太大,但是也不能太小。如果太大,将无法具体讨论。如果太小,将限制后面的写作。例如,既然谈论考试作弊问题,就没有必要把这个题目扩大成整个教育产业和道德范围的大讨论,也没有必要抛开话题,转而讨论个别考试作弊的人是否能成才是否能诚实地对待婚姻家庭等话题。切记在设计主题句时注意不要把不相关的观点包括在一个主题句中,否则将失去航向。  如果主题句不能确定具体的讨论范围,就形同虚设。一个好的主题句,不仅要表达作者的态度,还需要根据内容和字数方面的要求,对题目的范围进行控制和确定。 段落扩展句(Paragraph Development Sentences) 段落主题句给出段落的主题思想,段落扩展则用来发展、证明或支持这一主题思想。段落扩展句必须切题而且有序,还要层次分明。 段落扩展句是对主题句进一步的引申与发展,然而引申与发展的方法是多种多样的。一种最为实用的方法就是设问解答法,即在句子展开之前先提出一个问题,然后再针对这一问题进行解答,例如: 结论句(The Concluding Sentence) 结论句位于全段的末尾,对全段的内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性观点。结论句不仅仅是重复主题句提出的段落主题(restatement),更重要的是,它可以进一步强调段落的中心思想,以引起读者的重视。写结论句应该注意,其结构形式没有必要与主题句在形式上保持一致,但是所表达的内容必须与主题句在内容上一致。当然,并非每个段落都需要结论句,对于一些描述性段落也可以不使用结论句。 重点提示: 文章的开头段由一个或几个句子组成。若开头段只有一个句子,这个句子本身往往就是文章的中心论点。一般来讲,文章的开头段有以下几种常见的方式: 1)直接提出中心论点,如:   I think it is fair to pay tuition fees for higher education in China. 2)由某一普遍现象或概念开始,逐渐缩小范围,引出中心论点,如: Knowledge may be acquired through many ways.One way of getting knowledge is from traveling. Another way is by conversation, especially one with a great man. A person may also become knowledgeable through other ways such as listening to the radio or watching television. The best way to acquire-knowledge, however, is through reading. 3)由某一具体事实或数据引出主题,如:     During the past five years,the number of Americans h11ed annually in car accidents has climbed to more than 55,000.These needless deaths on sweets and highways can be attributed to three general causes:mechanical failures,environmental conditions and errors of human judgment. 4)由名言或谚语引出中心论点,如:   Nearly every  civilization has its equivalent to the proverb“No pains,no gains”.It means that nothing that is really worth doing can be gained without painstaking efforts and that no knowledge or skill Can be acquired Without sweat or effort. 5)设问开头,引发读者兴趣,导入中心论点,如:   Most of the ill health we suffer could be prevented if peop1e made effort to Change their life Styles.Instead,many people continue to smoke,to drink excessively and to eat Unbalanced diets. How can governments help people protect their health and avoid premature(过早的)death? 注意:在写作文章开头段时应避免提出多个主题或论点。 论述文的开头:提问,陈述句,谚语等 图表作文的开头:In this picture(graph),you can see that…                 As(is)Shown in Fig.1.…                 It can be seen from the table that… 文章的结尾 文章的结尾与文章的开头一样,往往是读者最注意的地方,其作用是对文章的中心论点进一步强调或对文章就中心论点的论证进行归纳总结,给全文一个圆满的结束。常用的结尾方式如下: 1)重申开头段中的中心论点,如: In Short,with people's standard of living getting higher and higher,changes in their diet will be more obvious and greater. 2)提出问题的解决方法,如:  Making Cities greener requires more than Widespread awareness;it calls for an immediate commitment to planting more trees and growing more flowers. 3)总结展开段中的论证,表明作者观点,如:  I benefited by working in this factory.For one thing,I learned to exchange my labor for money;for.another,I made some new friends. 注意:在文章的结尾段中应避免提出新的论点,以防“画蛇添足”。 2.句子之间的过渡 句子之间的过渡有四种基本类型:使用过渡词、重复关键词和词组、使用代词、使用并列结构。 (1)过渡词包括连接副词、状语连接词。如:    (a) Addition: again, also, and, and then, besides, equally important, finally, first, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, last, moreover, next, second, still, too    (b) Comparison: also, in the same way, likewise, similarly    (c) Concession: granted; naturally, of course    (d) Contrast: although, and yet, at the same time, but at the same time, despite that, even so, even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, regardless, still, though, yet    (e) Emphasis: certainly, indeed, in fact, of course    (f) Example or Illustration: after all, as an illustration, even, for example, for instance, in conclusion, indeed, in fact, in other words, in short, it is tree, of course, namely, specifically, that is, to illustrate, thus, truly    (g) Summary: all in all, altogether, as has been said, finally, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in particular, in short, in simpler terms, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to put it differently, to summarize    (h) Time Sequence: after a while, .afterward, again, also, and then, as long as, at last, at length, at that time, before, besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, in the past, last, lately, meanwhile, moreover, next, now,  presently, second, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, still, subsequently, then, thereafter, too, until,  until now, when (2)重复关键词和词组可以使句子有节奏感、有感染力等特点,一定会给读者留下很深的印象。例如:   We can fool some of the people all of the time, and all of the people some of the time, but we cannot fool all of the people all of the time.   …a government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth. (3)代词的使用可以避免不必要的重复,但是要注意指代明确。如This is true because…这句话用在文章开头显然不合适。This指代什么,一定要明确才行。如果担心在文中表述不清楚的话,干脆写成They say that…则更好。 (4)并列结构同样可以给文章强烈的乐感和节奏感。请看下段: The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead people's bodies by making mummies of them. Mummies several thousand years old have been discovered nearly intact. The skin, hair, teeth, fingernails and toenails, and facial features of the mummies were evident. It is possible to diagnose the disease they suffered in life, such as smallpox, arthritis, and nutritional deficiencies. The process was remarkably effective. Sometimes apparent were the fatal afflictions of the dead people: a middle-aged king died from a blow on the head, and polio killed a child king. Mummification consisted of removing the internal organs, applying natural preservatives inside and out, and then wrapping the body in layers of bandages. 尽管这个段落不是非常完美,但是从主题句到结尾句,整段还是很统一的,不显得零散。不过由于缺少结构上的衔接还是不够连贯。再看修改后的段落并注意和衔接手法: The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead people's bodies by making mummies of them.  In short, mummification consisted of removing the internal organs; applying natural preservatives inside and out, and then wrapping the body in layers of bandages. And the process was remarkably effective. Indeed, mummies several thousand years old have been discovered nearly intact. Their skin, hair, teeth, fingernails and toenails, and facial features are still evident. Their diseases in life, such as smallpox, arthritis, and nutritional deficiencies, are still diagnosable. Even their fatal afflictions are still apparent: a middle-aged king died from a blow on the head; a child king died from polio. 可见,句子之间的过渡,使用过渡词是最主要的手段。在汉语写作中,人们讲究文章的起、承、转、合,实际上都是靠过渡性衔接手段来实现的。下面就从这个角度对以上列举的过渡词汇进行分类总结。  (1)“启”:用于引导主题句,或用于主题句的后面,引导第一个发展句。如first (firstly), at first, first of all, in the beginning, in the first place, at present, to begin with, currently, to start with, lately, for one thing, now, recently, on the one hand, in general, generally speaking, at present, in recent years, comparatively (speaking), nowadays, in general, in a sense, in a way, in my opinion, obviously, undoubtedly 等;  (2) “承”:用于承接主题句或前一个发展句。如second ( secondly ), third (thirdly), also/too, besides, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, for another, for example, for instance, as an example, as another example, namely, then, in other wor
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