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2010年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章更多精品下载百校通论坛:www.baixiaotong.cn 2010年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章-书中第3篇 第3篇  Citizen Scientists Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1  events-flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring ...

2010年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章
更多精品 下载 课程表模板下载资产负债表下载英语单词下载学习机资料下载励志文章下载 百校通论坛:www.baixiaotong.cn 2010年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章-书中第3篇 第3篇  Citizen Scientists Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1  events-flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring - all around the world. But ecologists can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help. Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest - birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. - and send their observations to a  giant database to  be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in. A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Pheonology4  Network. "Phenology" is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature. One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project - which is open to everyone - record their observations on the Project BudBurst website. "People don't have to be plant experts -they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood," says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. "As we collect this data, we'll be able to make an estimate of how plants and eommunities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes." 词汇: Frog n. 蛙  Ecologist n.生态学家  Phenology n.物候学  Bud v.发芽,萌芽;n.芽,花蕾 Neighbor(u)rhood n.近邻;邻近地区  Database n.数据库 Professional adj.专业的,职业的;n.职业选手,专业人员 注释: 1. life cycle:生命周期,即生物发展过程的系列变化。 2. hyper-local beat: beat 在此做名词用,意思是:某类新闻报道,如,a business beat; 商业专题报道。这是近年来出现的新词。Hyper-local beat 即 hyper-local news,指 的是被传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区或居民居住区里发生的相关信息报道。在美 国由此而诞生了 hyper-local news website,专门对主流媒体所没有覆盖的地区所发生 的事件进行报道,其形式多以网民,即短文中所提及的 citizen journalists,上传所 在社区发生的事件报道、照片或视频为主。这是网络时代产生的又一新生事物。 3. data 是复数形式,但常用做单数,所以这里的代词是 it。另参见 最后 一段“As we collect this data, ...”。这里的 data 也用作单数。 4. phenology:物候学或生物气候学,是气候学和生态学的边缘学科,主要研究气候环境 对生物的影响。 5. communities:生态学词汇:生物群落,记载比较相似的环境条件下在特定自然区域或 环境中生活和互相影响的一群植物和动物。 练习: 1. Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them A)  to provide their personal life cycles. B)  to observe the life cycle of plants. C)  to collect data of the life cycle of living things. D)  to teach children knowledge about climate change. 2. What are citizen scientists asked to do? A)  To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists. B)  To send their research observations to a professional database. C)  To increase their knowledge about climate change. D)  To keep a record of their research observations. 3. In "All that's needed to become one... (paragraph 2) ", what does the word "one" stands for? A)  a citizen journalist.    B)  a citizen scientist.    C)  a scientist.    D)  a citizen. 4. What is NOT true of Project BudBurst? A)  Only experts can participate in it.                     B)  Everybody can participate in it. C)  It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants.   D)  It has its own website. 5. What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst? A)  To study when plants will have their first buds. B)  To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood. C)  To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. D)  To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes. 答案与题解: 1. C第一段和第二段的第一句告诉我们,要在世界范围内观察气候对大自然中生物生命周 期的影响,数量有限的科学家不可能足迹遍及天下,为此科学家求助于普通公民的参与 。 所以 C 是正确选择。 2. B第二段第三句中 encourage ordinary people to observe…的主语是 The citizen scientist movement,即公民参与科学观察的运动。所以 D 不是正确选择。A 和 C 不符 合文章的句意,因此也不是正确的选择。这个句子的大意是:这一运动鼓励普通公民根 据自己的兴趣爱好进行科学观察,并将观察结果送交数据库,让专门领域的科学家做进 一步的观察。B 正确表达了这个意思。 3. B one 在 这 里 是 一 个 代 词 , 其 前 置 词 是 citizen scientists , 而 不 是 citizen journalists,这里的 one 指的是 one of citizen scientists。所以 A、C 和 D 都不是 正确选择。这个句子的意思是,只要每天或每星期花上几分钟收集数据并发送出去,就 能成为一个公民科学家。 4. A 文章最后一段说,这个计划向所有人开放(open to everyone),所以应选择 A。B,C,D 所述内容都在该段中提到。 5. D C 表述的内容是 Project Budburst 所要做的工作,但其最终的目的不仅仅是收集数 据,而是研究气候变化对生物生命周期的影响。因此,D 才是正确答案。 2010年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章-书中第6篇 第6篇  Arctic Melt Earth's North and South Poles are famous for being cold and icy. Last year, however, the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean fell to a record low1. Normally, ice builds in Arctic waters around the North Pole each winter and shrinks during the summer. But for many years, the amount of ice left by the end of summer has been declining. Since 1979, each decade has seen an 11.4 percent drop in end-of-summer ice cover2. Between 1981 and 2000, ice in the Arctic lost 22 percent of its thickness -- becoming 1.13 meters thinner. Last summer, Arctic sea ice reached its skimpiest levels yet. By the end of summer 2007, the ice had shrunk to cover just 4.2 million square kilometers. That's 38 percent less area than the average cover at that time of year. Andit's a very large 23 percent below the previous record low, which was set just 2 years ago. This continuing trend has scientists concerned. There may be several reasons for the ice melt, says Jinlun Zhang, an oceanographer at the University of Washington3  in Seattle. Unusually strong winds blew through the Arctic last summer. The winds pushed much of the ice out of the central Arctic, leaving a large area of thin ice and open water4. Scientists also suspect that fewer clouds cover the Arctic now than in the past. Clearer skies allow more sunlight to reach the ocean. The extra heat warms both the water and the atmosphere. In parts of the Arctic Ocean last year, surface temperatures were 3.5℃Celsius warmer than average and 1.5℃ warmer than the previous record high5. With both air and water getting warmer, the ice is melting from both above and below. In some parts of the Beaufort Sea6, north of Alaska and western Canada, ice that measured 3.3m thick at the beginning of the summer measured just 50 centimeters by season's end. The new measurements suggest that melting is far more severe than scientists have seen by just looking at ice cover from above, says Donald K. Perovich, a geophysicist at  the U. S.  Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, N.H.7 Some scientists fear that the Arctic is stuck in a warming trend from which it may never recover. 词汇: Arctic n.北极,北极圈;adj.北极的 the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋 shrink  v.萎缩;缩小,减少 oceanographer n.海洋学家 skimpy adj.缺乏的,不足的 centimeter n.厘米 geophysicist n.地球物理学家 注释 1. fell to a record low: 跌到历史最低点。record 作形容词时,意思是“空前的,创记 录的”。Record low 的反义词是 record high: 历史最高点。 2. ice cover: 冰覆盖量 3. University of Washington: 华盛顿大学,创建于 l861 年,座落在美国华盛顿州西雅图 市东北角,所以又称西雅图华盛顿大学,是美国著名的公立研究型大学。 4. open water: 没有冰覆盖的海面 5. record high : 见注释1。 6. the Beaufort Sea: 波弗特海,是北冰洋边缘海,位于美国阿拉斯加州东北岸和加拿大 西北岸,海中岛屿稀少,有无岛海之称。 7. Hanover,N.H:新罕布什尔州汉诺威市。N.H.是 New Hampshire 的缩写。该州位于美 国新英格兰地区。 练习: 1. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "build" in the first sentence of the second paragraph? A)  Construct.    B)  Extend.    C)  Create.    D)  Expand. 2. What is the ice cover in the Arctic by the end of 2007 summer? A)  4.2 million square kilometers. B)  11.4 million square kilometers. C)  1.13 million square kilometers. D)  38 million square kilometers. 3. What are the reasons for the ice melt according to the scientists? A) Strong winds and clear skies.    B) Long summer and short winter. C) Open water and thin ice.    D)  Light clouds and light winds. 4. Why is the ice melting from both above and below? A)  Because extra heat warms the air. B)  Because extra heat warms the water. C)  Because the temperature above the water is higher. D)  Both A and B. 5. What can be a possible title for the passage? A)  What are scientists looking for in the Arctic Ocean? B)  What are scientists doing in the Arctic Ocean? C)  Why are scientists worrying about the Arctic Ocean? D)  Why are scientists interested in the Arctic Ocean? 练习: 1.D  build 是个多义词,四个选项都是该词的潜在词义。但在第二段的第一句中,build 与后半句中 shrink(become smaller)一词相对,意思是 become bigger 之义。Extend 是增 长的意思,不适合用在此处。 2.A  答案可在第四段的第二句中找到。该句的意思是:2007 年夏末,冰的覆盖面积已经 缩小至 420 万平方公里。 3.A 短文的第五和第六段回答了这个问题。第五段告诉我们,由于强风的原因,大面积海 面仅有薄冰覆盖或没有冰层覆盖。第六段告诉我们,晴朗的天空使太阳直接照射海面,导致 高温。所以 A 是正确选择。B 的内容没有在文中提到。C 的表述内容是间接原因,是刮强风 的结果。D 选项中,light clouds 的确是 ice melt 的原因,但 fight winds 是错误的理解。 4.D 答案可在倒数第三段第一句话中找到。from both above and below 的意思是:无论 从海水上面还是底下,也就是说,无论是海水还是海面上的空气。所以 A 和 B 都回答了问题 : 高温不但可能使水温增高,也使气温增高。 5.C  本文描述了科学家对北冰洋冰覆盖量的研究,研究结果是 Arctic is stuck in a warming trend from which it may never recover.(北冰洋变暖的趋势可能不会逆转)。第四段最后一句说:This continuing trend has scientists concerned,短文最后一句也 告诉我们,科学家对这种趋势十分忧虑(fear)。所以,C 是本题的答案。 2010年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章-书中第33篇 第33篇  Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites for Radioactive Waste The withdrawal of Nevada's Yucca Mountain as a potential nuclear waste repository1 has reopened the debate over how and where to dispose of spent nuclear fuel and high-level nuclear waste. In an article in the July 10 issue of Science, University of Michigan2  geologist Rodney Ewing and Princeton University3  nuclear physicist Frank von Hippel argue that, although federal agencies should set standards and issue licenses for the approval of nuclear facilities, local communities and states should have the final approval on the siting of these facilities. The authors propose the development of multiple sites that would service the regions where nuclear reactors are located. "The main goal…, should be to provide the Unied States with multiple process that requires acceptance by host communities and states," the authors write. Ewing and yon Hippel also analyze the reasons why Yucca Mountain, selected by Congress4 in 1987 as the only site to be investigated for long-term nuclear waste disposal, finally was shelved5  after more than three decades of often controversial debate. The reasons include the site's geological problems, management problems, important changes in the Environmental Protection Agency's standard, unreliable funding and the failure to involve local communities in the decision-making process. Going forward, efforts should be directed at locating storage facilities in the nation's northeastern, southeastern, midwestern and western regions, and states within a given region should be responsible for developing solutions that suit their particular circumstances. Transportation of nuclear waste over long distances, which was a concern with the Yucca Mountain site, would be less of a problem because temporary storage or geological disposal sites could be located closer to reactors. "This regional approach would be similar to the current approach in Europe, where spent nuclear fuel6 and high-level nuclear waste7 from about 150 reactors and reprocessing plants is to be moved to a number of geological repositories in a variety of rock types8," said Rodney Ewing, who has written extensively about the impact of nuclear waste management on the environment and who has analyzed safety assessment criteria for the controversial Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository. 词汇: radioactive adj.放射性的  shelve v.搁置  repository n.储藏地,储藏室  controversial adj.有争议的 geologist n.地质学家  reactor n.反应堆,反应器  geological adj.地质的 注释: 1. The withdrawal of Nevada's Yucca Mountain as a potential nuclear waste repository: Nevada's Yucca Mountain:美国境内的内华达州尤卡山。nuclear waste repository:核废物处理库。美国能源部部长朱棣文 2009 年 3 月 5 日表示,拟在内华 达州尤卡山建设的核废物最终处理库将不再是美国储存高放废物的一个选项。 2. University of Michigan:美国密歇根大学,建于 1817 年。 3. Princeton University:美国普林斯顿大学,建于 1746 年。 4. Congress: 美国国会,美国最高立法机关,由参议院(Senate)和众议院(House of Representatives)组成。 5. …was shelved:......被束之高阁。 6. spent nuclear fuel:也叫做 used nuclear fuel,一般译为“乏核燃料”。 7. high-level nuclear waste:高(强度)放(射性)核废物。 8. geological repositories in a variety of rock types:各种不同岩层中的地质处置 库。geological repositories 指的是地表以下 300~1500 米的稳定的地质体中建造的 用于最终处置高放废物和乏核燃料的工程设施。处置库是一个多重屏障系统,工程屏障 由废物体、废物罐、外包装和缓冲回填 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 组成,而天然屏障则是能有效阻滞放射性核 素迁移的地质体,包括花岗岩、粘土岩、凝灰岩和岩盐等。许多专家认为地质处置是安 全的,技术上是可行的,对环境是无害的。 练习: 1. Which of the following words can best substitute the word "withdrawal" in the first paragraph? A  Retirement.    B  Canceling.    C  Replaced.    D  Disposal. 2. According to Rodney Ewing and Frand von Hippel, where to locate nuclear facilities A  should be approved by the federal government. B  should be approved by local people and states. C  should be approved by Congress. D  is not an important issue. 3. What is NOT true about the 1987 decision by Congress concerning siting of nuclear waste disposal? A  Yucca Mountain was selected as the only site for a nuclear waste repository. B  The selection of Yucca Mountain for nuclear waste disposal caused much controversy. C  The decision by Congress was put aside due to a number of problems. D  The decision by Congress was accepted by local communities. 4. What does the author of the essay in the fourth paragraph want to say? A  Efforts should be made to solve the problems of transportation of nuclear waste over long distance. B  Efforts should be made to develop as many nuclear disposal sites in the US as possible. C  Efforts should be made to develop nuclear disposal sites to suit the circumstances of the region. D  Efforts should be made to build up temporary nuclear disposal sites as possible. 5. What is meant by "regional approach" as mentioned in the last paragraph? A  Waste disposal sites are located close to reactors and in places suitable for the regional circumstances. B  Geological repositories are located in a variety of rock types. C  Spent nuclear fuel and high –level nuclear waste is moved to developing countries. D  Waste disposal sites are located far away from reactors. 答案与题解: 1. B  withdrawal 是个多义词,在句子中的意思是“撤销”或“中止”。 2. B 第二段中提到的两个科学家认为,联邦政府可以设定核设备的标准,以及颁发许可 证,但是州政府或地方政府在选址问题上应该有最终决定权。 3. D 第三段的第一个句子包含了 A、B 和 C 所述内容。 4. C  尽管第四段提到了尤卡山的确存在长距离运送核废料的问题,但不是这段的主要内 容,所以 A 不是正确选择。作者说,要在全国东西南北各地区建造核废料处置库,但没 有说要尽量多的建造,所以 B 也不是正确选择。作者想表达的意思是,要在全国各地区 建造核废料处置库,但州政府必须根据地方特殊情况制定 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ,包括最后一句中所说的 “靠近核反应堆”的临时处置库。所以,C 是正确的。D 也不是作者的意思。 5. A  This regional approach 的意思是:地域性方法,指的是前一段中所表述的内容, 即,地方政府应当考虑当地的特殊环境,对核废物的处置地选择负责。B、C 和 D 的表述 内容都是错误理解。 2010年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章-书中第38篇 ﹡第38篇  Night1 of the Living Ants When an ant dies, other ants move the dead insect out of the nest. This behavior is interesting to scientists, who wonder how ants know for sure – and so soon-that another ant is dead. Dong-Hwan Choe, a scientist at the University of California2  found that Argentine3 ants have a chemical on the outside of their bodies that signals to other ants, "I'm dead - take me away." But there's a twist to Choe's discovery4. These ants are a little bit like zombies. Choe says that the living ants - not just the dead ones - have this death chemical. In other words, while an ant crawls around, perhaps in a picnic or home, it's telling other ants that it's dead5. What keeps ants from hauling away the living dead? Choe found that Argentine ants have two additional chemicals on their bodies, and these tell nearby ants something like, "wait -I'm not dead yet. "So Choe's research turned up6 two sets of chemical signals in ants: one says, "I'm dead," the other set says, "I'm not dead yet." Other scientists have tried to figure out how ants know when another ant is dead. If an ant is knocked unconscious, other ants leave it alone until it wakes up. That means ants know that unmoving ants can still be alive. Choe suspects that when an Argentine ant dies, the chemical that says "Wait- I'm not dead yet" quickly goes away. Once that chemical is gone, only the one that says "I'm dead" is left." It's because the dead ant no longer smells like a living ant that it gets carded to the graveyard, not because its body releases new unique chemicals after death," said Choe. When other ants detect the "dead" chemical without the "not dead yet" chemical, they haul away the body. This was Choe's hypothesis. To test his hypothesis, Choe and his team put different chemicals on Argentine ant pupae. When the scientists used the "I'm dead" chemical, other ants quickly hauled the treated pupae7 away. When the scientists used the "Wait- I'm not dead yet" chemicals, other ants left the treated pupae alone. Choe believes this behavior shows that the "not dead yet" chemicals override the "dead" chemical when picked up by adult ants. And that when an ant dies, the "not dead yet" chemicals fade away. Other nearby ants then detect the remaining "dead" chemical and remove the body from the nest. 词汇: Zombie n 还魂尸,僵尸 Pupa n.蛹 Graveyard n.墓地 hypothesis n.假设 override v.优先于,比……更重要 注释: 1. night:night 是个多义词,其比喻意义是“死亡”,即本篇短文标题中该词的意思。标 题是用了逆喻的修辞手法。 2. the University of California:加利福尼亚大学,位于美国西部的公立高等学校系统 ,目前拥有10所大学,包括加州大学伯克利分校(Berkeley)、洛杉矶分校( Los Angeles)、 圣地亚哥分校(San Diego)、圣克鲁兹分校(Santa Cruz)等。 3. Argentine:阿根廷,位于南美洲的国家。 4. But there's a twist to Choe's discovery.然而,Choe 又有了新的出乎意料的发现。 Twist 有“出人意料的变化”的意思。 5. 本句 it's telling other ants that it's dead 中两个 it 指代前面爬行中的蚂蚁,也 就是下段第一句中的 the living dead。 6. turned up:发现,找到。 7. treated pupae:经过处理的蛹,即被科学家涂抹上化学药剂的蛹。 练习: 1. What is meant by "death chemical" mentioned in paragraph 3? A  A chemical that contains poison.     B  A chemical that causes death. C  A chemical that announces death.    D  A chemical that prevents death. 2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the question "What keeps ants from hauling away the living dead? (paragraph 4)"? A  How do ants know what is to be hauled away from the dead ants? B  What prevents ants from removing the ants that are not yet dead? C  What do ants do to keep themselves away from the dying ants? D  What prevents ants from being carried away after they die. 3. What is NOT true about Choe's finding? A When an ant dies, it produces a "I am dead" signal. B  Living ants have the death chemical on their bodies. C  Ants have two sets of chemicals on theft bodies. D  Ants have the "I am not dead" chemical on their bodies. 4. According to Choe's hypothesis, A  an ant still smells like a living when it dies. B  the "I am dead" chemical leaves the ant's body when it dies. C  the "I am not dead yet" chemical is left when an ant dies. D  the "I am not dead yet" chemical leaves the ant's body when it dies. 5. What is the result of the test on Choe's hypothesis? A  It proves that his hypothesis is time. B  Not enough evidence has been found to support his hypothesis. C  It shows that his hypothesis is wrong. D  It indicates that his hypothesis needs revising. 答案与题解: 1. C  根据文章第二段和第三段的表述,阿根廷蚂蚁身上有种化学物质,它会告诉其他蚂 蚁“I am dead.”。文章没有说这种物质有毒,也没有说它能导致或预防死亡,所以其 他三项都是错误的选择。 2. B  keep sb. from doing sth. 这个句型的意思是:使……不做……,阻止……去 做……。所以只有 B 是正确理解。 3. A 第三段和第四段告诉我们,蚂蚁身上会带有两种化学气味,“I am not dead yet” 和“I am dead”。这层意思分别在 B、C 和 D 中的表述出现。短文的第六段告诉我们, 蚂蚁死去时 ,“I am not dead yet”的气味就离开了它的躯体,剩下的就是“I am dead” 的 气味 。“I am dead”的气味不是死后新产生的化学物质。所以 A 是正确的选择。 4. D  短文第六段告诉我们,当“I am not dead yet”化学物质离开蚂蚁的躯体,“I'm dead” is left。这里,be left 的意思是:留了下来。所以,其他选项都是错误理解。 5. A 最后一段告诉我们,Choe 和他的研究小组用阿根廷蚂蚁蛹进行实验,结果与他的假 设吻合,即证实了他的假设。 2010年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章-书中第46篇 第46篇  How the First Stars in the Universe Came into Existence Researchers believe that our universe began with the Big Bang1  about 13 billion years ago, and that soon after that event, matter began to form as small dust grains and gases. How the first stars formed from this dust
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