独立主格结构剖析整理附练习

null独立主格结构独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。 独立主格的语法结构分类独立主格的语法结构分类一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构   二、 无动词独立主格结构 三、 with/without 引导的独立主格结构 A． 不定式“独立主格结构”A． 不定式“独立主格结构” His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。 —— Will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ —— sorry, so many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。 The four of us agreed on a division of labour, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。如果不一致，则应在动词的ing形式之前保留 逻辑主语。 Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.） He being ill, we can do nothing. (being 的逻辑主语是he，而不是we，所以要在being之前保留逻辑主语he） Time permitting, we will go to Tianjin. (permit的逻辑 主语是time，此时与we不一致，要保留。） null注意   含有being的独立主格结构。   It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。   = As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.   There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。   = As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果 ed形式的逻辑主语是句子主语，则不需在ed形式之前加上逻辑主语。如果不一致的话，就需要保留逻辑主语用-ed形式的独立主格结构。 Written in simple English, the book is quite easy. The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。（ = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.）null The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。（ = As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.） He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 (= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.) The task completed, he had two months' leave. 任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.） 非谓语动词独立主格结构含义比较非谓语动词独立主格结构含义比较 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生， 动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束， 动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行nullThe manager looks worried，many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle） The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了， 经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束） The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行） The food cooked, the boy went to bed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的） 二、 无动词独立主格结构二、 无动词独立主格结构 “逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。A．逻辑主语+名词A．逻辑主语+名词Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之间省去了being） 注意： 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。 B．逻辑主语+形容词 B．逻辑主语+形容词He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being） = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和wide open之间省去了being）= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open. C．逻辑主语+副词C．逻辑主语+副词 School over, we all went home. 放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being） = School was over, and we all went home. He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（his shoes和off之间省去了being） = He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.D．逻辑主语+介词短语D．逻辑主语+介词短语He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。 = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us. The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。 = The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face. The teacher came into the classroom，a ruler in his hand.老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。 = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand. null  提示：   在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。   The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.   音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin in his hand.） 三、 with/without 引导的独立主格结构三、 with/without 引导的独立主格结构 介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。 A． with+名词代词+形容词 B． with+名词代词+副词 C． with+名词代词+介词短语 D． with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式 E． with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式 F． with+名词代词+动词不定式 nullHe doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.  Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.   He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.   With his homework done, Peter went out to play.   The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.   The girl hid her box, her parents not knowing where it was. The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. null 提示：   在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。   Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.   她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）nullWhen class being over, the students left their classroom. Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下课了，学生都离开了教室。 The moon appearing and they continued their way. The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。练习一练习一1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.   A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were 2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.   A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting 3._____, we all went home happily.   A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said null4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.   A. The weather being fine     B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather    D. It being a fine weather   5. ____, the bus started at once.   A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given    D. When the signal given  null6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.   A. tears' rolling down    B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 7. ____, the leaves are turning green.   A. When spring coming on    B. Spring coming on   C. Spring came on    D. Spring being come on null8. _____, I had to buy a new one.   A. My dictionary losing     B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost     D. Because my dictionary lost 9. I used to sleep with the window _____.   A. opened B. open C. opening D to open null10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.   A. A gun on shoulder     B. A gun was on his shoulder   C. Gun on shoulder    D. A gun being on shoulder 11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.   A. As B. For C. With D. Through 12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.   A. do     B. doing C. done     D. to do   null13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.   A. trembling     B. trembled    C. were trembling     D. were trembling   14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.   A. All things considering       B. All things considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered 15. ______, we will surely succeed.   A. The teacher helping us       B. The teacher to help us C. The teacher will help us     D. With the teacher helping 练习二练习二1.The thief stood before the policeman,__________ admitting what he had done. A.with his drooping head B.drooping his head C.raising his head D.with his head down 2.__________ ,he can't go out for a walk as usual. A.With so much work to do B.With so much work doing C.With so much work done D.Without so much work to do null3.It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth __________ and his eyes __________ . A.closed;open B.closed;opened C.closing;open D.closing;opening 4.All things __________ ,the plan trip will have to be called off. A.be considered B.considered C.considering D.having considering null5.__________ ,we have to get down to business right away. A.As there was no time left B.There is no time left C.There being no time left D.There to be no time left 6.__________ yesterday,we went out for a walk. A.As a fine day B.It was a fine day C.It being a fine day D.For it was a fine day null7.The old man stood there,__________ . A.with back against the wall B.with his back against the wall C.with back against wall D.his back against wall