产品设计中为组装而考虑评估方法之建构

ISSN 1812-8572 (2004)?????? vol. 1, no. 2, page 191~206 - 191 - ?????????????????? ??? ??????????????? Email: hwai_en@seed.net.tw ?? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ”?????????(Design For Assembly, DFA)”?????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????? DFA ?????????????????(Assess direction)???(Force)???(Posture)???(Time)????(Specialty)??????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????? DFA?????????? ????design for assembly(DFA), design for disassembly(DFD), ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? - 192 - ?????????????????????????????????????? 5%???????????? 70%?????[1,2]? ???????????????????????? 20~70%?????? 45%??????? 10~30%?????[3]??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???”?????????(Design For Assembly, DFA)” [4,5]??????????? ??????? ?? DFA??????????????????Andreason et al. ? DFA??? ??????????????[6]??????????????????????? ??????????Boothryod et al.?????????????[4,7]?????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????(Green Life Cycle)???????? ??????????????????????(Design For Disassembly, DFD)??? ?????????????Kroll????? DFD??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??[8,9]? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? DFA ????????????????????? ?????????????? 1.???????????????????????????????????? ???? 2.????????????????? 3.????????????????? ???????????????????????????説? DFA ???? ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????説?? ISSN 1812-8572 (2004)?????? vol. 1, no. 2, page 191~206 - 193 - ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????(?1) ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ??????????????? ?? ???????????? ??????????????????? DFA ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? 1.?????????????????????? 2.????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????(1~6???)?????????????????(7~11???) ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? 5??????????(7~11???)??????????? ?????????????????? - 194 - ???????????????????????????? 5????????? ???????????????????????? 11????????? ?? ????????? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ??????? ????????????? 1??? 13?????3.1??????(1-6?)?3.2 ????????(7-11?)??? 3.1???? (1-6?)??? ? 1????????Part number.? ????????????????????????????????? ? 2???????(Number of repetitions) ?????????????????????????????????? ? 3??????????(Theoretical minimum number of parts) ??????????????????????????? [7]? 1.?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????? 2.?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? 3.?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????(?????????????)??????? ISSN 1812-8572 (2004)?????? vol. 1, no. 2, page 191~206 - 195 - ??????1?????????????0?? ?/? (P) ?Pull/Push? ?? (R) ?Remove? ???? (U) ?Unscrew? ?? (F) ?Flip? ? (C) ?Cut? ?? (G) ?Grip? ?? (M) ?Deform? ?? (S) ?Peel? ?? (W) ?Pry out? ? (D) ?Drill? ?? 10???????? ? 4???????Task type.?? ???????? 10??????????????? 10??????? ??O?(?????Other???)???? 11???? ? 5??????Direction.? ?????????????????????????? XYZ ????? ???????????±X, ±Y, ±Z???????? ? 6?????????Required tooling.? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? - 196 - 3.2???? (7-11?) ? 7??????(Access) ???????? Das et al. ???????[10]????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? 1?? ???? 9?????? 6??????? ?? ???????? ?????? (Phltlips Screwdiver) (I) ?????? (Flathead Screwdriver) (II) ?? (Gripper) (III) ????? (Long-nose Gripper) (IV) ???? (Expanding Gripper) (V) ??????? (Nut Driver) (VI) ??? (Wire Cutte) (VII) ?? (Drill) (VIII) ???? (Special Tool) (IX) 1.?????? ????????????????????? Z ????? ???????? 2.???? ???????? XY???? 3.??????? 15??? ?????????? 15????? 4.??????????? z ?????????????????????? ???? 5.2 ????????????????????????? 2 ??????? ?????? 6.????(Not Visible) ???????????????????? ISSN 1812-8572 (2004)?????? vol. 1, no. 2, page 191~206 - 197 - ?? ????????? ?? 1 2 3 4 5 6 ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 15? ?? ????? ? 2????? ?? ???? ?? 1 2.6 4.2 5.8 7.4 9 ? 8???? ??????????????????????????????? [11,12]????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??(????)????????????(?????)???????(???? ?)???????(?????)?????? 1?3?6?9 ?????????? ?? ??? a.??(Touch)?????????????????????????? b.??(grind)????????????????????????????? ??? c.??(Rebound)???????????????????????? d.??(clench)????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? e.??(Gripping)????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? f.??(Press revolve)?????????????????????????? ??????????????? g.??(Mold revolve)?????????????????????????? ????????? h.??(Release)???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????? - 198 - ??? a.??(Cover)??????????????????????愰? b.??(Crutching)??????????????????????????? ??? c.??(Plant chop)?????????????????????? d.??(Cut)??????????????????????????? e.??(Beclasp)???????????????????????????? ????????? f.??(Hold)??????????????????????? g.??(Rotate)??????????????????? T ???????? ?????????????????????????? h.??(Application)??????????????? ??? a.??(Uphold)?????????????????????????? b.??(Interwind)???????????????????????????? ???? c.??(Push)?????????????????????????????? ????????????? d.??(Pull)?????????????????????????????? ???? e.??(Squeeze)?????????????????????????? f.??(Glide)??????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ??? a.??(Reach)?????????????????????????????? ?? b.??(Churn)?????????????????? c.??(Hold revolve)??????????????????????????? ?????? ISSN 1812-8572 (2004)?????? vol. 1, no. 2, page 191~206 - 199 - d.??(Wind tight)???????????????????????????? ?????? e.??(Throw)?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? f.??(Raise)?????????????????????????????? ??? ? 9???? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????[10]???????????????? ??? 1?3?6?9???????????? 1.???—?? 0.9kg(????? 2ibs∗)???????????????????? ????????????????????? 2.???—0.9kg? 23kg(??? 2ibs? 50ibs)????????????????? ??????????????????????????? 23kg ?????? ????????????????? 23kg??? 3.???—0.9kg? 23kg(?∗?? 2ibs? 50ibs)????????????????? ???????????????(?????)??????????????? ????????????(???????????????????)???? ????????? 4.???—?? 23kg(??? 50ibs(??? 9?????(??)?????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????? ? 10???? ??????????????????????????? Boothroyd et al.?? ∗ 1ib?1???0.45359?kg??? ?????????????????? - 200 - ????????????????????????[4]??????????? ???????????????????????????????????? (1)1~3??(2)4~6??(3)7~9??(4)10~13??????? 1,3,6,9?? ? 11?????(Special)?? ????????(7? 10?)?????????????????????? ????????????????????? 11 ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????? DFA??????????? 3.3 ???? ??? 3.2??????????????????????????????? ?????[9]? ???? % 100 12 3 5 ××= ∑ ∑ column column (1) ???????????????? ???????? 6~10??????????? 11???? ??????? 11????????? 3?????????????? 12???? ?????? 3?12???????????????????????????5?? ???????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ????? Visual Basic 6.0???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????(???????????????)??????????????? ???(??)?????????????????????? ISSN 1812-8572 (2004)?????? vol. 1, no. 2, page 191~206 - 201 - ?????? ?????????????????????? SH-101 ?????????? ??????? SH-102????????????????? DFA???????? ????????????101 ???????????(a)??102 ???????? (b)??????????? 101?? 102?? DFA???????????? 0.83?? ???????????????? 102 ??????????? DFA ?????? ????? 101????????????????????????????? 101?? 102???????????????????????? 1.???????(a)???(b)???102??????????????????? ?????????? 2.???????(a)???(b)???102??????????????????? ???????? ?? SH-101???????? ?????????????????? - 202 - (a) SH-101 ? (b) SH-102? ?? ???????????? (a) 101? (b) 102? ?? 101?? 102???????? (a) 101? (b) 102? ?? 101?? 102???????? ?????????????????? 101???????????????? ???????????? 101????????????????????????? ????????????(??)?????????????? 101 ??????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????(?? 10?)? ?????? ISSN 1812-8572 (2004)?????? vol. 1, no. 2, page 191~206 - 203 - ???????????????????????????? 28??? 26???? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?? 101?? 102????????? ?? ???? ??????? 1 ????????????????? ??? ???????????? 2 ????????????????? ????? ?????????????(a) 3 ????????????????? ????? ?????????????? 4 ? ???????? 4???????? ???????(b)???(c)? 4 ????????? ????????? (a)?? (b)????? (c) ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????????? - 204 - ?? ???????? DFA??? ?? ????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????(Methods Time Measurement?MTM)????????? ?????????????????????????????? ISSN 1812-8572 (2004)?????? vol. 1, no. 2, page 191~206 - 205 - ???? 1.K. Otto, K. Wood, 2001, Product Design, Prentice-Hall, USA. 2.K. T. Ulrich, S. D. Eppinger, 2000, Product design and development, McGraw-Hill Inc, USA. 3.J. Constance, 1992, “Can durable goods be designed for disposability?, “ Mechanical Engineering, vol. 114, pp. 60-62. 4.G. Boothroyd, P. Dewhurst & W. Knight, 1994, Product design for manufacturing and assembly, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 5.M. V. Tatikonda, 1994, “Design for assembly: a critical methodology for product reengineering and new product development”, Production and Inventory Management, vol. 35, pp. 31-42. 6.M. M. Andreasen, S. Kahler & T. Lund, 1988, Design for Assembly, 2nd Edition, IFS, Bedford, UK. 7.G. Boothroyd, P. Dewhurst, 1987, Product design for assembly, Wakfield, RI: Boothroyd Dewhurst. 8.E. Kroll, B. Beardsley & A. Parulian, 1996, “A methodology to evaluate ease of disassembly for product”, IIE Transactions, vol. 28, pp. 837-845. 9.E. Kroll, B. S. Carver, 1999, “Disassembly analysis through time estimation and other metrics”, Robotics & Computer Integrated Manufacturing, vol. 15, pp. 191-200. 10.S. K. Das, P. Yedlarajiah & R. Narendra, 2000, “An approach for estimating the end-of-life product disassembly effort and cost”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 657-673. 11.R. M Barnes, 1980, Motion and Time Study: Design and Measurement of Work, John Wiley, New York, USA. 12.???????, 1996 ?, ???????????????????????? ??? 145-154? ?????????????????? - 206 - A Methodology for Assembly Evaluating in The Product Design Hwai-En Tseng Department of Industrial Engineering & Technology Management, Da Yeh University Changhua, Taiwan. E-mail: hwai_en@seed.net.tw Abstract In an ever-changing era, fast responses in the R & D of products should be made to satisfy the various needs of customers. If designer can consider the feasibility of assembly might effective reduce the product cost in the design stage. This concept is called the design for the assembly. Generally, such consideration depends the designer’s own experience to make the arrangement. In this study, Quantitative measures and a procedure for evaluating the ease of assembly of products are presented. The designer may use this analytic method to evaluate the result of product design. A rating scheme is described that allows the designer to translate from properties of a design into quantitative scores, and thus provides a means of identifying weaknesses in the design and comparing alternatives. In this study, five factors such as assess, force, posture, time and specialty are considered to evaluate the assembility of product. Two hairdryers are used to demonstrate the methodology. However, the same procedure of proposed methodology can apply to other products. Keywords: Design for assembly(DFA), Design for disassembly(DFD), Theoretical minimum number of parts, Number of repetitions, Assess direction.