2014年职称英语理工类教材新增文章

2014年职称 英语 关于好奇心的名言警句英语高中英语词汇下载高中英语词汇 下载英语衡水体下载小学英语关于形容词和副词的题 理工类教材新增文章 2014年职称英语理工类教材新增文章 ﹡第八篇 What Is a Dream? For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact., many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions. Before modern times,many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It Was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to Study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900) , Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings , thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud's. Jung,however,had a diffent idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.For example,people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand,people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example,psychologist William Domhoff from the University of Califoria, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime. Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams. Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from ll cultures around the world,including both modern and traditional ones. Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer th is question in different ways. However,one thing they agree on is this :If you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic. The dream may have meaning,but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. 词汇： psychologist [saɪˈkɔlədʒɪst] n．心理学家 psychiatrist [saɪˈkaɪətrɪst]，2．精神病学家（医生） Austrian [ˈɔstrɪən] adj奥地利的 gender [ˈdʒendə] n．性别 注释： Sigmund Freud：西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（1856一1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。 2．Carl Jung：卡尔·荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。 3．For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams：例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗有关；女人做梦则与男人不同。 练习： l. Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 4. In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 5. According to Domhoff,babies do not have the same ability to.dream as adults do. A Riglit B Wrong C Not mentioned 6. Men and women dream about different things. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 7.Scientists agree that dreams predict the future. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 与题解： 1．A 这句话恰好 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为人脑睡眠中的活动没有特 别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感。 2．A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、思想和恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。 ，． 3．B 第四段的第三句和第四句：Jung believed that the purpose of adream was to communicate a message to the dreamer．（荣格认为做梦的目的是向做梦的人传递一个信息o）He thought people could leam more about themselves by thinking about their dreams．（他认为人们通过思考自己所做的梦能更好地了解自己）o他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。 4．C 文中没有提及。 5．A 依据第六段，Domboff研究得出：孩子不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提高的技能。这就说明了孩子不具备成人做梦的能力。 6．A 本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。 7．B 最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦确实有含义，但并不表示一些可怕的事蜻就一定会发生。因而梦不能预测未来。 ﹡第十篇 The Biology of Music Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers. What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and me other is music. It is true that some animals can sing ( and many birds sing better than a lot of people). However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that I humans, not animals , have developed musical instruments. Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However,people can use music to communicate things - especially their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song .it is a very powerful form of communication. But,biologically speaking , what is music"? If' music is truly different from speech,then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true. Sometime people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process langua . However, they don't automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer,had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability , but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately. By studying the physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us' That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, Lon don, thinks that muSiC and love have a strong connection Music requires special talent, practice, and physicai ability. That's why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone's mate. For examplel singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good, memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally , when a man sings to the woman he loves ( or vice versa) , it may be a way of showing off. However , Miller's theory still doesn't explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research. automatically [ˌɔ:təˈmætɪkəlɪ] adv. 自动地 note [nəut] n.音符 stroke [strəuk] n.中风 注释： 1.It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments：人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer．科学家们正在研发新药用以治疗癌症。 l. Humans,but not animals,can sing. A Rig t B Wrong C Not mentioned 2. People can use music to communicate their emotions. A Right B Wron ; C Not mentioned 34 We use the same part of the brain for music and language. A Rig t B Wrong C, Not mentioned 4. Geoffery Miler has done research on muSlC and emotions. A Rig t B Wrong C Not mentioned 5. It's hard for humans to compose music. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 6. Memory is not an important part in Singing in tune. A Right B wrong ; C Not mentioned 7. Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案与题解： 1．B 第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people)。可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。 2．A 第三段的第三句：However,people can use music to communicate things – especially their emotions．这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。 3．B 第四段说明：科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。在第五段，作者用 Vissarion Shebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。 4．A 第六段的第四句：Geoffrev Miller,a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection．这句说明Miller对音乐和爱（情感）的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：音乐和爱有密切的关联。 5．C 文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。 6．B 笫六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes，此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。 7．A 最后一段讲的是：科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深。也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。 第十一篇 Bill Gates: Unleashing Your Creativity I've always been an optimist and I suppose it is rooted inl my belief that the power of creativity and intelligence can make the. world a better place. For as long as I can remember, I've loved leaning new things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today. 2 But. it changed my life. When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago, we had a vision of“a computer on every desk and in every home" , which probably sounded a little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size of refrigerators. But we believed that personal computers would change the world. And they have. And after 30 years, I'm still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade. I believe that computers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity and inventiveness-to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldn't solve on their own. Computer have transformed how we learn, giving kids everywhere a window into all of the world's knowledge. They're helping us build communicates around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us, no matter where they are.Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day I love to do. He calls it "tap-dancing to work". My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever, but what makes me "tap-dancing to the work" is when we show people something new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that can store a lifetime's worth of photos, and the say: "I didn't know you can do that with a pc!"      But for all the cool things that a person can do with a pc, there are lots other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world. There are still far too many people in the world whose most basic needs go unmet. Every year, for example, millions of people die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developed world.     I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility tp give back to the world. My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to improving health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible.      As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant. or tragic than the death of a child anywhere else. And that doesn't take much to make an immense difference in these children's lives.     I'm still very optimist, and I believe that progress on even the world's toughest problems is possible-and it's happening every day. We're seeing new drugs for deadly diseases, new diagnostic tools, and new attention paid to the health problems in the developing world. I'm excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, for technology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness , creativity and willingness to solve tough problems, we're going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas in my lifetime. 词汇： unleash [ʌnˈliʃ] vt．解开；放纵；使自由 inspire [ɪnˈspaɪr] vt．鼓舞 optimist [ˈɔptəmɪst] n，乐观主义者 incredible [inˈkredəbl] adj.难以置信的 clunky (clonky) ['klʌŋki] adj 发出沉闷金属声的 curiosity [ˌkjuəriˈɔsiti] n．好奇心 inventiveness n．发明创造的能力 teletype [ˈteliˌtaip] (teletype-writer)n．电传，打字机 poignant [ˈpɔinənt] adj.令人悲痛的，可怜的 tragic [ˈtrædʒik] adj.悲剧的，悲惨的 vision [ˈviʒən] n．想象；幻想；美景 immense [iˈmens] adj.巨大的 注释： 1．be rooted in扎根于；深深地存在于 2.it was a clunky old teletypemachine and it could barely do anything compared the computers we have today．那是一台笨重的旧式电传打字机，跟我们今天的电脑相比几乎于不了什么事。本句中，barely意为almost not; compare to在美国英语中也可以等同compare with （与......相比） 3.They're helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us,no matter where they are．电脑帮助我们就我们所关心的事情建立一个交流的场所，并且与那些我们认为对我们有重要意义的人密切相处。不管他们存何处，care about指不管喜欢或不喜欢的事情都很关心、介意、在乎、计较。 4．“tap-dancing to work’’：“跳着踢踏舞工作”。tap原意是“叩击、轻敲”；tap dance是“踢踏舞”。这里实际意思是“（手指）轻轻敲击键盘的工作”。 5．PC(personal computer)：个人计算机 6.But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC,there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world． 除了我们能用计算机做的所有神奇的事情，还有很多其他方式发挥我们的创造力和智慧，从而使世界更加美好。 7．go unmet：得不到满足。在这里go是系动词，unmet是过去分词作表语。 8．commit to此处意为承诺，保证做某事。 9．no less.than：和…一样，不亚于..... IO.and that it doesn't take much to make an immense difference in these children's lives．而且要改善这些孩子们的命运，其实不难。此处it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to make an immense difference in these children's lives。 练习 : 1. A computer was as big as an icebox when Bill Gates was a high school student. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 2. Bill Gates has been dreaming of the popularity of computers for his lifetime. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 3. Bill Gates compares his hard work on a PC to‘‘tap_dancing to work". A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 4. To Bill Gates' mind, there is a big difference between the death of the poor's children and the death of the rich's children. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 5. So far Bill Gates has contributed several dozen billion dollars to the charities. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 6. Bill Gates and his wife consider it their duty to help the poor better their health and education as much as possible. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 7. Bill Gates will leave only a small portion of his wealth for his children. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案与题解： 1．A 文章第三段中比尔·盖茨说，当他念七年级时，电脑就是冰箱那么大小。 2．A 文章第三段比尔·盖茨说，他30年前与Paul Allen一起创办微软公司时就梦想一桌一机、一户一机，而且从其他各段也可以看到他对电脑有很多的期待。 ． 3．B从第七段第二句可以看到作这样比较的是他的朋友Warren Buffett，而不是他自己。 4．B 在倒数第三段，比尔·盖茨已经明确说，所有这些儿童的死亡都一样令人伤心和悲痛，没有什么区别。 5．C 文章没有提到他给慈善机构捐款的事。 6．A 倒数第四段比尔·盖茨认为他一生好运，就理应回报社会，所以他和他的妻子做出了承诺，要帮助尽可能多的人改善医疗和教育条件。 7．C 文章没有提到。 第十四篇 Stage Fright Fall down as you come onstage. That's an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic , Mr. Feltsman said,“ All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?" Today,music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms :icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart,blank mind Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside OUt,to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don't deny that you're jittery , they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience. Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance, Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders , then smile, " she says.‘‘ And not one of these ‘please don't kill me' smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience,people you woul comm unicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them. " She doesn't want performers to think of the audience as a judge. Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright, says Dorothy Delay,a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve. When Lynn Harrell was 20 , he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright.‘‘ There were times when I got so nervous I was sure th e audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought, 6If I have to go through this to play music,l think I' m going to look for another job. Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster. It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz'snerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example.“They had to push him on stage, " Soprano Renata Scotto recalled. Actually , success can make th ings worse. "In the beginning of your career,when you're scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they don't have any expectations," Soprano June Anderson said.“There's less to lose. Later on,when you're known,people are coming to see you,and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose. " Anderson added,“I never stop being nervous until I've sung my last note. " 词汇： veteran [ˈvetərən] adj，经验丰富的 cellist [ˈtʃelɪst] n．大提琴演奏家 jittery [ˈdʒɪtəri:]  adj，紧张不安的 abdominal [æbˈdɔmənəl,æbˈdɑmənəl] adj．腹部的 mentor [ˈmenˌtɔ:, -tə] n．指导者 fallible [ˈfæləbəl] adj．易犯错误的 soprano [səˈprænəʊ,-ˈprɑ:nəʊ] n．女高音；女高音歌手 tenor [ˈtenə] n．男高音 注释： ， 1．Stage Fright：怯场 2.The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre- performance panic．资深大提琴家Mstislav Rostropovich故意把Vladimir Feltsman绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症ocure somebody of something(illness, problem)：医治好病（解决问题）o 。、 3．its symptoms：icy fingers，shaky limbs，racing heart，blank mind：怯场的症状有：手指冰凉、四肢发抖、心跳加速、大脑一片空白。 4.Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces-inside Out：老师和心理学家提出了方方面面的建议，从基础的做法，比如，将演奏曲目烂熟于心……inside out：in great detail（详细的，从里到外的） 5.I came to a point where I thought,。If I have to go through this to play music,I think I'm going to look for another job．’我曾经一度认为，如果演出要经历这种慌乱，我宁可另找一份工作。 6.Recovery,he said,involved developing humility - recognizing that whatever his talent,he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster．要克服怯场，就要学会谦虚，即认识到不论自己有多大的才能，都可能犯错误；一场音乐会即使有不完美的地方，也不是要命的事情。 l. Falling down onstage was not a good way for Vladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright. A Rigt B Wrong C Not mentioned ' 2. There are many signs of stage fright. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 3. Teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme stage fright. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 4. To perform well on stage,you need to have some feelings of excitement. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 5. If you have stage fright,it's helpful to have friendly audience. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 6. Often people have stage fright because parents or teachers expect too much of them. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 7. Famous musicians never suffer from stage fright. A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 答案与题解： 1．B 本文第一段讲的是钢琴家Vladimir Feltsman被Mstislav Rostropovich绊倒后，他的怯场被治愈了的经历。 2．A第二段的最后一句点出怯场的诸多症状：手指冰凉、四肢发抖、心跳加速、大脑一片空白。 3．B 本文的第三、第四、第五和第六段都在讲老师和心理学家为怯场者提供全方位的建议。 4．A 依据第三段的倒数第二句：some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing．（适度的兴奋对于精彩演出是正常甚至是必要的） 5．C 第四段提到克服怯场的方法之一是：在观众中选择三名比较友善的人，与他们做眼神交流。所以克服怯场要靠自己而不是指望所有的观众都友好。 6．A第五段讲了怯场的根源在于导师或父母对表演者要求太高。Extreme demands就是 expect too much of them的意思。 7．B 第七段讲的是：不只年轻艺术家会怯场，钢琴家Vladimir Horowitz和男高音Franco Corelli亦不能幸免。 Never一词不恰当。 *第二十九篇 I'M Be Bach Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original: works of classical music.It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people can't tell the difference between music by the famous German composer.J.S.Bach(1685-1750)and the Bach- like compositions from Cope's computer. It all started in 1980 in the United States,when Cope was trying to write an