英语词汇学教程

null《英语词汇学教程》 A Survey of English Lexicology《英语词汇学教程》 A Survey of English Lexicology授课对象：英语专业2008级 授课教师：申屠益芳 授课时间： 2010/3---2010/7null词汇：记还是不记？这是一个问题吗？因为： 没有滴水无以成大海 没有泥砖无以建高楼 null “Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.” 没有语法，人们可以表达的事物寥寥无几； 而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。 ---英国语言学家威尔金斯（Wilkins) 《英语词汇学教程》 A Survey of English Lexicology《英语词汇学教程》 A Survey of English Lexicology理论指导：现代英语语言。 研究对象：英语词汇。 学习内容：单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、成语及词典知识。 学习目标：1.比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识；2.比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程；3.能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现的现象作出 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 和解释，提高运用英语的能力。How Much Do You Know About the English Vocabulary? How Much Do You Know About the English Vocabulary? 《牛津英语字典》所收英语单词是六十多万个。 《韦伯斯特大词典》所收英语单词几乎达到一百万之多。 现代英语词汇超过两百万个！ 《汉语大字典》所收汉字五万六千个。与英语相比，汉语的词汇量是非常小的。null莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左右的内容。null大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?词汇测试词汇测试2000词汇量 （高考词汇量） Average contain divide imagine expect suffer treat safety Score restaurant damage honor 4000词汇量 （4级词汇量） Abandon benefit conflict dramatic Encounter flexible merchant principle schedule sponsor typical withdraw 6000词汇量 （6级、专业4级词汇量） accumulate boundary coherent dilute edible formidable gorgeous heritage judicial overlap subvert unprecedented词汇测试词汇测试 8000词汇量 （雅思、托福、专业8级词汇量） asymmetry bilateral centrifugal dismantle epidemic hectic ingenuity opaque simultaneously variation perpetuate paralysis 8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion belligerent coalesce divulge equivocate fortuitous immaculate loquacious morbid peccadillo procrastination taciturn 龙之九子 龙之九子 长子，赑屃/囚牛 次子，螭吻 三子，蒲牢 四子，狴犴 五子，饕餮 六子，蚆嗄 七子，睚眦　 八子，狻猊/负屃 九子，椒图 /貔貅龙之九子 龙之九子 长子，赑屃（bì xì） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bì àn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní）/负屃（fù xì） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ píxiū）Skill of memorizing new wordsSkill of memorizing new wordsinsomnia Anyone can suffer from insomnia, although such problems are more common among women, the ill, the elderly, smokers, and alcoholics. (if you suffer from insomnia, you are not able to sleep 失眠) In=not/somni=sleep Somnambulate=sleepwalking Somniloquence=sleeptalking In some nights awake Skill of memorizing new wordsSkill of memorizing new wordscharisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采) China rises Mao （中国出了一个毛泽东， 毛就是领袖魅力的代名词！） nullLoom Suddenly a mountain loomed up in front of them. (to appear as a large unclear shape, especially in a threatening way 隐约出现) An economic crisis is looming on the horizon. (if a problem or difficulty looms, it is likely to happen very soon 逼近 ) 物体/困难就在眼前100米！Skill of memorizing new wordsnull 英语词汇概说 Unit 11.1 Language, Linguistics and Lexicology1.1 Language, Linguistics and LexicologyWhat is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information. “Language is man’s way of communication with his fellow man and It is language alone which separate him from the lower animals” nullWhat is linguistics? Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication nullWhat is lexicology? Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. 1.2 Aims and Significance of the Course1.2 Aims and Significance of the CourseThe role of vocabulary in the language system Vocabulary is the building material of the language system. It is one of the three essential elements of language: speech sounds, grammar and vocabulary. “Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.” “…there is a sense in which learning a foreign language is basically a matter of learning the vocabulary of that language. Not being able to find the words to express yourself is the most frustrating experience in speaking another language.”Aims of the courseAims of the course Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations.The significance of the courseThe significance of the course Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power (active vocabulary). Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively. Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately. Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences. Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production. 2.1 The structure of English words2.1 The structure of English wordsEntry（词条） Lexeme（词位）：列入词典的每个词条 Word form（词形）：词的不同形状 Lexical unit（词汇单位）：一个词形跟一个意义的结合 词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。 Function word（功能词）e.g. pro. prep. Content word（实意词）e.g. v. n. adj. adv. I (pron.我） Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (n.肺尘病）What Is a Word?What Is a Word?The definition of a word It is quite difficult to state the criteria by which a word can be defined; so far no completely satisfactory definition has been given. In brief, a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. Therefore, from the lexicological point of view, a word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical). In addition, a word acts as a structural unit of a sentence. nullThe definition of a word To sum up, the definition of a word comprises the following points A minimal free form of a language A sound unity A unit of meaning A form that can function alone in a sentenceCompare:Compare:Book books bookish bookcase Tolerate tolerance tolerant toleration tolerable intolerable Telephone telegram telescope telecommunication nullbook+s book+ish book+case Toler+ate toler+ance toler+ant toler+ation toler+able in+toler+able -ate Tele- -phone 2.2 Morphemes2.2 MorphemesThe definition of a morpheme The morpheme(词素) is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms. A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morphemes. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes: nullExample One morpheme: nation Two morphemes: nation-al Three morphemes: nation-al-ize Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize2.3 Types of Morphemes2.3 Types of MorphemesFree morphemes (自由词素) Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Therefore, we might as well say that free morphemes are content morphemes or free roots (自由词根). man, earth, wind, faith, red, write….nullBound Morphemes (粘着词素) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Unlike free morphemes, they do not have independent semantic meaning; instead, they have attached meaning (un-kind, hope-ful) or grammatical meaning (cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed). They are also called grammatical morphemes. nullTypes of bound morphemes Bound roots (粘着词根): A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. For example: dict- conveys the meaning of ‘say or speak’---contradict, predict, contradiction, prediction, dictate, diction, dictionary…. dur- conveys the meaning of ‘ continuous’---during, duration, durable, endure nullTypes of bound morphemes Affixes (词缀): Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes. nullInflectional affixes (曲折词缀) Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. For example: cats, walked, walking, John’s book… nullDerivational affixes (派生词缀) Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes Prefixes (前缀) Suffixes (后缀)nullDiagram of morphemes MorphemesFree BoundBound rootAffixes Inflectional Derivational Prefix Suffix 2.4 Allomorphs2.4 Allomorphs An allomorph (词素变体) is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For example: The morpheme of plurality {-s}: /s/ after the sounds /t, p, k/; /z/ after /d, b, g, l/; /iz/ after /s, z, …/ go: went, gone null-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix. Verbs ending with the sound /t/ usually take –ion (as in invent, invention); verbs ending with consonants other than /t/ take –tion (as in describe, description); verbs ending in –ify and –ize take –ation (as in justify, justification; modernize, modernization); verbs ending in –d, -de, or –mit, take –sion (as in expansion, decision, omission); there are exceptions: attend, attention; convert, conversion, etc. nullA prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (imperfect, imbalance, immobile); its allomorphs are ir- before r (irregular, irresponsible); il- before l (illogical, illegal); in- before all other consonants and vowels (inflexible, incomplete).null-ish→ adj. 有…似的 bookish,childish -case →n.箱子 bookcase,suitcase -ate →v.成为 negate,evaporate -ance →n.性质、状态 arrogance, importance -ant →adj. …的significant,elegant -ation →n.动作、状态、结果education,dictation -able →adj. Eatable,accetable -scope →n. 观察的仪器、…镜 microscope,stethoscope -gram →n书写或描绘出来的东西 telegram, diagram -dom/-hood/-ship →n. 状态，性质 freedom, kingdom childhood, manhood friendship,leadership nulltoler- 忍受、容忍 tolerate,intoerrable Tele- 遥远 telephone,telegraph Cred- 信任 credit incredible Loqu- 说话 loquacious, eloquence Dur- 持续 duration, edure Aqu- 水 aquatic, aqueduct Video- 看、视 videotape,videodisc Super- 超级 supermarket,superpower Mono- 单、一 monocracy,monologue Inter- 在…中/间 interaction,international null 基本构词方法Unit 2 Word-formation Word-formationIn English, there are various ways of word-formation, such as affixation, conversion, composition, blending, shortening etc. Affixation Affixation is a method of word-formation by which new words are created by adding affixes to roots. It is subdivided into prefixation and suffixation. nullThe three major processes affixation or derivation (17.5%) Prefixation suffixation conversion (10.5%) composition or compounding (27%) 一、Derivation一、Derivation派生词缀和词根结合，或者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法，为派生法。用派生法构成的词叫派生词。 词根、前缀、后缀：扩大词汇的三把钥匙！I.PrefixationI.PrefixationThe definition of prefixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixes Non-class-changing prefixes: natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfair Class-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger, form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollege nullThe classification of prefixes In some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classified according to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories: null1.Negative prefixnullOrder Literate Symmetry Governmental Relevant Productive Believable Vulnerable Sane Related Aligned Mature Disorder Illiterate Asymmetry Nongovernmental Irrelevant Unproductive Unbelievable Invulnerable Insane Unrelated Nonaligned Immature 2.Reversative or privative prefix2.Reversative or privative prefixnullCentralize Plane Infect Zip Regulate Possess Pollute Decentralize Deplane Disinfect Unzip Deregulate Dispossess Depollute nullde- But it was error when I want to debug my project. Why the hell do we "deplane" when we exit an airplane? Or "stow" our luggage in the overhead bins? Can't we just store our luggage in the overhead bins and exit the plane when we reach our destination? We need to decentralize our cities. Too many people live in our cities, we live too close together. More examples: deforest, deport, defoam, defog(ger), deice(r) nullBUG:电脑系统或程序中隐藏的错误, 缺陷问题. DEBUG:排除错误、程序调试 人们将计算机错误戏称为虫子(bug). 而找寻错误的工作称为(debug). 3.Pejorative【贬义的】 prefix3.Pejorative【贬义的】 prefix4) Prefixes of degree or size4) Prefixes of degree or sizenullComputer Critical Conscious Natural Sensitive Simple Number Statement cultureMinicomputer Ultracritic /hypercritic Subconscious Supernatural Hypersensitive/ultrasensitive Oversimple Outnumber Understatement Subculture 5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude6) Locative prefixes6) Locative prefixes nullView Conference Continental Ground Cast Pacific Racial Shore Interview teleconference Intercontinental Foreground Telecast Transpacific Transracial Foreshore U.S. intercontinental missile U.S. intercontinental missile 洲际导弹 是指射程在8000千米以上的导弹。是战略核武器的重要组成部分。拥有这种导弹的国家，不必远涉重洋就能直接对敌国实施战略性攻击。 7) Prefixes of time and order7) Prefixes of time and order 8) Number prefixes 8) Number prefixes nullHemi- semi-/demi- 【半】 Mono- uni- 【单】 Di- bi- 【二】 Tri- tri- 【三】 Tetra- quadri- 【四】 【希腊】 【拉丁】 Penta- quint- 【五】 Hexa- sex- 【六】 Hepta- sept- 【七】 Oct- oct-　　 【八】 Ennea- nona- 【九】 Deca- deci- 【十】nullLingual Lateral Polar Dimensional Unilingual, bilingual, trilingual, multilingual Unilateral, bilateral, trilateral, multilateral Unipolar, bipolar, tripolar, multipolar Unidimensional, bidimensional, tridimensional (three-dimensional), multidimensional 9) Conversion prefixes【改变词性】9) Conversion prefixes【改变词性】 10) Miscellaneous prefixes 【各种各样的】10) Miscellaneous prefixes 【各种各样的】II. Suffixation II. Suffixation The definition of suffixation Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. However, they may also add attached meaning to the stem.nullThe classification of suffixes Since suffixes mainly change the word class, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into 1) noun suffixes 2) adjective suffixes 3) adverb suffixes 4) verb suffixes 1) Noun suffixes1) Noun suffixesNoun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds. Denominal nouns (concrete or abstract) Deverbal nouns De-adjectival nouns Noun and adjective suffixes nullnullnullnullnull2) Adjective Suffixes2) Adjective Suffixesnullnull3) Adverb Suffixes3) Adverb Suffixes4) Verb suffixes4) Verb suffixesnullFalse Sterile Intense Fat Horror Memory Apology Falsify Sterilize Intensify Fatten Horrify Memorize Apologize二、复合法 Compounding /Composition二、复合法 Compounding /Composition把两个或两个以上独立的词结合在一起构成新词的方法叫做复合法或合成法(compounding/composition)，用复合法构成的词叫做复合词(compound)nullThe definition of compounding Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding. nullForms of compounds Solid: bedtime, honeymoon Hyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planning Open: reading material, hot line nullTypes of compounds Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds nullNoun compounds Headache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock, identity crisis nullAdjective compounds A weather-beaten man, peaceloving people, everlasting friendship, a difficult-to-operate machine, a made-up story, an on the spot inspection, taxfree products, fire-proof dress nullVerb compounds Formed by back-formation house-keep from housekeeper windowshop from window-shopping mass produce from mass production hen-peck from hen-pecked spoon-feed from spoon-fed. nullVerb compounds Formed by conversion to blue-print, to cold-shoulder, to outline, to honeymoon, to snowball, to chain-smoke, to sweet-talk, to job-hop. 三、转化法 Conversion三、转化法 Conversion不改变词的形态，只是使词从一种词类转化为另一种词类，从而使该词具有新的意义和作用，成为一个新词，这种构词的方法叫做词类转化法(conversion)，简称转化法； 又称“零位派生法”(zero-derivation)nullThe definition of conversion Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生). nullMajor types of conversion Noun-verb conversion Verb-noun conversion Adjective-noun conversion nullNoun-verb conversion He elbowed his way through the crowd. Problems snowballed by the hour. The newspaper headlined his long record of accomplishments. Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David. nullAbuse Advice House Use Belief Grief Shelf MouthAbuse Advise House Use Believe Grieve Shelve Mouth Changes of pronunciation and spellingnullVerb-noun conversion He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait. This little restaurant is quite a find. It is a good buy. He took a close look at the machine. doubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, reply, divide Verb-noun conversion Verb-noun conversion Phrasal verb-noun conversion nullConflict Abstract Contrast Decrease Discount Export Rebel Permit Progress Protest Transfer Transplant Survey Torment Shift of stressnullAdjective-noun conversion Partial conversion Complete conversion nullAdjective-noun conversion Partial conversion Denoting a quality or a state common to a group of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wounded Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in –sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch Denoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime to the ridiculous Denoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned nullAdjective-noun conversion Complete conversion A native, two natives, a returned native He is a natural for the job. Tom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about this time every night. To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate. They are the creatives in the advertising department. Unit 3Unit 3 其它构词方法一、缩略法 Abbreviation /Shortening一、缩略法 Abbreviation /Shortening把词的音节加以省略或简化而产生的词统称为缩略词，这种构词方法称为缩略词(abbreviation/shortening)nullTypes of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法） 1) clipped words（剪切词）: those created by clipping part of the word (usually a noun),