2014全国职称英语综合类新增文章

第二部分　　阅读判断 2014年全国职称英语综合类新增文章 第二部分　　阅读判断 第九篇 What Is a Dream? For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions. Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime. Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones. Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. 词汇： psychologist / saɪˈkɔlədʒɪst / n．心理学家 psychiatrist /sai' kaiətrɪst/ n．精神病学家(医生) Austrian / ˈɔstrɪən / adj．奥地利的 gender / ˈdʒendə / n．性别 注释： 1．Sigmund Freud西格蒙德•弗洛伊德（1856—1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。 2．Carl Jung：卡尔•荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。 3．For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。 练习： 1．Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 2．According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 3．Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 4．In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 5．According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 6．Men and women dream about different things. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 7．Scientists agree that dreams predict the future. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 与题解 1．A　这句话恰好 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感活动。 2．A　第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、思维和恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。 3．B　第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.（荣格认为，梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.（他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己）。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。 4．C　文中没有提及。 5．A　依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：孩子不像成人做那么多的梦，他认为做梦也是一项心智机能，需要随着年龄增长而发展。 6．A　本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。 7．B　最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。 第十三篇 Stage Fright1 Fall down as you come onstage. That’s an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,2 Mr. Feltsman said, “ All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?” Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.3 Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out,4 to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don’t deny that you’re jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience. Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance, “Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile,’’ she says. “And not one of these ‘please don’t kill me’ smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them.”She doesn’t want performers to think of the audience as a judge. Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve. When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought,‘ If I have to go through this to play music, I think I’m going to look for another job.”5 Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.6 It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz’s nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. “They had to push him on stage,”Soprano Renata Scotto recalled. Actually，success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career, when you’re scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they don’t have any expectations,”Soprano June Anderson said. “There’s less to lose. Later on, when you’re known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose.” Anderson added，“I never stop being nervous until I’ve sung my last note.” 词汇： veteran / ˈvetərən / adj． 经验 班主任工作经验交流宣传工作经验交流材料优秀班主任经验交流小学课改经验典型材料房地产总经理管理经验 丰富的 jittery / ˈdʒɪtəri / adj．紧张不安的 mentor / ˈmenˌtɔ: / n．指导者 soprano / səˈprprɑ:nəʊ / n．女高音；女高音歌手 cellist/ ˈtʃelɪst / n．大提琴演奏家 abdominal / æbˈdɔmənəl / adj．腹部的 fallible/ ˈfæləbəl / adj．易犯错误的 tenor /'tenə/ n．男高音 注释： 1．Stage Fright：舞台恐惧 2．The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic…资深大提琴家米提斯拉夫罗斯特罗波维奇故意把他绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症……cure somebody of illness (problem)：医治好病（解决问题） 3．… its symptoms：icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind…：……舞台恐惧的症状有：手指冰凉、四肢颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白…… 4．Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out…：老师和心理学家给出了方方面面的建议，从基础的做法，比如详细地学习曲目…… inside out：in great detail详细地，从里到外地 5．I came to a point where I thought，‘If I have to go through this to play music, I think I’m going to look for another job’.：我曾经一度认为，如果演奏音乐就必须过怯场这一关的话，那我可能得换其他工作了。 6．Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.：他后来说，要克服恐惧重要的是学会谦逊，即认识到不论自己多有才，总有可能会失误，一个有瑕疵的音乐会绝对不是世界末日。 练习： 1．Falling down onstage was not a good way for Vladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 2．There are many signs of stage fright. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 3．Teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme -stage fright. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 4．To perform well on stage, you need to have some feelings of excitement. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 5．If you have stage fright, it's helpful to have friendly audience. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 6．Often people have stage fright because parents or teachers expect too much of them. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 7．Famous musicians never suffer from stage fright. A　Right B　Wrong C　Not mentioned 答案与题解： 1．B　本文第一段讲的是钢琴家弗拉基米尔菲兹曼被米提斯拉夫罗斯特罗波维奇绊倒后，他的舞台恐惧被治愈的经历。 2．A　第二段的最后一句点出舞台恐惧的诸多症状为：手指冰凉、四肢颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白。 3．B　本文的第三、第四、第五和第六段都在讲老师和心理学家为舞台恐惧者提供全方位的建议。 4．A　依据第三段的倒数第二句：some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing.适度的兴奋对于精彩演出是正常甚至是必要的。 5．C　第四段提到克服舞台恐惧的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 之一是：在观众中选择三位友好的面孔，与他们做眼光交流。而克服舞台恐惧是否需要观众友好文中未提。 6．A　第五段讲了舞台恐惧的根源在于指导者或父母对表演者要求太高。extreme demands就是expect too much of them的意思。 7．B　第七段讲的是：不只是年轻艺术家有舞台恐惧，钢琴家弗拉基米尔霍洛维茨和男高音弗朗科科莱里亦不能幸免。never一词不恰当。 第三部分　　概括大意与完成句子 第十三篇 Ward off1 Travel Bugs 1 As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn2. With care and some help from natural sources, however, it is quite possible to avoid these problems. 2 You can start to prepare a couple of weeks before you leave. Food poisoning will make any holiday miserable, but by taking some medicine such as lactobacillus and bifidobacteria3, you can reduce the likelihood of succumbing to4 poisoning brought on5 by food or water tainted with unfamiliar bacteria. 3 By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold.6 The beneficial bacteria also produce gentle but effective natural antibiotics in your gut. 4 In many holiday locations you need to remember the basics: drink bottled water, avoid undercooked meat and ensure that food hygiene is adequate. If you do succumb to food poisoning, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and see a doctor. However，if you detect diarrhea early enough, you might like to try taking about 10 or 15 pancreatic digestive enzymes, which can digest the multiplying bacteria before they take over. 5 Taking a teaspoon of silicol gel7 can also help. This lines the stomach and upper intestinal area and binds with bacteria and viruses，allowing them to be safely passed out of the gut. When you pack, include grapefruit-seed extract8, which is an excellent all-round anti-bacterial, anti- parasitic，anti-viral and anti-fungal agent. 6 Your flight can also be made more pleasant. Peppermint oil and ginger capsules9 ward off motion sickness，but a more delicious option is to nibble on crystallized ginger. If you tend to get earache on take-off and landing，you can use special earplugs with filler that slows down the rate of change in air pressure. 7 The greatest concern is “economy class syndrome”, the popular name for deep-vein thrombosis, which can lead to blood clots traveling from the legs to the lungs, heart or brain. To reduce this, you need a couple of hours to stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol. 8 You can also reduce the severity of inflammation by taking a daily gram of vitamin C with the bioflavonoid quercetin10. Vitamin C and quercetin also help to reduce prickly heat. 9 Finally, if any adverse symptoms persist while overseas, you should see a doctor. 词汇： bug / bʌg / n．臭虫；病菌；病毒 diarrhea /[ ˌdaɪəˈri:ə / n．腹泻 taint /teɪnt/ v．感染；污染 pancreatic / ˌpæŋkriˈætik / adj．胰腺的 antibiotic / ˌæntɪbaɪˈɔtɪk / n．抗生素 option /ˈɔpʃən / n．选择 jet lag (跨时区高速飞行后）生理节奏的破坏，飞行时差反应 anti-parasitic /ˌæntɪˌpærəˈsɪtɪk / adj．抗寄生虫的 anti-fungal / ˌæntɪˈfʌŋgl / adj．抗真菌的，杀真菌的 nibble /丨nɪbl/ vt．一点点地咬下 pathogenic /ˌpæθəˈdʒenɪk / adj．病原的；致病的；发病的 thrombosis /θrɔmˈbəusis / n．血栓 anti-viral / ˌæntɪˈvaɪərəl / adj．抗病毒的 hydrate /'haidr(e)it/ v．保持水分 注释： 1．ward off ：避开；防止 2．As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn.：随着假日的临近，由于高空飞行时差引起的生理不适、胃痛或日光灼烧等潜在问题也接踵而至。第二个分句是由so引导的倒装句。例如：“He is a doctor. ” “So am I.” 3．lactobacillus and bifidobacteria：乳（酸）杆菌和双歧杆菌 4．succumb to：屈服，屈从 5．bring on：引起，导致 6．By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold.：通过改善消化道内的细菌平衡，你就可以排出致病细菌，使它们没有立足之地。crowd out：驱赶出。 7．silicol gel：偏磷酸酪蛋白氧化硅胶 8．grapefruit-seed extract：葡萄軒榨汁 9．peppermint oil and ginger capsules：薄荷油和生姜胶囊。medicine —般指内服药（包括液体药剂，例如可以说a drop of medicine），pill指小的丸粒，tablet指药片，但有时medicine可代表药品的总称。 10．bioflavonoid quercetin：生物类黄酮槲皮素 练习： 1．Paragraph 1 ________. 2．Paragraph 4 ________. 3．Paragraph 5 ________. 4．Paragraph 6 ________. 5．Food-poisoning may pose a problem ________. 6．Special earplugs can make you feel better ________. 7．It is important to drink a lot of water ________. 8．Don’t forget to bring necessary medicine ________. 答案与题解： 1．C　实际上，这段也点明了全文的中心思想。 2．A　本段说明旅行时在吃与喝方面应注意的基本卫生问题。 3．B　注意E没有概括本段的中心意思。 4．D　本段开始介绍坐飞机旅行时的注意事项。 5．D　第二、第三、第四、第五段都谈到了注意旅行中的饮食卫生。 6．A　答案的根据为文章第六段的第三句。 7．C　第四段提到当食物中毒时要多喝水，以免脱水。 8．E　答案的根据在第五段。 第四部分　　阅读理解 第二十九篇 I’ll Be Bach Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people can’t tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Cope’s computer. It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first this music was not easy to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music. He realized that composers，brains work like big databases. First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take out the music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is left. According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it. Cope built a huge database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It then combined the pieces into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They weren’t good, but it was a start. Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could analyze more complex music. He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database. A few years later，Cope’s computer program, called “Emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera. The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computer’s musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success! Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work. Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn’t like of her music, but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days! 词汇： original/əˈrɪdʒənəl / adj．有独创性的 collaboration / kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən / n．合作 review/ rɪ'vju:/ n．评论 feedback /'fi:dbæk / n．反馈 注释 J. S. Bach约翰•塞巴斯蒂安•巴赫（德语：Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月31日一1750年7月28日），巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。巴赫被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“西方‘现代音乐’之父”，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。 练习： 1．The music composed by David cope is about ______. A　classical music B　pop music C　drama D　country music 2．By developing a computer software，David cope aimed ______. A　to be like Bach B　to study Bach C　to write an opera D　to create a musical database 3．What did cope realize about a great composer’s brain? A　It works like a big database. B　It writes a computer program. C　It can recognize any music patterns. D　It can create melodies. 4．Who is Emmy? A　a database B　a computer software C　a composer who helped David D　an opera 5．We can infer from the passage that ______. A　David Cope is a computer programmer. B　David Cope loves music. C　Bach’s music helped him a lot. D　Emmy did much more work than a composer. 答案与题解： 1．A　第一段的第一句：作曲家大卫科普编写了一个计算机软件，它能创作出古典音乐作品。 2．C　从第二段的第一句可以看出，大卫编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧。A、B和D都属于创作歌剧的一部分。 3．D　第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与一般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数据进行准确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式。 4．B　从第五段第一句可知艾米是计算机软件。 5．D　从本文第一句可知大卫是一个作曲家，不是计算机程序员，所以排除A，B和C项内容没有提及；从本文的第五段和第六段可知，艾米大大提高了大卫的创作速度，最后一句，大部分重活都由艾米来做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。 第三十六篇 Life as a Movie Extra Ordinary people have always been attracted to the world of movies and movie stars. One way to get closer to this world is to become a movie extra. Although you have seen movie extras, you may not have paid attention to them. Extras are the people seated at tables in a restaurant while the two main actors are in conversation. They are the guests at the wedding of the main characters. They are the people crossing the street while “the bad guy" is being chased by the police. Extras don’t normally speak any lines, but they help make the scenes look real1. Being a movie extra might seem like a lot of fun. You get to see what life is like behind the scenes. But don’t forget that being an extra is really a job, and it’s mostly about doing nothing. First-time extras are often shocked to learn how slow the process of movie making is. In a finished movie, the action may move quickly. But it can sometimes take a whole day to shoot a scene that appears for just a few minutes on the screen. The main requirement for being an extra is the ability to wait. You may report to work at 5 or 6 a. m.，and then you wait until the director is ready for your scene. This could take several hours. Then there may be technical problems, and you have to wait some more. After the director says “action”and you do the first “take”，you may have to do it again if he or she is not satisfied with the scene. In fact, you may have to do the same scene over and over again. You could be on the set for hours, sometimes waiting outdoors in very hot or cold weather.2 You may not be finished until 11 p. m. or midnight. The pay isn’t good, either — often only a little bit above minimum wage. And you must pay the agent who gets you the job a commission of about 10 percent. So who would want to be a movie extra? In spite of the long hours and low pay, many people still apply for the job. Some people truly enjoy the work. They like being on a movie set, and they enjoy the companionship of their fellow extras. Most of them have flexible schedules, which allow them to be available.3They may be students, waiters, homemakers, retired people, or unemployed actors. Some unemployed actors hope the work will help them get real acting jobs, but it doesn’t happen often. Most people in the movie industry make a sharp distinction between extras and actors, so extras are not usually considered for large parts. The next time you see a movie，don’t just watch the stars. Take a closer look at the people in the background, and ask yourself : Who are they? Why are they there? What else do they do in life? Maybe there is someone in the crowd who is just like you. 词汇： movie extra群众演员 chase / tʃeis /v．追捕 shoot /ʃu:t/ vt．拍摄 action / ˈækʃən / n．(导演指令）开拍 commission / kəˈmiʃən / n．佣金 注释： 1．Extras don’t normally speak any lines, but they help make the scenes look real.：虽然群众演员通常没