Sanskrit梵文天城体美版教材 第1章

s¤p#vES: INTRODUCTION: In this first lesson, the student will learn some expressions of common everyday use. In these expressions, the verb As- (to be) is understood and is not explicitly used. Sanskrit, like other classical languages, has three genders- masculine (m), feminine (f) and neuter (n). These are indicated in the examples given. The student is advised to learn these expressions by memory. The prelude to these tutorial lessons introduced the vowels and consonants of Sanskrit and also indicated how they are to be pronounced. The student is advised to refer to this prelude as well to memorize the basic letters. 1.1 Here are some common expressions in the first person. mm nam ram: My Name is Rama (m) mama n¡ma r¡ma© mm nam s£ta My Name is Sita (f) mama n¡ma s¢t¡ mm nam SEKr: My Name is Sekhara (m) mama n¡ma ¹¦khara© mm nam uma My name is Uma (f) mama n¡ma um¡ mm dEv: ¢Sv: My God is Siva (m) mama d¦vaha ¹iva© mm dEv£ pavIt£ My Goddess is Parvati (f) mama d¦v¢ p¡rvat¢ mm p¤æO: maDv: My son is Madhava (m) mama putra© m¡dhava© mm p¤æO£ ¢vjya My daughter is Vijaya (f) mama putr¢ vijay¡ mm BtaI ¢vÝN¤ My husband is Vishnu (m) mama bhart¡ viº²u mm BayaI pîa My wife is padma (f) mama bh¡ry¡ padm¡ mm ¢pta jydEv: My father is Jayadeva (m) mama pit¡ jayad¦va© mm mata s¤Bd#a My mother is subhadra (f) mama m¡t¡ subhadr¡ mm B#ata ¢vjy: My brother is Vijay (m) mama bhr¡t¡ vijaya© mm Þvsa m¢Úlka My sister is Mallika (f) mama svas¡ mallik¡ mm ¢mæO| k]ÝN: My friend is Krishna (n) mama mitra¨ k¤º²a© mm vahn| taEyaEta My vehicle is Toyota (n) mama v¡hana¨ t§y§t¡ Note that the verb "to be" (i.e., the form "is" in English) is not used in any of the expressions. The explicit form of the verb As- (to be) is always implied in expressions of this nature and in Sanskrit, as in most languages, the personal pronoun mm has no gender. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.2 Simple expressions involving a question. This subsection deals with expressions invoving a question, the answers to which are similar to the expressions in section 1.1. tv nam ¢k| What is your name? tava n¡ma ki¨ tv dEv: k: Who is your God? tava d¦va© ka© tv dEv£ ka Who is your Goddess? tava d¦v¢ k¡ tv p¤æO: k: Who is your son? tava putra© ka© tv p¤æO£ ka Who is your daughter? tava putr¢ k¡ tv B#ata k: Who is your brother? tava bhr¡t¡ ka© tv Þvsa ka Who is your sister? tava svas¡ k¡ tv ¢mæO| ¢k| Who is your friend? tava mitra¨ ki¨ tv vahn| ¢k| What is your vehicle? tava v¡hana¨ ki¨ Observe that there are no question marks in any of the sentences. In Sanskrit, no punctuation is ever used. Generally, the punctuation is recog- nized from the intonation. Even in the interrogative form, the verb As- (to be) is not explicitly used. Gender becomes apparent in these sentences as can be observed with the ending akshara of the words i.e., k: , ka and ¢k| . k: is the masculine form known as p¤|¢lÄñ: (pumli°ga©) ka is the feminine form known as ÞæO£¢lÄñ: (str¢li°ga©) ¢k| is the neuter form known as np¤|sk¢lÄñ: (napumsakali°ga©) Among the words used in the sentences given above, the following words are masculine in gender. ram:, SEKr:, dEv:, p¤æO:, ¢Sv:, maDv:, jydEv:, ¢vjy:, ¢pta, B#ata The following are feminine words s£ta, uma, pavIt£, ¢vjya, dEv£, p¤æO£, BayaI, mata, Þvsa, pîa, s¤Bd#a, m¢Úlka Some examples of nouns in the neuter gender are ¢mæO|, vahnm- , nam, Dnm- , jlm- , kmlm- , AaBrNm- In Sanskrit, gender is not decided by the meaning of the word but is fixed by other considerations such as the form of the word and its ending. A Note on the word tv . The form of address tv , it should be noted , is mostly used in circumstances involving persons who enjoy a close relationship with the person speaking the sentence. Often, the form with respect Bvt: (m) or BvÏya: (f) is used. However, it is observed that the form tv was in regular use in earlier times and did not mean any disrespect. In keeping with modern trends, we are following the practice of using tv for the familiar form of address and Bvt:/BvÏya: for the respectful form. This is similar to the usage of the German words "dein" and "ihr". Demonstrative pronouns. Masculine ex: He (who is nearby) s: He (who is farther away) Feminine exa She (who is nearby) sa She (who is farther away) Neuter ett- This tt- That ------------------------------------------------------------------ The use of the demonstrative pronoun will depend on whether the speaker is refering to a person in the immediate vicinity or someone at a distance. Essentially, this is equivalent to the difference between "this" and "that". In Sanskrit this distinction applies for all the three genders. ex: and s: (masculine) ¦ºa© sa© exa and sa (feminine) ¦º¡ s¡ ett- and tt- (neuter) ¦tat tat Let us look at some examples. ex: kak: This (is a) crow ¦ºaha k¡ka© exa mala This (is a) garland ¦º¡ m¡l¡ ex: mm gj: This (is) my elephant ¦ºaha mama gaja© exa mm BayaI This (is) my wife ¦º¡ mama bh¡ry¡ ett- kmlm- This (is a) lotus ¦tat kamalam ett- tv kmlm- This (is) your lotus ¦tat tava kamalam s: k]ÝN: That (is) Krishna sa© k¤º²a© sa k]ÝNa That is Krishnaa (f) (Krishnaa is a feminine name) tt- Aasnm- That (is a) seat tat ¡sanam tt- tv Aasnm- That (is) your seat tat tava ¡sanam ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.3 Some common expressions used in daily life. nmÞtE Greeetings namast¦ s¤p#Batm- Good Morning suprabh¡tam k[Slm- va How do you do? ku¹alam v¡ DÓyvada: Thank you, Thanks dhanyav¡d¡: Þvagtm- Welcome sv¡gatam DÓyaE¢Þm I am thankful (I am grateful) dhany§smi p¤n¢mIlam: See you again punarmil¡ma© XØytam- Please excuse me kºamyat¡m S¤BmÞt¤ Best wishes ¹ubhamastu ------------------------------------------------------------------ Glossary: Words already seen in the sections. dEv: - God dEv£ - Goddess ¢mæOm- - friend ¢pta - father mata - mother nam - name p¤æO: - son p¤æO£ - daughter vahnm- - vehicle B#ata - brother Þvsa - sister mm - my BtaI - husband BayaI - wife Here are some more (new) words. 1. Masculine gender nr: - man kak: - crow my¥r: - peacock vanr: - monkey S¤nk: - dog kr: - hand gj: - elephant Acl: - mountain majaIr: − cat Aá: - horse 2. Feminine gender mala - garland kTa - story dya - mercy sBa - hall Baxa - language k]pa - sympathy lta - creeper S¤n£ - female dog vanr£ - female monkey bdva - mare my¥r£ - peahen majaIr£ - female cat nar£ - woman Sarda - name of a Goddess srÞvt£ - Goddess of learning 3. Neuter gender Bvnm- - house kmlm- - lotus Aannm- - face Aasnm- - seat jlm- - water Dnm- - wealth ------------------------------------------------------------------ Exercises. 1. Learn to pronounce all the words introduced in the earlier sections. Correct pronounciation is essential for Sanskrit. Make use of the Roman transliteration given alongside when necessary. Try and pronounce the following words. gaE¢vÓd: Brt: vamn: p¤Þtkm- caâmt£ AâNa l¢lta AØba BaÞkr: g¢Nt: laEk: p¢Îft: s¤kÓya lßm£ vaN£ gaEm¢t 2. Using the words intoduced in section 1.4, try to form sentences similar to those in sections 1.1 and 1.2. 3. Try and form sentences in Sanskrit. This is your husband. That is your son. This is my lotus. That is your lotus. This is Govinda. (m) That is Vimalaa. (f) Salutations, Krishna. See you again, daughter.