2010考研数学参考资料（内部）

《英语冲刺习题集》 简介 《英语冲刺习题集》包括语法、词汇、阅读理解和英汉互译四大部分，习题集的最后一部分是一套模拟考题。本习题集的基本目的是使考生尽快熟悉和把握入学考试的基本题型和考试的难易程度，为考生顺利通过入学考试奠定基础。因此这四大部分的基本内容和考题形式是完全根据我院博士入学英语考试题型设置的，本习题集的难度也与近年来的考题基本一致。博士英语入学考试作为英语综合能力考察的水平考试，考题的基本题型是不变的，考题的难度也是基本稳定的。博士英语入学考试的时间是3个小时，希望本习题的使用者能够将这本习题集作为一种实战演习，根据考题题型和自己的能力合理地安排和分配有限的时间。最后值得特别提醒广大考生的是，希望考生利用本习题集进行最后冲刺，提高综合应试能力，切忌生搬硬背本习题集里的内容。预祝大家复习顺利，考试成功。 第一部分（语法）包括单项选择和语法改错两部分，每部分各150个题目，配有 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 和题解。 第二部分（词汇）包括单项选择和同义词替换两部分，每部分各150个题目，配有答案和题解。 第三部分（阅读）包括25篇阅读材料，共150个阅读理解题目，配有答案。 第四部分（ 翻译 阿房宫赋翻译下载德汉翻译pdf阿房宫赋翻译下载阿房宫赋翻译下载翻译理论.doc ）包括中译英和英译中两部分，中译英共48个翻译段落；英译中共18篇文章，包括90个翻译段落。本部分文章内容涉及社会科学的各个领域，并配有参考答案。 CONTENTS Ⅰ GRAMMAR.......................................................................................3 SECTION 1...............................................................................................3 SECTION 2.............................................................................................19 Ⅱ VOCABULARY................................................................................34 SECTION 1...............................................................................................34 SECTION 2.............................................................................................. 42 Ⅲ READING COMPREHENTION ........................................................49 SECTION 1...............................................................................................49 Passage1.................................................................................................................49 Passage3.................................................................................................................50 Passage4.................................................................................................................51 Passage5.................................................................................................................52 SECTION 2...............................................................................................54 Passage2.................................................................................................................54 Passage3.................................................................................................................55 Passage5.................................................................................................................56 SECTION 3...............................................................................................57 Passage2.................................................................................................................57 Passage3.................................................................................................................59 Passage4.................................................................................................................60 Passage5.................................................................................................................61 SECTION 4...............................................................................................62 Passage1.................................................................................................................62 Passage2.................................................................................................................63 Passage3.................................................................................................................64 Passage4.................................................................................................................66 Passage5.................................................................................................................66 SECTION 5...............................................................................................68 Passage1.................................................................................................................68 Passage2.................................................................................................................69 Passage3.................................................................................................................70 Passage5.................................................................................................................71 I GRAMMAR Section1 Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank. 1. That definition is very inadequate. It may perhaps be improved upon —but not much; _________, not even of the several mathematical sciences, have we strict definitions. a. for, after all, of none of the sciences b. because, on the whole, none of the sciences c. since not in the case of any sciences d. for, after all, none of the sciences 2. The principles that a writer chooses to follow may be put forward in two different ways. He may, in the first place, _________. a. ask that his principles are accepted as demonstrated truth b. apply his principles to be accepted as demonstrated truth c. ask that his principles be accepted as demonstrated truths d. insist on his principle being accepted as demonstrated truths 3. On the other hand, he may state his principles as mere indications of one course that may be followed __________. a. as many possible b. among the many possible c. from other possibilities d. by many possibilities 4. That examination is very useful to sociology; for the image of social activity is stamped on the majority of such propositions and theories, and often it is through them alone that we manage to gain some knowledge of the forces _________ of the tendencies and inclinations of human beings. a. which are at work in society —that is b. which is, in society —that is c. which make up a society —that is d. which exists at work in society —that is 5. Propositions and theories have to be classified at, the very outset, for classification __________ if one would have an adequate grasp of any great number of differing objects. a. is first step that is nearly dispensable b. is the first step that is hardly indispensable c. is a first step that is almost indispensable d. is first step that is almost dispensable 6. As usual, this implies that he _________ the rate at which he can substitute one form of wealth for another is equal to the rate at which he is just willing to do so. a. seek an apportion of his wealth that b. will seek an apportionment of his wealth such that c. will seek an apportionment of his wealth that d. seek an apportion of his wealth such that 7. We can suppose all wealth (except wealth in the form. of the, productive capacity of human beings) to be expressed in terms of monetary units _________. a. at the prices of the point of time in question b. at a price of the point of time in question c. on the prices of the point of time in no question d. for the price of the point of time in questions 8. But this is clearly not a complete description, because the holding of one form of wealth instead of another involves a difference in the composition of the income stream. And _______ fundamental to the "utility" of a particular structure of wealth. a. they are essentially these differences that are b. it is these differences essentially being c. there are these difference that essentially are d. it is essentially these differences that are 9. If we take the "standard" bond to be a claim to a perpetual income stream of constant nominal amount, then the return to a holder _______ one, the annual sum he receives; the ether, any change in the price of the bond over time, a return which may of course be positive or negative. a. with the bond can take two forms b. of the bond can be taken two forms c. of the bond can take two forms d. with the bond can be taken two forms 10. _______ rapid inflation, southerners directed their invective against the instrumentality through which the increase in prices occurred. a. As all people have lived in b. Since all the people live in c. Like all the people living through d. Like all people living through 11. In controversies relating to progress it is asked whether the work of man be fertile or sterile, whether it be lost or preserved; whether history have an end; and _______; whether this end be attainable in time or only in the infinite, … a. if, what sort b. if so, what sort c. if so, of what sort d. if so, what sort is 12. When these questions have been considered with a little attention we shall see that _______, into three points: the conception of development, that of end; and that of value. a. they resolve substantially b. they resolve themselves substantially c. they substantially resolve d. they themselves resolve substantially 13. When the ordinary current terminology has been translated into philosophical terms it calls, forth immediately the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis _______ those problems have been thought and solved during the course of philosophy. a. by means of which b. in that c. where d. because 14. From this point of view one of the conceptions that has had the greatest vogue in historical books, _______, is revealed as an equivocal attempt to issue forth from a double one-sidedness and a falling back into it, owing to an equivocation. a. that of historical circles b. a historical circle c. a circle of history d. which circles history 15. …because either the series or circles is conceived as composed of identical and we have only permanency, or it is conceived as _______ and we have only change. a. diverse things b. varieties c. of things diverse d. such 16. History should not apply to the deeds and the personages _______ the qualifications of good and evil, as though there really were good and evil fact in the world; people who are good and people who are evil. a. who are their materials b. that are its material c. which are their material d. that are their material of 17. Their chief aim was to provide institutional _______ individual freedom; and the device in which they placed their faith was the separation of powers. a. safeguard of b. safeguards with c. safeguard with d. safeguards of 18. Governments everywhere have obtained by constitutional means powers which those men _______ them. a. were meant to deny b. have meant to deny c. had meant to deny d. had meant denying 19. In these circumstances it seems important to ask what those founders of liberal constitutionalism would do today if, _______ all the experience we have gained in the meantime. a. pursuing the aims they did, they could command b. pursuing the aims they did, commanding c. their pursuing the aims they did, commanding d. they pursued the aims they did, commanded 20. _______ led me to write another book on the same general theme as the earlier one was the, recognition that the preservation of a society of free men depends on three fundamental insights. a. That it b. How it is to c. What d. Which 21. Thus if contemporary history springs straight from life, called non-contemporary, for it is evident that only an interest in the life of the present can move one to investigate past fact. a. so too does that history which is b. too, that, history so does, which c. so does that history too d. that history does so too, which is 22. History, separated from the living document and turned into chronicle, is no longer a spiritual act, but a thing, _________. a. some complex sounds and other signs b. a complex of sounds and of other signs c. some complex sounds and signs d. a complex of a sound and sign 23. History, chronicle, and philology, _________, are series of mental forms, which, although distinct from one another, roust all of them be looked upon as physiological — that is to say, true and rational. a. from which we have seen the original b. from which we see the origin c. of which we have seen the origin d. of which we can see the original 24. There are two ways of looking at the pattern of human activities which lead to very different conclusions concerning both _________ and the possibilities of deliberately _________. a. their explanations ... altering them b. their explanation and altering them c. its explanations ...altering them d. its explanation ...altering it 25. In the collected body of wiring we call literature, there may be distinguished two separated groupings, capable of _________ for reciprocal repulsion. a. blending, but also fitted b. blended, but also fitted c. blending, but also fitting d. blended, but: fitting 26. Founded around 1075, the Acoma pueblo is considered _________ settlement in the United States. a. the oldest continuously occupied b. the continuously oldest occupied c. the oldest occupied continuously d. the continuously occupied oldest 27. Experts seem to agree that when _________ developing specific muscles, there is a benefit from the fatigue one feels as one reaches and pushes capacity. a. it comes to b. it comes on c .we come on d. coming on 28. Almost without being aware of their great achievement; they fashioned a nearly perfect instrument of government, and I have studied it for nearly 70 years _________ growing admiration for its utility and astonishment at its capacity to change with a changing world. a. without b. within c. with d. from with 29. With his wartime rank restored by Congress, Eisenhower returned to private life and the role of elder statesmen, _________ a heart attack, an ileitis operation, and a mild stroke suffered while in office. a. hardly with his vigor impaired by b. with his vigor impaired with hardly c. with his vigor hardly impaired by d. with his vigor hardly impaired with 30. The essential functions of the UN are to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate internationally in solving international economic, social, cultural and human problems, promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms ______ a center for coordinating the actions of nations in attaining these common ends. a. and try to be b. and to be c. and trying to be d. and being 31. Such a close examination revealed "all sorts of things that had never been seen before," he said, including hidden pencil marks suggesting the instrument _________ a model that _________ measured for copying, rather than a copy itself. a. were, were b. was, was c. being, being d. to be, to be 32. Working closely with local Indonesian authorities in North Sulawesi and less populated eastern Indonesia, where most of the country's intact reefs are located, they have succeeded in _________ destructive fishing practices and coral mining _________ overwhelming the reefs. a. preventing, by b. preventing, from c. stopping, by d. stopping, with 33. More than any government program, more than any aid agency of any international bank the rapid spread of free trade, free markets and investment across borders by private companies and individual investors-a phenomenon economists are calling "globalization"—_________ proving to be an effective weapon against poverty in many nations around the world and, in some places, arguably the most effective anti-poverty measure ever known: a. is b. are c. being d. to be 34. As a graduate student, she had identified and labeled the plant's ten distinctive chromosomes, thus enabling researchers to make the careful comparisons _________ chromosomes _________ several generations that are necessary to genetic research. a. of, with b. over, of c. with, of d. of, over 35. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about _________ was untrue. a. economical recovery being just around the corner b. economical recovery being just in the comer c. economic recovery being just around the corner d. economic recovery being just in the comer 36. Greater expense does not always equal better gift. I would much rather receive a gift that was unique _________ that I knew my friend had put some thought into rather than something that cost a lot of money _________ that I didn't need or want. a. or, or b. but , but c: or , but d: but, or 37. One of the most incongruous sights in the world is an elegant house _________ costly furniture, paintings of the masters, imported tapestries, statuary, costly carpets, extravagant frescoes; and yet _________ scarcely a standard work in the library. a. without, with b: without, without c. with, with d. with, without 38. Detection of unauthorized access _________ or use _________ computer systems can be facilitated by such technologies _________ artificial intelligence and neural networking, which can identify, anomalous patterns of use according to time of day, and keystroke patterns. a, to, in, as b. to, of, as c. in, to, to d. of, to, to, 39. These great masses will have turned _________ the grave insult to human dignity which described some as masters and others as servants, and transformed each into a predator whose survival depended on the destruction of the other. a. their backs on b. the backs on c. their backs to d. the backs to 40. The children must, at last, play, in the open wild, no longer tortured by the pangs of hunger ____ ravaged by disease of threatened with the scourge of ignorance, molestation and abuse, ____ no longer required to engage in deeds whose gravity exceeds the demands of; their tender years. a. and, and b. or, or c. and, or d. or, and 41. I am also here today as a representative of the millions of people across the globe; the anti-apartheid movement, the governments and organizations that joined with us, _________ fight, against South Africa as a country or any of its peoples, _________ oppose an inhuman system and sue for a speedy end to the apartheid crime against humanity. a. to; to b. not to, not to c. not to, but to d. but to, but to 42. Still unknown is whether screening someone for prostate cancer with blood tests that look for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) _________ the risk of death from prostate cancer. a. reducing b. being reduced c. reduces d. to be reduced 43. To be sure, great wealth in the United States has often been a net national asset during periods when it avoids grasping for political domination and when business _________ good jobs, and better things for better living, _________ an old TV commercial. a. emphasizes, in the words of b. emphasized; in the words of c. emphasis, to the words of d. emphasizing, to the words of 44. The story centers an upright young man who becomes the head of his newly impoverished family after his father's untimely death. a. to b. on c. in d. with 45. While women's place in the class system is increasingly determined by their ability to afford childcare, the declining social status of stay-at-home mums may be accentuated by the break-up of local communities, _________, a product of increased social mobility. a. itself is partly b. itself partly c. itself be partly d. be partly 46. Confirming what students and their parents already knew —and certain to fuel the growing national outcry over college costs — an influential education _________ _________ says that states are passing along their budget woes to public university students and their families. a. thinks tank b. think tank c. thinks tanks d. think tanks 47. In both domestic and international adoptions, specialists caution that _________ parents should be clear about what they can accept in terms of a child's race, disabilities, and medically _________ conditions. a. prospec