Super multi-view display
with a lower resolution flat-panel display
Yasuhiro Takaki,* Kosuke Tanaka, and Junya Nakamura
Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei,
Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
*ytakaki@cc.tuat.ac.jp
Abstract: A lenticular-type super multi-view (SMV) display normally
requires an ultra high-resolution flat-panel display. To reduce this
resolution requirement, two or more views are generated around each eye
with an interval smaller than the pupil diameter. Cylindrical lenses
constituting a lenticular lens project a group of pixels of the flat-panel
display to generate a group of viewing zones. Pixel groups generating left
and right viewing zones through the same cylindrical lens are partitioned to
separate the two zones. The left and right pixel groups for different
cylindrical lenses are interlaced horizontally. A prototype SMV display is
demonstrated.
©2011 Optical Society of America
OCIS codes: (110.0110) Imaging systems; (120.2040) Displays.
References and links
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#140288 - $15.00 USD Received 3 Jan 2011; revised 4 Feb 2011; accepted 5 Feb 2011; published 16 Feb 2011
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1. Introduction
Substantial research has been conducted to develop glasses- and glassesless-type three-
dimensional (3D) displays [1–4]. A super multi-view (SMV) display [5–9] has been
developed as a glassesless-type 3D display that is free from the visual fatigue caused by the
accommodation-vergence conflict and provides smooth motion parallax. Because the SMV
display requires generation of a large number of views, numerous studies so far have focused
on increasing the number of views. In the present study, we develop a technique that enables
reduction of the number of views required for the SMV display.
Humans perceive depth using four physiological factors: vergence, binocular disparity,
motion parallax, and accommodation [1]. Conventional 3D schemes, including glasses-type
two-view display and glassesless-type two-view and multi-view displays, have two
physiological problems: the accommodation-vergence conflict [10] and imperfect motion
parallax. When two parallax images are displayed to the left and right eyes, the depth of 3D
images can be perceived correctly by vergence, which allows for depth perception by using
the angle between the lines of sight of the left and right eyes when the both eyes look at the
same point. Accommodation, which creates depth perception when the focal length of the eye
lenses changes, does not work correctly because the eyes focus on the display screen instead
of the 3D images because the two images are displayed on the screen. This conflict causes
visual fatigue because of the close interaction between vergence and accommodation; the
human visual system makes the eyes focus on the position at which vergence perceives the
depth. A two-view display does not compensate for motion parallax, which is the change in
retinal images caused by a shift in eye position. A multi-view display provides discontinuous
motion parallax because the pitch of multiple viewing zones is usually the average interocular
distance or half of it; thus, the retinal image does not change until the eye moves onto the
adjacent viewing zone. The absence of motion parallax or discontinuous motion parallax
reduces the presence and realism effects of 3D images because humans unconsciously predict
retinal image change caused by eye movement.
An SMV display generates dense viewing zones to make their pitch smaller than the pupil
diameter [5, 6], as shown in Fig. 1. Because two or more viewing zones exist in the pupil, two
or more rays passing through one point of a 3D image enter the pupil simultaneously through
the viewing zones; thus, the eyes can focus on that point according to the depth information
perceived by vergence. The accommodation responses are evoked by the SMV display
technique to prevent the accommodation-vergence conflict. Because the pitch of the viewing
zones is smaller than the pupil diameter, the retinal image changes smoothly with eye
movement. Therefore, an SMV display provides smooth and continuous motion parallax.
#140288 - $15.00 USD Received 3 Jan 2011; revised 4 Feb 2011; accepted 5 Feb 2011; published 16 Feb 2011
(C) 2011 OSA 28 February 2011 / Vol. 19, No. 5/ OPTICS EXPRESS 4130
Fig. 1. Super multi-view (SMV) display technique.
Because the average pupil diameter of humans is 5 mm, the viewing zone pitch of SMV
displays should be less than 5 mm. The total width of the multiple viewing zones should be at
least twice as large as the interocular distance to provide enough viewing area and effective
use of the entire viewing zones. Therefore, display systems that can generate dense viewing
zones should be developed to realize SMV displays. An SMV display with 45 views [5–7]
was first demonstrated using a focused light array. A SMV display system with 30 views [8]
using fan-like array projection optics was also reported. High-density directional (HDD)
displays [11–16] were also developed to realize the SMV display condition. While SMV
displays project a numerous parallax images with rays converging to viewing zones, HDD
displays project a large number of directional images with nearly parallel rays. Parallax
images are perspective projections of a 3D scene, and directional images are orthographic
projections. Reducing the projection angle pitch of HDD displays satisfies the SMV display
condition. HDD displays with 64 and 128 ray directions [11–13] were constructed with a
multi-projection scheme consisting of an array of projection imaging systems, and those with
30 and 72 ray directions [14–16] were constructed with a flat-panel system consisting of a
flat-panel display and a lenticular lens.
To construct SMV displays, numerous projectors are required for a multi-projection
system, and an ultra-high resolution flat-panel display is required for a flat-panel system. The
multi-projection and flat-panel systems were recently combined to increase the number of
views [9]. This technique enabled the construction of an SMV display with 256 views.
A head mount display (HMD)-type SMV display has also been developed [17, 18].
Because the eye position is fixed for HMD displays, the number of views can be reduced. A
high-speed projector employing a digital micromirror device was used to generate multiple
views for one eye.
As another method to resolve the accommodation-vergence conflict, a multi-focal display
[19, 20] has been developed in which several two-view images are aligned in the depth
direction, generating different two-view images at different depth positions. The positions of
the two viewing zones for the left and right eyes are identical for all the two-view images.
Although fewer display images are required for this technique, motion parallax is not
provided.
In the present study, we propose a flat-panel display system that generates fewer views to
satisfy the SMV condition. We offer a flat-panel system that generates two or more views for
each eye with an interval smaller than the pupil diameter. This technique reduces the
resolution of the flat-panel display required to construct an SMV display.
#140288 - $15.00 USD Received 3 Jan 2011; revised 4 Feb 2011; accepted 5 Feb 2011; published 16 Feb 2011
(C) 2011 OSA 28 February 2011 / Vol. 19, No. 5/ OPTICS EXPRESS 4131
2. Conventional flat-panel SMV display
Figure 2 shows the formation of viewing zones for a conventional flat-panel SMV display.
Massive viewing zones are generated without discontinuity. A lenticular lens is attached to a
flat-panel display, and a group of pixels corresponds to each cylindrical lens constituting the
lenticular lens. The cylindrical lenses magnify pixels in each group to generate viewing
zones. All magnified images of the pixel groups by all lenses are superimposed at a pre-
defined distance by making the lens pitch slightly smaller than the pitch of the pixel groups.
The number of views is equal to the number of pixels in each pixel group; when the pixel
group consists of n pixels, n viewing zones are generated. For color image generation, the
number of subpixels (R, G, and B subpixels) in the pixel group is three times the number of
views.
When the total width of the viewing zones is twice the average interocular distance
(assumed to be 63 mm here) and the pitch of the viewing zones is the average pupil diameter
(5 mm), the required number of views is 26. Therefore, a flat-panel display with a resolution
26 times larger than the 3D resolution is required. This requirement of an ultra-high
resolution flat-panel display is the main difficulty of a flat-panel SMV display.
Fig. 2. Viewing zone formation of a conventional flat-panel SMV display.
3. SMV display with a lower resolution flat-panel display
In the present study, to allow a lower resolution flat-panel display to be used in an SMV
display, we propose an SMV display technique that produces two or more viewing zones only
around each eye, with an interval smaller than the pupil diameter. Therefore, the total number
of views can be reduced, thus reducing the resolution required for the flat-panel display.
Figure 3 illustrates the viewing zones formed in the proposed technique. The left pixel
groups that generate the left viewing zones for the left eye are indicated by white boxes, and
those for the right eye are represented by black boxes. The left and right pixel groups
corresponding to the same cylindrical lens are partitioned to separate the left and right
viewing zones; the left and right pixel groups corresponding to different cylindrical lenses are
interlaced horizontally. Between the left and right pixel groups corresponding to the same
lens, 2n pixel groups corresponding to the other lenses are arranged. Figures 3(a) and 3(b)
show the cases when n = 1 and n = 2, respectively.
#140288 - $15.00 USD Received 3 Jan 2011; revised 4 Feb 2011; accepted 5 Feb 2011; published 16 Feb 2011
(C) 2011 OSA 28 February 2011 / Vol. 19, No. 5/ OPTICS EXPRESS 4132
Fig. 3. Formation of viewing zones for the left and right eyes in the proposed technique: (a) n
= 1; (b) n = 2.
Here, w represents the width of the left as well as the right viewing zones. The width of
the region between the left and right viewing zones is given by 2nw. The distance between the
centers of the left and right viewing zones is given by 2nw + w, and this distance is made
identical to the interocular distance denoted by P. Thus,
/ (2 1).w P n (1)
When the number of viewing zones in the left and right viewing zones is denoted by V,
the pitch of viewing zones, represented by d, is given by
/ (2 1) .d P n V (2)
Therefore, increasing n can reduce the pitch of the viewing zones. The SMV display
condition can be achieved by properly choosing n and V. The formation of viewing zones by
a conventional SMV display corresponds to the case when n = 0; the left and right viewing
zones are connected. In the region between the left and right viewing zones, viewing zones
that provide the same parallax images as those of the left and right viewing zones are
generated. These viewing zones are produced when the pixel groups are projected by lenses
other than a lens that projects the pixel groups to generate the left and right viewing zones.
Because the width w of the viewing zones for each eye decreases as n increases, the
allowable range of eye movement decreases. The introduction of an eye tracking system can
solve this problem. The use of such a system with a multi-view display [21] and an integral
imaging display [22] has been reported. The positions of the left and right viewing zones can
be moved by altering the grouping of pixels as shown in Fig. 4. The use of the eye tracking
system in effect allows a single viewer.
#140288 - $15.00 USD Received 3 Jan 2011; revised 4 Feb 2011; accepted 5 Feb 2011; published 16 Feb 2011
(C) 2011 OSA 28 February 2011 / Vol. 19, No. 5/ OPTICS EXPRESS 4133
Fig. 4. Movement of left and right viewing zones.
The requirements for the lenticular lens are considered next. The distance between the
viewing zones and the lenses is denoted by l, and that between the lenses and the pixels of the
flat-panel display is denoted by l. The pixel pitch of the flat-panel display is denoted by p.
From the similarity of triangles,
/ ' / .l l w Vp (3)
When the focal length of the lenses is represented by f, the lens maker‟s formula gives 1/f
= 1/l + 1/l. The pixel groups are imaged to generate the left and right viewing zones.
Therefore, the focal length can be given by the following equation.
/ 1 / .f l w Vp (4)
When n is increased to reduce the pitch of the viewing zones, the total viewing zone width
w decreases according to Eq. (1); thus, the focal length f increases. Therefore, the proposed
technique requires a longer focal length for the lenses and thus a thicker lenticular lens. When
the width of the pixel group, Vp, is much smaller than the width w of the viewing zones for
each eye, the focal length can be approximated by Vpl/w, which is equal to l.
4. Prototype system
An SMV display was constructed to demonstrate the proposed technique of partitioning
viewing zones for the left eye and those for the right eye.
A flat-panel display with a slanted subpixel arrangement [23], which was previously
developed to construct a 16-view display, was used. A photograph of the slanted subpixel
arrangement is shown in Fig. 5. Subpixels of the same color have different horizontal
positions in each 3D pixel, which consists of 12 × 4 subpixels (4 × 4 subpixels in each R, G,
and B color). The lenses of the lenticular lens deflect rays emitted from subpixels with
different horizontal positions into different horizontal directions to generate multiple viewing
zones. In the present study, each 3D pixel was divided into left and right pixel groups. The
resolution of the flat-panel display was 1,024 × 768 pixels, and the screen size was 2.57
inches. The horizontal pitch of the subpixels was 4.25 μm, and the horizontal pitch of
subpixels of the same color was p = 12.75 μm. The vertical pitch of the subpixels was 12.75
μm. The 3D resolution was 256 × 192 pixels.
The prototype SMV display was designed for n = 1. Each of the left and right viewing
zones consisted of eight viewing zones, i.e., V = 8. The width of the each of the left and right
viewing zones was w = 21.0 mm from Eq. (1). The width of the region between the two
viewing zones was 42.0 mm. The pitch of the viewing zones was v = 2.6 mm from Eq. (2),
which is sufficiently smaller than the average pupil diameter (5 mm).
#140288 - $15.00 USD Received 3 Jan 2011; revised 4 Feb 2011; accepted 5 Feb 2011; published 16 Feb 2011
(C) 2011 OSA 28 February 2011 / Vol. 19, No. 5/ OPTICS EXPRESS 4134
Fig. 5. Slanted subpixel arrangement of flat-panel display.
The lenticular lens was designed to generate viewing zones 350 mm in front of it (l= 350
mm). The focal length of the lenses was f= 1.69 mm from Eq. (4). The pitch of the lenses
given by 2Vp(2n 1)/(1 + Vp/w) was calculated to be 0.203 mm. The lenticular lens was
made of PMMA. The aspherical lens surface was optimized to minimize the radii of the spot
diagrams in the viewing area whose width was twice as large as the interocular distance (126
mm) using the lens design software. Although an eye tracking system is not used in the
present study, the lens was designed to cover the viewing area described above so that we
could enhance the system in the future by introducing an eye tracking system. Spot diagrams
for different positions in the viewing area are shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Spot diagrams for our designed lenticular lens: Positions from the center of the viewing
area are (a) 0.0 mm, (b) 10.5 mm, (c) 21.1 mm, (d) 31.6 mm, (e) 43.9 mm, (f) 56.2 mm, and
(g
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