Unit 4 The Respiratory System

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The role of the respiratory system and its key organs. 2. The breathing cycle and the role of the each tissue during breathing and gaseous exchange. 3. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the alveoli tissue. 4. The similarities and differences between expired and inspired air. 5. How haemoglobin in the red blood cell transports oxygen from the alveoli tissue to respiring cells in the body. 6. How smoking affects lung function, whilst increasing the risk of developing lung cancer or emphysema. 7. How asthma affects normal lung function. 8. The role of oxygen in cellular respiration. 9. The differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration. 10. How the body recovers from oxygen debt. 11. How to maintain bodily fitness for life and the role of the circulatory, respiratory, nervous and digestive system during exercise. Lungs, Diaphragm, Ribs, Alveoli, Intercostal muscles, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Red blood cells, Haemoglobin, Heart, Inhalation, Exhalation, Respiration, Anaerobic, Aerobic, Fitness, Bronchitis, Emphysema, Cancer & Exercise. web: www.science-interactive.co.uk email: sales@science-interactive.co.ukScience Interactive LTD PO BOX 50764 LONDON NW6 9AT Click mouse to begin Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The respiratory systemThe respiratory system oneone The respiratory system, a collection of cells, t________ and organs works constantly to provide the many billions of cells in the human body with oxygen. The lungs allow gaseous e__________ taking oxygen from the atmosphere into the blood and excreting carbon dioxide from the blood to the atmosphere. A healthy lung consists of many millions of alveoli giving it a huge surface area to help the exchange of these gases. These are highly specialised tissues for exchanging gases. How do villi in the small intestine make use of a large surface area for absorbing nutrients ? The respiratory system: Word bank: tissues exchange The lung tissue is supplied with air by a vast network of tubes called bronchioles. Your windpipe is kept open by rings of cartilage. Airways Your lungs are in constant contact with the outside. They are also very sensitive to pollutants. Over 100,000 deaths a year are because of lung cancer. Smoking Your lungs are constantly inhaling and exhaling air. Left X ray in this picture shows the lungs fully expanded. Your chest is home to your lungs. They are both surrounded and protected by your rib cage, a collection of bones and muscles. Notes Diagram Thorax Lung volume Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The respiratory systemThe respiratory system twotwo Diaphragm Intercostal muscles Ribs Lungs Bronchiole Bronchus Windpipe Tissue Moves the ribs. Changes the volume of the thorax. Protects and moves the thorax. Allow gas exchange. Transports air to alveoli tissue. Transports air to bronchioles. Transports air to alveoli tissue. Function Alveoli Capillaries Bronchioles Alveolus Alveoli The lungs are the key organs in the r__________ system. They are located inside your chest or thorax. The lung’s delicate tissues are protected by your ribs. Below your lungs is the diaphragm, which aids breathing and separates your lungs from your a__________. The average lung capacity of an adult male is around 5.5 litres. Lance Armstrong, the cyclist, who recently won seven Tour de Frances has a lung capacity in excess of 7 litres. Females have a smaller lung capacity because of their smaller body mass. The respiratory system: Word bank: respiratory abdomen Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Breathing cycleBreathing cycle oneone Your lungs are constantly working to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide between the alveoli tissue and the pulmonary capillary network. At rest, your lungs e_______ and c_______ about fifteen times every minute. The breathing rate can increase depending on the oxygen demand for your entire body. Your intercostal muscles, ribcage and diaphragm work together to help your lungs inhale and exhale during gaseous exchange. What happens to you breathing rate during periods of exercise and sleep ? Breathing cycle: Word bank: expand contract Notes Diagram Breathing in: 1: Your intercostal muscles contract raising your ribs upwards and outward. 2: Your diaphragm moves downwards. 3: The volume of the thorax increases and the pressure decreases. 4: Air rich in oxygen rushes into the lungs. Breathing in (Inhalation) Breathing out: 1:Your intercostal muscles relax, lowering your ribs downwards and inwards. 2: Your diaphragm moves upwards. 3: The volume of the thorax decreases and the pressure increases. 4:Air rich in carbon dioxide rushes out of the lungs. Breathing out (Exhalation) Breathing cycleBreathing cycle twotwo As you complete a full breathing cycle (inhalation & exhalation) you are not only taking in oxygen from the atmosphere, you are also getting rid of waste carbon dioxide. Oxygen moves from an area of high concentration (in the atmosphere) to an area of low concentration (in the blood) by diffusion. In your a_______, you exchange what you need for what you don’t need. The air you breathe out is rich in carbon dioxide, moving from an area of high concentration (in the blood) to an area of low concentration (in the atmosphere), also by diffusion. Breathing cycle: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: alveoli HighLowHumidity 37oC20oCTemperature 79%79%Nitrogen 4%0.04%Carbon dioxide 16%20%Oxygen Exhaled air Inhaled air Notes Diagram In this model of a lung, the rubber diaphragm moves downwards increasing the volume of the bell jar and decreasing the pressure. Air from outside rushes in. During exhalation, the diaphragm moves upwards, reducing the volume and increasing the pressure. Air rushes out. Model of the human lung The table above shows the composition of gases, humidity and temperature of inhaled and exhaled air. Look at the information and explain the changes in composition of gases, humidity and temperature of inhaled and exhaled air ? Composition of inhaled and exhaled air Lung volumeLung volume During normal breathing, our l_______ take in about half a litre of air during inhalation and exhalation. During heavy exercise, we can take in about 3 litres of air per cycle. The maximum volume of air that we can take in is about 5 litres. We can measure our total lung volume or vital capacity and peak flow of air whilst breathing out. If you compare your vital capacity and peak flow with professional athletes, how might they differ ? Lung volume: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: lungs Lung volumes: (a) Tidal volume (breathing at rest) (b) Inspiratory reserve volume (c) Expiratory reserve volume (d) Vital lung capacity (Inhalation + Exhalation) (e) Residual volume (always present in lung) (f) Total lung capacity Lung volumes Notes Diagram Your peak flow rate can be measured using a device as pictured above. It tells us the rate at which air is forced out of your lungs through your wind pipe. Smokers, the elderly and asthmatics can all have a reduced peak flow rate. Why does smoking affect peak air flow ? Measuring peak volume Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 The alveoliThe alveoli When inhaled air, rich in o__________ reaches the alveoli tissue, oxygen has to transfer to the blood, so it can be transported through the vascular system to the entire body. Oxygen diffuses across the thin alveoli tissue into the b______ where it binds to the red blood cells. The alveoli tissue is highly specialised to help diffusion. They are extremely thin (one cell thick), are kept moist and have a large surface area. If you were able to spread out the lung it would cover a whole tennis court ! The alveoli tissue: O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 Word bank: oxygen blood Oxygen in the air dissolves in the fluid that coats the alveoli tissue. It then diffuses across to the blood so it can be transported to respiring cells in the human body. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction and is excreted in expired air. Alveoli tissue The alveolus has a very thin wall and large surface area which is kept moist. These three features help the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across its wall. The alveolus also has a rich blood supply. Single alveoli The lung tissue is supplied with air by a vast network of tubes called bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole are many thousands of alveoli which allow gaseous exchange. Notes Diagram Bronchiole Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Oxygen transport by blood haemoglobinOxygen transport by blood haemoglobin Red blood cells contain the protein haemoglobin, which is responsible for binding oxygen at the l______ tissue (alveoli) and delivering it to every r____________ tissue or cell via a huge capillary network. This network can be up to 50,000 km in the human body. Haemoglobin also contains the mineral i_____, to help oxygen transport. Why is iron important in the diet and why do females require greater quantities of this mineral ? Oxygen transport: CO2 O2 O2 CO2 O2 O2O2 CO2 O2 O2 Haemoglobin Oxyhaemoglobin Haemoglobin is a protein found in the red blood cell. It contains Iron (Fe2+) and is able to bind oxygen at several sites. Name three foods rich in the mineral iron ? Haemoglobin Oxygen diffuses across the thin capillaries walls to the respiring cells. It travels from an area of high concentration inside the capillary to an area of low concentration inside the cells. In the tissues Air contains 21% oxygen which is taken to the alveoli tissue by the bronchioles. Oxygen dissolves across the thin alveoli surface and binds to red blood cells. Notes Diagram At the alveoli Word bank: lung respiring iron Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Gaseous exchange in the cellsGaseous exchange in the cells Blood capillaries have a very small diameter allowing only one red blood cell through at a time. Blood flows very slowly through your c__________. The capillaries are extremely thin walled which allows oxygen and plasma containing nutrients to diffuse to the cells. Also waste products like u_____ and carbon dioxide can pass from the cells back to the capillary. Why do red blood cells not pass through the capillary walls ? Understanding your capillaries: Oxygen Glucose Amino acids Water Carbon Urea Wastesdioxide N et pressure Cells Word bank: capillaries urea Oxygen and nutrients including glucose diffuse from blood across the capillary wall to the cells. These are used during cellular respiration. Waste products including carbon dioxide and urea are transported back in the plasma to the lungs and the kidneys. An electron micrograph of a single capillary. Notice the narrow diameter allowing only one blood cell through. Notes Diagram Capillaries Capillary exchange Blood circulationBlood circulation The circulation of blood through the heart, lungs and other major organs keeps the human body supplied with the o______ and nutrients that it requires for cellular respiration, growth and repair. This transport system also carries the white blood cells, platelets and antibodies around the body defending us against microbial infection. What lifestyle factors can prematurely age your cardiovascular system ? Circulation in the body: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: oxygen O2 O2O2O2 CO2CO2 Tissue Red Blood Cell Red Blood Cell Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide at the tissue surface. Oxygen diffuses across the capillary wall into the cells or tissue. Oxygen is combined with glucose during cellular respiration. Waste products including carbon dioxide and urea are transported in the plasma to the lungs and the kidneys. Capillary exchange in detail Oxygen rich water Gills Gas exchange using gillsGas exchange using gills Fish do not have lungs. They are equipped with gills to obtain oxygen for cellular respiration from water. Like lungs, fish gills are highly specialised to allow the d_________ of oxygen from water into the blood. They have a large s________ area, are very thin and have numerous capillaries to transport oxygen away from the gill to the rest of the body. Describe how the shape of gills and alveoli in lungs have common features to help gaseous exchange ? Gas exchange in fish: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Word bank: diffusion surface Water rich in oxygen flows over the delicate membranes. The oxygen diffuses into the blood supply and travels around the body. Carbon dioxide, the waste product of respiration diffuses from the body, into the water. Gas exchange in fish gills Notes Diagram Fish have evolved gills to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between water and the blood supply. The gills have a rich blood supply and have a very large surface area. Gas exchange in fish Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Protecting the lungsProtecting the lungs Hair cells and mucus Bacteria Hair cells The ciliated hair cells trap dust, dirt and bacteria preventing them entering the delicate lung tissue. Smoking damages these specialised cells. Ciliated epithelia cells Thousands of hair like protrusions trap dust and bacteria. This is then covered in a sticky mucus which is secreted by the goblet cells. The hairs beat the mucus and bacteria to the back of the throat where it is swallowed. Bacteria are then destroyed by the acid in the stomach. Trapping dirt and microbes in the trachea Inhaled air is warmed and made moist by the nasal cavity which is richly supplied by warm blood through thousands of capillaries. Notes Diagram Warm and moist air The lungs are vulnerable to cold air or infection, caused by bacteria or viruses. Cold, dry air is warmed and moistened by the lining found in your n______ and trachea. Bacteria and viruses are trapped by ciliated epithelial cells that line the trachea. Furthermore, these cells also produce m_______ which trap any airborne microbes, which are then moved by the cilia (hairs) to the back of your throat. Here they are swallowed and destroyed by stomach acid. How does smoking damage these cilia hairs ? Protecting the lungs: Word bank: nose mucus Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Damaging your lungsDamaging your lungs In addition to smoking, your lungs can be damaged by your life style, your place of work or even a traffic jam. Our lungs take in over fifty litres of air every minute of the day. The quality of the a____ we breathe at work, where we live and play affects how our lungs perform over our lives. Remember, our lungs are the most sensitive organs we have and can be quickly damaged by our lifestyles and our own e____________. How might the pollutants from cars and lorries affect our lungs ? Damaging your lungs: Word bank: air environment Traffic pollution can affect the quality of the air we breathe. In our cities, traffic pollution can increase the number of deaths from respiratory failure. Air pollution Many work places can expose our lungs to dust and other airborne pollutants. We can protect ourselves by wearing a face mask, which filters out dust. Work Notes Diagram Risk Smoking in the U.K kills over 100,000 adults per year. Despite these figures, the government has yet to ban smoking from public places. Smoking Our lifestyles can also damage our lungs. Smoking and living near busy car jammed roads can damage our delicate lungs for the rest of our lives. Lifestyle Smoking and its effects on the human bodySmoking and its effects on the human body Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005 Nicotine, the active c__________ in cigarette smoke is highly a__________. Nicotine itself, has an effect on the heart and blood pressure like other stimulants but, it is the t____ and carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke that leads to an increased risk of developing lung, throat and mouth cancer. Smoking over two decades can also lead to the development of emphysema. This disease causes the breakdown of the alveoli tissue. Make a list of the reasons why people start to smoke when they are young ? Smoking and its effects: Lung cancer kills about 100,000 people in the UK every year with the majority of incidents caused by smoking or passive smoking at work and home. The number of deaths in females is rising...why ? Effect on major organs Notes Diagram The average UK smoker consumes 20 cigarettes per day until death from heart failure or lung cancer. What is the addictive agent in cigarette smoke ? Cigarettes (smoke & tar) Increased heart rate and blood pressure may lead to heart disease. This is a major cause of death in smokers. Pictured is a heart valve replacement in a smoker. Other effects Word bank: chemical addictive tar . Smoking as a cause of lung cancerSmoking as a cause of lung cancer Smoking was first linked as a direct cause of lung cancer by the scientist John Doull. He studied the main causes of death in many thousands of smokers and non smokers. His research linked s_________ with an increased risk of dying from lung cancer. Smoke irritates the lung causing new cells to grow. Dividing lung cells expose their genes or DNA to the cancer-causing chemicals in cigarette smoke and t_____. A change in the lung cell DNA results in lung c________ in the future. Lung cancer and smoking: Science Interactive LTD Copyright 20