ielts_reading

© 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 1 Preparing for the IELTS test with Holmesglen Institute of TAFE The reading component The IELTS reading test takes one hour. In this time you are required to read three texts of between 500 and 900 words each. The texts and questions increase in difficulty. There will be around 40 questions to answer and record on the answer sheet within the 60 minutes. Most students come out of the reading test feeling that there wasn’t enough time to complete the exam paper. For this reason it is very important that you take a number of timed practice reading tests before the actual exam day to develop the skills of skimming and scanning and other timesaving strategies. In the following pages you will find information and practice questions to prepare you to answer some of the most common types of question in the reading test: ♦= Summary completion ♦= Matching headings to paragraphs ♦= Identifying the writer’s views ♦= Multiple choice ♦= Selecting factors ♦= Table completion ♦= Matching causes and effects ♦= Sentence completion ♦= Short answer questions Sample reading text The reading text on the following page is longer that usual and is used as the basis for all the questions and examples in this section. However, in the real IELTS test the 40 or 50 questions will be based on three texts not just one, and the questions will not test your understanding of a point in the text more than once, as they may do here. © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 2 Sample reading text Lessons from the Titanic A From the comfort of our modern lives we tend to look back at the turn of the twentieth century as a dangerous time for sea travellers. With limited communication facilities, and shipping technology still in its infancy in the early nineteen hundreds, we consider ocean travel to have been a risky business. But to the people of the time it was one of the safest forms of transport. At the time of the Titanic’s maiden voyage in 1912, there had only been four lives lost in the previous forty years on passenger ships on the North Atlantic crossing. And the Titanic was confidently proclaimed to be unsinkable. She represented the pinnacle of technological advance at the time. Her builders, crew and passengers had no doubt that she was the finest ship ever built. But still she did sink on April 14, 1912, taking 1,517 of her passengers and crew with her. B The RMS Titanic left Southampton for New York on April 10, 1912. On board were some of the richest and most famous people of the time who had paid large sums of money to sail on the first voyage of the most luxurious ship in the world. Imagine her placed on her end: she was larger at 269 metres than many of the tallest buildings of the day. And with nine decks, she was as high as an eleven storey building. The Titanic carried 329 first class, 285 second class and 710 third class passengers with 899 crew members, under the care of the very experienced Captain Edward J. Smith. She also carried enough food to feed a small town, including 40,000 fresh eggs, 36,000 apples, 111,000 lbs of fresh meat and 2,200 lbs of coffee for the five day journey. C RMS Titanic was believed to be unsinkable because the hull was divided into sixteen watertight compartments. Even if two of these compartments flooded, the ship could still float. The ship’s owners could not imagine that, in the case of an accident, the Titanic would not be able to float until she was rescued. It was largely as a result of this confidence in the ship and in the safety of ocean travel that the disaster could claim such a great loss of life. © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 3 D In the ten hours prior to the Titanic’s fatal collision with an iceberg at 11.40pm, six warnings of icebergs in her path were received by the Titanic's wireless operators. Only one of these messages was formally posted on the bridge; the others were in various locations across the ship. If the combined information in these messages of iceberg positions had been plotted, the ice field which lay across the Titanic’s path would have been apparent. Instead, the lack of formal procedures for dealing with information from a relatively new piece of technology, the wireless, meant that the danger was not known until too late. This was not the fault of the Titanic crew. Procedures for dealing with warnings received through the wireless had not been formalised across the shipping industry at the time. The fact that the wireless operators were not even Titanic crew, but rather contracted workers from a wireless company, made their role in the ship’s operation quite unclear. E Captain Smith’s seemingly casual attitude in increasing the speed on this day to a dangerous 22 knots or 41 kilometres per hour, can then be partly explained by his ignorance of what lay ahead. But this only partly accounts for his actions, since the spring weather in Greenland was known to cause huge chunks of ice to break off from the glaciers. Captain Smith knew that these icebergs would float southward and had already acknowledged this danger by taking a more southerly route than at other times of the year. So why was the Titanic travelling at high speed when he knew, if not of the specific risk, at least of the general risk of icebergs in her path? As with the lack of coordination of the wireless messages, it was simply standard operating procedure at the time. Captain Smith was following the practices accepted on the North Atlantic, practices which had coincided with forty years of safe travel. He believed, wrongly as we now know, that the ship could turn or stop in time if an iceberg was sighted by the lookouts. F There were around two and a half hours between the time the Titanic rammed into the iceberg and its final submersion. In this time 705 people were loaded into the twenty lifeboats. There were 473 empty seats available on lifeboats while over 1,500 people drowned. These figures raise two important issues. Firstly, why there were not enough lifeboats to seat every passenger and crew member on board. And secondly, why the lifeboats were not full. © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 4 G The Titanic had sixteen lifeboats and four collapsible boats which could carry just over half the number of people on board her maiden voyage and only a third of the Titanic’s total capacity. Regulations for the number of lifeboats required were based on outdated British Board of Trade regulations written in 1894 for ships a quarter of the Titanic’s size, and had never been revised. Under these requirements, the Titanic was only obliged to carry enough lifeboats to seat 962 people. At design meetings in 1910, the shipyard’s managing director, Alexander Carlisle, had proposed that forty eight lifeboats be installed on the Titanic, but the idea had been quickly rejected as too expensive. Discussion then turned to the ship’s décor, and as Carlisle later described the incident … ’we spent two hours discussing carpet for the first class cabins and fifteen minutes discussing lifeboats’. H The belief that the Titanic was unsinkable was so strong that passengers and crew alike clung to the belief even as she was actually sinking. This attitude was not helped by Captain Smith, who had not acquainted his senior officers with the full situation. For the first hour after the collision, the majority of people aboard the Titanic, including senior crew, were not aware that she would sink, that there were insufficient lifeboats or that the nearest ship responding to the Titanic’s distress calls would arrive two hours after she was on the bottom of the ocean. As a result, the officers in charge of loading the boats received a very half- hearted response to their early calls for women and children to board the lifeboats. People felt that they would be safer, and certainly warmer, aboard the Titanic than perched in a little boat in the North Atlantic Ocean. Not realising the magnitude of the impending disaster themselves, the officers allowed several boats to be lowered only half full. I Procedures again were at fault, as an additional reason for the officers’ reluctance to lower the lifeboats at full capacity was that they feared the lifeboats would buckle under the weight of 65 people. They had not been informed that the lifeboats had been fully tested prior to departure. Such procedures as assigning passengers and crew to lifeboats and lifeboat loading drills were simply not part of the standard operation of ships nor were they included in crew training at this time. © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 5 J As the Titanic sank, another ship, believed to have been the Californian, was seen motionless less than twenty miles away. The ship failed to respond to the Titanic’s eight distress rockets. Although the officers of the Californian tried to signal the Titanic with their flashing Morse lamp, they did not wake up their radio operator to listen for a distress call. At this time, communication at sea through wireless was new and the benefits not well appreciated, so the wireless on ships was often not operated around the clock. In the case of the Californian, the wireless operator slept unaware while 1,500 Titanic passengers and crew drowned only a few miles away. K After the Titanic sank, investigations were held in both Washington and London. In the end, both inquiries decided that no one could be blamed for the sinking. However, they did address the fundamental safety issues which had contributed to the enormous loss of life. As a result, international agreements were drawn up to improve safety procedures at sea. The new regulations covered 24 hour wireless operation, crew training, proper lifeboat drills, lifeboat capacity for all on board and the creation of an international ice patrol. © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 6 Reading task type one: summary completion Task description The input for this type of question will be a summary of all or part of the reading text. The summary will contain a number of gaps. All of the information in the summary will be contained in the reading text, although the words used will be different. You will also be provided with a list of words to use to fill the gaps. There will be more words than gaps. These words have been chosen so that only one word will be suitable for each gap (the answer) but other words may appear suitable (distracters). Your task is to complete the summary using one word from the list for each gap. Because the summary is a paraphrase of the reading text (rather than an edited version), you will need to have a good understanding of the overall meaning and main points of the section summarised, rather than a detailed understanding of the text. What is being tested is your ability to: ♦= skim the text for information ♦= paraphrase the original text © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 7 Sample task Complete the summary below. Choose your answers from the box at the bottom of the page and write them in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. NB There are more words than spaces so you will not use them all. You may use any of the words more than once. List of Words passengers happy float advanced lifeboats confident dangers ocean worried inadequate enormous excitement fast handbook water afloat record fast procedures orders drown size sink safety The Finest Ship Ever Built The North Atlantic Ocean crossing on the Titanic was expected to set a new standard for …(1)… travel in terms of comfort and …(2)… The shipping industry had an excellent safety …(3)… on the North Atlantic Crossing over the previous forty years and the Titanic was the finest and safest liner ever built. The Titanic combined the greatest technology of the day with sheer …(4)…, luxury and new safety features. The Titanic’s owners were …(5)… that even if the Titanic were letting in …(6)… she would …(7) … indefinitely until help arrived. In hindsight we know that the Titanic was not unsinkable and that technology alone could not save lives when facilities were …(8)… and humans did not follow safe …(9)… whether because of arrogance or ignorance. Answer key 1. ocean 2. safety 3. record 4. size 5. confident 6. water 7. float 8. inadequate 9. procedures © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 8 Answer key: The Finest Ship Ever Built The North Atlantic Ocean crossing on the Titanic was expected to set a new standard for ocean travel in terms of comfort and safety. The shipping industry had an excellent record on the North Atlantic Crossing over the previous forty years and the Titanic was the finest and safest liner ever built. The Titanic combined the greatest technology of the day with sheer size, luxury and new safety features. The Titanic’s owners were confident that even if the Titanic were letting in water, she would float indefinitely until help arrived. In hindsight we know that the Titanic was not unsinkable and that technology alone could not save lives when facilities were inadequate and humans did not follow safe procedures whether because of arrogance or ignorance. © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 9 How to approach summary completion questions Step 1: Read the instructions carefully. Note that in this case you have to choose your answers from the words provided. Also note that in this case you can use any word more than once. Remember though that every IELTS test is different. So make sure that you read the instructions carefully even if you have practised the type of question before. Step 2: Skim through the summary to get an idea of the topic. In this case the summary refers generally to peoples’ views about the Titanic in terms of safety. Step 3: Decide which section of the text the summary covers – in this case mainly paragraphs A and C. In some cases the summary may cover the whole text. Step 4: Read through the summary, referring to the list of words each time you reach a gap. Select one or more possible words from the list to fill each gap. Reject any words that do not fit grammatically, even if the meaning seems correct. Confirm your choice by referring to the relevant sections of the text. Step 5: Quickly read through your completed summary to check that it makes sense. © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 10 Reading task type two: matching headings to paragraphs Task description In this type of question, you will be given a list of headings. The instructions will also indicate around 4 to 6 paragraphs from the reading text. The task is to find the most suitable heading for each of the paragraphs. There will be more headings than paragraphs, and you shouldn’t use any heading more than once unless the instructions tell you that you can. To complete this task well, you will need to be able to identify each paragraph’s main focus. The correct heading will sum up the main idea of the paragraph. What is being tested is your ability to: ♦= Identify the main idea of a paragraph Sample task Choose the heading which best sums up the primary cause of the problem described in paragraphs D, E, G, H and I of the text. Write the appropriate numbers (i – x) in the boxes on your answer sheet. List of Headings i Ignorance of the impending disaster ii Captain’s orders ignored iii Captain’s over-confidence iv Rough sea conditions v Faulty design vi Iceberg locations not plotted vii Low priority placed on safety viii Number of lifeboats adequate ix Inadequate training x Ice warnings ignored Answer key Paragraph D vi Paragraph E iii Paragraph G vii Paragraph H i Paragraph I ix © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 11 How to approach matching headings to paragraphs Step 1: Read the instructions carefully. Note that the heading you choose should sum up the main idea of the paragraph. Also note which paragraphs you need to look at, as you are often not required to do them all. Step 2: Familiarise yourself with the list of paragraph headings by skimming through them quickly. Step 3: Read through the first paragraph for which you have to find a heading. Remember that you are reading to find out the main idea of the paragraph. Concentrate on the main idea or focus of the paragraph and try not to be distracted by details or by unfamiliar vocabulary. Step 4: Choose the heading from the list which best sums up the main point of the paragraph you have just read. If you can’t choose between two headings, go on to the next paragraph – you can come back to that question later. But don’t forget to make a choice before the end of the test because if you leave a blank or you have marked two answers on your answer sheet, you will be graded as incorrect for that question. © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 12 Reading task type three: identifying the writer’s views Task description In this task type you will be given a number of statements. You will have to decide if these statements agree with the writer's views. To complete this task well you will often need to be able to recognise the writer’s views not only from what is said directly, but also from what is implied. For example, we do not need the writer to state directly that he/she disapproves of zoos. We can infer this disapproval if the writer states his/her disapproval of the following: animals being taken from the wild, animals being caged, people paying money to see animals, animals not having any privacy. However, if the writer simply describes the problems with zoos this does not necessarily imply disapproval. Also, we should not try to guess the writer’s views. In statement 5 of the sample task on the following page, we should not assume that because we think that the lifeboats should have rescued more people, or because ‘everybody’ thinks that the lifeboats should have returned to rescue more people, that this is the writer’s view. In this case the writer does not express any view on this issue; she simply states the fact that the lifeboats were not full and so the answer must be Not Given. What is being tested is your ability to: ♦= identify opinion and attitude ♦= skim for detailed information ♦= make inferences © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 13 Sample task Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the reading passage? In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet write: Yes If the statement agrees with the writer No If the statement contradicts the writer Not Given If it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1. The enormous loss of life on the Titanic was primarily caused by inadequate equipment, training and procedures. 2. Nobody had thought of installing enough lifeboats to accommodate all the passengers and crew in the event of an emergency. 3. Captain Smith didn’t inform his officers of the true situation because he didn’t want to cause a panic. 4. The lifeboats would have buckled if they had been fully loaded. 5. After the Titanic sank the lifeboats which were not full should have returned to rescue as many people from the water as they could. 6. The Captain of the Californian could have brought his ship to the rescue if he had realised that the Titanic was sinking. 7. The sinking of the Titanic prompted an overhaul of standard operating procedures which made ocean travel much safer. Answer key 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not Given 4. No 5. Not Given 6. Yes 7. Yes © 1999 Holmesglen Institute of TAFE 14 How to approach questions requiring you to identify the writer's views Step 1: Read t