研英语阅读命题思路透析和真题揭秘

以下是部分英美权威报刊杂志的网站地址： The Economist （《经济学家》）：www.economist.com Newsweek （《新闻周刊》）： www.newsweek.com,id Times（《时代周刊》）： www.timesonline.co.uk,tol,news U.S. News and World Report 《美国新闻与世界报道》）： www.usnews.com Now York Times （《纽约时报》）：www.nytimes.com （1）首先，怎样做才算是背单词，背单词到底有哪些步骤呢？传统上，很多考生认为背单词就是记住一个英文单词的中文意思就可以了，其实这仅仅是第一步，还远远不够。背一个单词，不仅要了解其中文解释，最好还要了解其英文解释，这是因为中英文毕竟是相差非常大的两种语言，很多英文单词在中文中其实都没有确切的对应单词，因此一个英文单词的英文解释是最准确的。此外，考生还应该通过例句进一步地了解这个单词的各种用法，获得具体的印象。最后，考生还应该了解这个单词的同义词和近义词，并将它们进行比较，重点考查它们之间一些微妙的区别，从而真正掌握这个单词的意义和用法。 （2）因此，为了给自己打好一个坚实的词汇基础，考生应该选取一本较好的词汇 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf ，书中不仅包括了中英文释义，还有翔实的例句、以及对同义词和近义词的比较 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 。另外，考生还应该随时备好一至两本权威的英文字典以便于随时查阅，笔者比较推荐的词典是《牛津高阶英语双解词典》和韦伯斯特（Webster）系列的词典，它们分别是学习英式英语和美式英语的权威字典。 （3）除了纯粹的背单词，考生在平时应该阅读大量的英语课外读物，尤其是与考研阅读理解文章的文体相似相关的一些报刊杂志，前文已有列举。在阅读文章的过程中，考生应该细心而敏锐地积累一些关于自然科学、社会科学和人文科学领域的最新词汇，从而有效地扩充自己的词汇量。 （4）很多单词都有许多的意思和用法，考生即使背过单词也可能只记得其普通的用法，而忘记了那些用得比较少的意义和用法。因此，考生在扩大词汇量的同时，还应学习如何通过上下文来推断词义，这也是总论中一再强调的原则之一，即通过具体的语境来理解某个单词或者词组的含义。 （5）猜测单词意思的能力是非常重要的。考生除了可以通过上下文的意思来推断词语含义之外，也应该充分了解英语的构词法，尤其是各种派生词和合成词的规律。另外，英文中的很多单词都包含了前缀和后缀，掌握前后缀的规律也可以帮助考生判断一个生词的词性、意义以及用法等。 常用的词缀和词根表清见附录1。 2、句子 句子是表达意思的基本结构。因此，考生即使掌握了大量的词汇，但是如果不了解英语的基本语法，没有掌握句子的构成法和规律，便依旧无法理解文章的内容。特别是考研阅读理解重点考查对于长难句的分析能力，因此如果没有扎实的句型知识基础，会给做题带来很大的困难。一个复杂的句子中包含的复杂语法主要包括：非谓语动词的用法、主从复合句的用法、以及特殊句式的用法（包括省略、分隔、插入、强调、倒装、双重否定、排比句式等）。语法基础较弱的考生应该专门找一本比较好的语法书进行系统的学习。下面将简单介绍一种特殊句式的用法。 （1）倒装句式：一般的英语句式都是主语在前，谓语在后。但是有时候为了强调某个意思，会将谓语的一部分或者全部提前到主语的前面，构成倒装句式。因此，倒装句式分为全部倒装句和部分倒装句。 例1：全部倒装句 With economic growth has come centralization. (2000年Passage 4) 译文：随着经济的发展实现了居住的集中化。 例2：部分倒装句 No where do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. (1998年Passage 4) 译文：1980年人口普查的统计数字最充分地描绘出美国人迁往最西部是为了找到更广阔的生存空间。 （2）分隔句式：分隔句式是指把在一个完整的句子中间加入其他成分，以达到进行补充说明的作用。加入的成分可以是状语、插入语、定语从句、主语从句、同位语等等。 例：One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. (2004年 Text 2) 译文：按字母表顺序排名靠后的人在享受闲暇时光时凭空想出一种理论，认为这种倒霉事老早就开始了。 （3）省略句式：省略句式是指删去句子一些重复的部分，使句子显得更加简洁。考生应该通过语法规则找出省略的部分，否则就会影响理解。 例：Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. (do 指代了前文的charge，2003年Text 3) 译文：这样铁路比有竞争对象时向“受制”的承运商一般多收20%-30%的费用。 （4）强调句式：强调句式主要用来强调突出句子的部分后者全部内容，一般都是将助动词do, does, did提前，或者用it is,was… that…结构。 例1：Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer. (1994年Passage 5) 译文：极富创造性的人的确是伴着不同鼓手打出的鼓点前进的。 例2：It is not simply to raise everyone’s job that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. (1999年Passage 3) 译文：法律要求所有孩子十几岁前接受教育的目的并不是为了改善他们的就业前景。 （5）双重否定句：即一个句子中有两个否定成分，互相抵消而表达肯定的意思。相比肯定句式，双重否定句能够起到强调句子全部或者部分内容的作用。 例：Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. (2000年Passage 5) 译文：当然，现在人们对成功及其标志的兴趣似乎并为比以前减弱。 （6）排比句式：用平行的语法结构来表达类似的事物、观点等，使句子显得整齐、连贯、有韵律感。 例：American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted. (2000年Passage 1) 译文：美国的工业改变了结构，消除了臃肿，学会了明智。 3、篇章 在词汇、语法和句子的基础上，考生应该在把握篇章全局上下功夫。中国学生在阅读英文文章的时候经常会遇到由于思维习惯不同而引起的一些困难。西方有学者曾经提出过一个关于东西方思维差别的著名理论，认为东方人的思维是螺旋形的，一般不直接说明主体，而是由远及近地进行描述和论证，最后指出主题；抑或全文都不说明主题，最后留有余地任读者自己展开联想。与此同时，西方式的思维却是直线型的，即要说明一个问题就开门见山地说明，之后从各个方面进行清晰地说明，最后总结出一个结论，全文是一个浑然一体的推理过程。相比东方思维，西方思维是比较简单和清楚的，这也就是为什么我们一直强调考生要重点抓首段和尾段、主题句、段落首句等的主要原因。 关于篇章的结构特点和阅读 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 及注意事项，在上文已有详细的论述（总论第一部分的“（六）、考研阅读理解文章的结构特点”和第三部分的“（二）、阅读方法和技巧”），在这里就不再赘述。 第二章、中心思想题命题思路透析 Part I、命题规律透析 中心思想题，顾名思义就是考查考生是否能够把握一篇文章的主题和中心思想，是否能够从总体和宏观的角度上把握文章的主旨大意。对于一篇说明文或者议论文来说，中心思想就是文章旨在说明的事物、现象或者进行讨论和论证的问题，因此对这种整体能力的要求使得中心思想题成为命题者每年都会出题的一种重要题型。这种题型一般数量不会很多，每篇文章中至多出现一道题目。在考研阅读理解一篇文章的四道题目中，中心思想题一般都作为第一题或者最后一题出现。当作为第一题时，一般相对应考查的是文章第一段的内容，当然有的时候也有例外情况。当作为最后一题时，有可能考查最后一段的内容、也有可能考查全文的总体情况，要视具体情况而定。这种题型的提问方式多种多样，考生应学会辨认，同时要在平时随时训练自己概括文章中心思想的能力。 一般的中心思想题都要求考生推断全文的大意，或者采取一种迂回的方式，即问从第一段或者最后一段中可以推测出什么。此外，还有一种形式，就是要求考生从 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 选项中选出最适合该篇文章的一个标题。这也是中心思想题的一种变化了的问法，因为一般文章标题的功能就在于用比较简洁明了的词组来精确地概括了文章的大意。 中心思想题常见表达方式 We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes . (2006) What does the author think of intellect? (2004) To which of the following is the author likely to agree? (2004) The text intends to express the idea that . (2003) We can draw a conclusion from the text that . (2002) From the first three paragraphs, we can learn that . (2002) What is the passage mainly about? (2001,1994) From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained . (2000) The passage is mainly . (2000) We can learn from the last paragraph that . (1999) The passage is mainly about . (1998, 1994) From the passage we learn that . (1997) The passage mainly deals with . (1994) 其他问法还包括： The main point the author makes in the passage is . What does the author intend to convey through the passage? In this passage the author , writer mainly argues that . What does this passage mainly discuss? The general , central , main idea of the passage is . The passage is primarily concerned with . The article is written to explain . The purpose of the passage is . This passage is intended to . What’s the main topic of the passage? The central conveyed in the above passage is that . The passage tells us . Which of the following best sum up the passage? Which of the following statements best expresses , summarizes the main idea of the passage? Which of the following best states the theme of the passage? 关于标题的提问方式 Which of the following is the best title for this text? (2007) Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey? (2007) The best title for the text may be . (2002) Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? (2000) What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as . (1998) The best title for this passage could be . (1997) 从以上例子中我们可以看出，中心思想题的提问方式有多种多样，其中我们也可以发现一些规律。 首先，一般中心思想题中不会出现考生不熟悉的内容，只要考生阅读了全文，就能够把握题干的意思。 其次，题干经常会出现mainly about, best statement, central idea, primarily about 等等的字眼。 再次，提问的方式经常以we can learn that, mainly deals with等方式呈现。 最后，有时候题干中会指明提问的对应段落，如from the first paragraph, from the last paragraph等表述。以上的标志性词汇应当引起考生的注意，以便作出迅速的反应。 中心思想题常见出题位置 1、文章的第一段，经常是第一句话或者是最后一句话。 2、文章的最后一段，经常是第一句话或者是最后一句话。 3、文章中间段落的第一句话。 4、文章第一段和最后一段中出现转折词的地方。 中心思想题正确答案选项的特点 1、正确选项中通常包含了文章最重要的一些概念和词汇，这些词汇可能在文章中多次出现，或者是文章关键词的同义词或者近义词。 2、表述不会非常绝对，而都是一些相对的描述，经常用到以下一些词汇，如：may, probably, possible, can, could, some, sometimes, usually, often等。 中心思想题干扰答案选项的特点 1、选项的表述中出现一些较为绝对的词汇，如：always, never, none, nobody, no, everyone, all 等。 2、选项中的表述犯了以偏概全的毛病，只概述了文章的某一个部分或者段落，而不是对全文意思的总体概括。 3、选项中的表述犯了颠倒主次的毛病，把文章中并不重要的内容作为主要内容来表述。 4、选项中的表述虽然也是总体的概括，但是概括的内容过于泛泛而没有抓住文章的要义，过于笼统，归纳过度。 5、选项中的表述与原文的意思相反或者相矛盾。 6、选项中的表述看似与原文有关系，实则把原文中没有关联的内容胡乱地联系在一起。 7、选项中的表述使用文章的关键词汇，甚至也涉及到文章的主要话题，但实际上其内容却与原文无关。 中心思想题解题方法 方法一：找文章的主题句，即中心思想句。要抓住一篇议论文或者说明文的中心思想，首先要快速扫描文章的第一段，找出主题句。那么选项中的正确答案往往都是对这个主题句进行paraphrase，因此只要找出与主题句意思相符或者最接近的即可。需要指出的是，与主题句意思最接近的选项不一定用词和原文一样，反而一些错误选项中可能包含原文的词汇。考生要把握答案的整体句意，而不要拘泥于细节。 方法二：如果文章的第一段没有非常清晰的主题句，那么就要快速阅读文章的第一段、最后一段以及各个段落的第一句话。根据总论中分析的英文说明文和议论文的文章结构特点，大部分文章以及大部分段落都采用“总-分-总”的结构，因此只要把所有上述内容加起来就可以得出文章的中心思想。 方法三：我们刚才指出的文章结构特点只是总体的情况，但并不是所有的文章都严格地遵循那些结构原则。有的时候一篇阅读理解文章不仅没有明确的主题句，其首段和尾段也没有起到综述的作用，同时各个段落也缺乏主题句。这个时候，考生要果断放弃寻找主题句的努力，而是集中精力通读全文，同时在一些关键词上做上标记，在阅读完成以后通过自己对文章的大致理解和标出的各个关键词进行综合分析，并对照题目选项。正确答案中往往包含了关键词或者关键词的同义词或近义词。 Part II、真题解题 1993年Passage 3 When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events. The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’ s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention. Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise , because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security. Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear. 41. The passage is mainly about [A] an approach to patents [B] the application for patents [C] the use of patents [D] the access to patents [答案] D [解题思路] 本题有一定难度。纵观全文，作者首先提出了发明者对于其发明的东西可以用三种方式处理其发明，引出专利这个话题。第二和三段介绍了关于专利的一些情况，而最后两段则进入了本篇文章主要关注的一个方面，即如何得到专利的信息、以及如何把一些专利项目用于商业用途。因此这篇文章的关注点是人们怎么样才能够取得一些获得专利权的发明的相关信息，因此正确答案为D。 [题目译文] 这篇的主要内容是 [A] 关于取得专利的方法 [B] 关于专利的申请 [C] 关于专利的使用 [D] 关于专利的获取 1994年Passage 1 The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produce[D] Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system. The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. 54. The passage is mainly about__. [A] how American goods are produced [B] how American consumers buy their goods [C] how American economic system works [D] how American businessmen make their profits [答案] C [解题思路] 本文的第一句话就直截了当地说明了文章的中心思想，即“The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most”（ 从根本上说，美国经济体制是围绕私有企业、在以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这种体制下需要生产什么在很大程度上是消费者通过到市场花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务来决定的），文章最后两段随即就美国经济体系运作的两个方面进行讨论，因此正确答案为C选项。 [题目译文] 本文的主要是关于 。 [A] 美国的产品是如何生产的 [B] 美国的顾客是如何购买产品的 [C] 美国的经济体系是如何运作的 [D] 美国的商人是如何取得利润的 1994年Passage 2 One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the "cashless society" is not on the horizon—it’s already here. While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprise, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers. 58. What is this passage mainly about? [A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers. [B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business. [C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises. [D] Advantages of credit cards in business. [答案] B [解题思路] 本题考察的是文章的中心思想。通过文章第二段和第三段的首句“While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too”（计算机在为消费者提供诸多方便的同时，也给商家带来很多优势）和“Numerous other commercial enterprise, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers”（许多其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志社，从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使用为消费者提供更好、效率更高的服务）可以看出，本文主要讨论的是计算机给商业带来的便利，因此B为正确答案。D选项与文章第一段有一定联系，但信用卡的例子仅仅是为了引出主要话题，并不是文章关注的重点。而A和C选项都与文章强调“计算机带来的便利”这一侧重点不同。 [题目译文] 这篇文章的主要内容是什么？ [A] 计算机商业化的形式 [B] 计算机给商业带来的便利 [C] 自动化在商业企业中的重要性 [D] 商业中信用卡的优势 1994年Passage 3 Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’ s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation. Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. "All men are created equal.”We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children-disabled or not-to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs. 61. This passage mainly deals with__. [A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities [B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society [C] the special educational programs for exceptional children [D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children [答案] D [解题思路] 文章第一句就提出了“Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age”（特殊儿童与其他同龄的正常孩子相比有一些重要的不同之处），第二段的第一句话“Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well”（尽管我们关注的焦点是特殊儿童的需要，但我们发现自己也在描述他们的生活环境）进而揭示了文章的重点是关于exceptional children的教育，因而D为正确答案。结合文章其余部分内容也进一步确证该选项概括了全文。 [题目译文] 这篇文章主要讨论的问题是 。 [A] 儿童学习能力的不同 [B] 现在社会中特殊儿童的定义 [C] 为特殊儿童制定的特殊教育项目 [D] 为特殊儿童而调整教育的必要性 1996年Passage 4 What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America-breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine? Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal , “spatial” thinking about things technological . Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics ,especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.” A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, ori