DEY
AccuNeb®
(albuterol sulfate)
Inhalation Solution
1.25 mg*/3 mL and 0.63 mg*/3 mL
*(Potency expressed as albuterol, equivalent to 1.5 mg and 0.75 mg albuterol sulfate)
PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
DESCRIPTION
AccuNeb® (albuterol sulfate) inhalation solution is a sterile, clear, colorless solution of
the sulfate salt of racemic albuterol, albuterol sulfate. Albuterol sulfate is a relatively
selective beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). The
chemical name for albuterol sulfate is α1 [(tert-butylamino) methyl]-4-hydroxy-m
xylene-α, α'-diol sulfate (2:1) (salt), and its established chemical structure is as follows:
The molecular weight of albuterol sulfate is 576.7 and the empirical formula is
(C13H21NO3)2•H2SO4. Albuterol sulfate is a white crystalline powder, soluble in water
and slightly soluble in ethanol. The World Health Organization recommended name for
albuterol is salbutamol.
AccuNeb (albuterol sulfate) Inhalation Solution is supplied in two strengths in unit dose
vials. Each unit dose vial contains either 0.75 mg of albuterol sulfate (equivalent to 0.63
mg of albuterol) or 1.50 mg of albuterol sulfate (equivalent to 1.25 mg of albuterol) with
sodium chloride and sulfuric acid in a 3-mL isotonic, sterile, aqueous solution. Sodium
chloride is added to adjust isotonicity of the solution and sulfuric acid is added to adjust
pH of the solution to 3.5 (see HOW SUPPLIED).
AccuNeb (albuterol sulfate) Inhalation Solution does not require dilution prior to
administration by nebulization. For AccuNeb, like all other nebulized treatments, the
amount delivered to the lungs will depend on patient factors, the jet nebulizer utilized,
and compressor performance. Using the Pari LC Plus™ nebulizer (with face mask or
mouthpiece) connected to a Pari PRONEB™ compressor, under in vitro conditions, the
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mean delivered dose from the mouth piece (% nominal dose) was approximately 43% of
albuterol (1.25 mg strength) and 39% of albuterol (0.63 mg strength) at a mean flow rate
of 3.6 L/min. The mean nebulization time was 15 minutes or less. AccuNeb should be
administered from a jet nebulizer at an adequate flow rate, via a mouthpiece or face mask
(see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
The prime action of beta-adrenergic drugs is to stimulate adenyl cyclase, the enzyme
which catalyzes the formation of cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP)
from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The cyclic AMP thus formed mediates the cellular
responses. In vitro studies and in vivo pharmacologic studies have demonstrated that
albuterol has a preferential effect on beta2-adrenergic receptors compared with
isoproterenol. While it is recognized that beta2-adrenergic receptors are the predominant
receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, recent data indicate that 10% to 50% of the beta-
receptors in the human heart may be beta2-receptors. The precise function of these
receptors, however, is not yet established. Controlled clinical studies and other clinical
experience have shown that inhaled albuterol, like other beta-adrenergic agonist drugs,
can produce a significant cardiovascular effect in some patients, as measured by pulse
rate, blood pressure, symptoms, and/or electrocardiographic changes. Albuterol is longer
acting than isoproterenol in most patients by any route of administration because it is not
a substrate for the cellular uptake processes for catecholamines nor for catechol-O-methyl
transferase.
Pharmacokinetics: Studies in asthmatic patients have shown that less than 20% of a
single albuterol dose was absorbed following either intermittent positive-pressure
breathing (IPPB) or nebulizer administration; the remaining amount was recovered from
the nebulizer and apparatus, and expired air. Most of the absorbed dose was recovered in
urine collected during the 24 hours after drug administration. Following oral
administration of 4 mg albuterol, the elimination half-life was five to six hours.
Following a 3 mg dose of nebulized albuterol in adults, the mean maximum albuterol
plasma level at 0.5 hours was 2.1 ng/mL (range, 1.4 to 3.2 ng/mL). The pharmacokinetics
of albuterol following administration of 0.63 mg or 1.25 mg albuterol sulfate inhalation
solution by nebulization have not been determined in children 2 to 12 years old.
Animal Pharmacology/Toxicology: Intravenous studies in rats with albuterol sulfate
have demonstrated that albuterol crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches brain
concentrations amounting to approximately 5% of plasma concentrations. In structures
outside the blood-brain barrier (pineal and pituitary glands), albuterol concentrations
were found to be 100 times those found in whole brain.
Studies in laboratory animals (minipigs, rodents, and dogs) have demonstrated the
occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death (with histologic evidence of
myocardial necrosis) when beta-agonists and methylxanthines are administered
concurrently. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown.
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Clinical Trials: The safety and efficacy of AccuNeb was evaluated in a 4-week, multi
center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study in 349
children 6 to 12 years of age with mild-to-moderate asthma (mean baseline FEV1 60% to
70% of predicted). Approximately half of the patients were also receiving inhaled
corticosteroids. Patients were randomized to receive AccuNeb 0.63 mg, AccuNeb 1.25
mg, or placebo three times a day administered via a Pari LC Plus™ nebulizer and a Pari
PRONEB™ compressor. Racemic albuterol, delivered by a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
metered dose inhaler (MDI) or nebulized, was used on an as-needed basis as the rescue
medication.
Efficacy, as measured by the mean percent change from baseline in the area under the 6
hour curve for FEV1, was demonstrated for both active treatment regimens (n=112 [1.25
mg group] and n=110 [0.63 mg group]) compared with placebo (n=110) on day 1 and day
28. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the mean percentage change from pre-dose FEV1 on day 1
and day 28, respectively. The mean baseline FEV1 for all patients was 1.49 L.
Figure 1
% Change from Pre-Dose FEV1 Intent-to-Treat Population
Day 1
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Figure 2
% Change from Pre-Dose FEV1 Intent-to-Treat Population
Day 28
The onset of a 15% increase in FEV1 over baseline for both doses of AccuNeb was seen
at 30 minutes (the first post-dose assessment). The mean time to peak effect was
approximately 30 to 60 minutes for both doses on day 1 and after 4 weeks of treatment.
The mean duration of effect, as measured by a >15% increase from baseline in FEV1,
was approximately 2.5 hours for both doses on day 1 and approximately 2 hours for both
doses after 4 weeks of treatment. In some patients, the duration of effect was as long as 6
hours.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
AccuNeb is indicated for the relief of bronchospasm in patients 2 to 12 years of age with
asthma (reversible obstructive airway disease).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
AccuNeb is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to any of its
components.
WARNINGS
Paradoxical Bronchospasm: As with other inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists, AccuNeb
can produce paradoxical bronchospasm, which may be life threatening. If paradoxical
bronchospasm occurs, AccuNeb should be discontinued immediately and alternative
therapy instituted. It should be noted that paradoxical bronchospasm, when associated
with inhaled formulations, frequently occurs with the first use of a new canister or vial.
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Use of Anti-Inflammatory Agents: The use of beta-adrenergic bronchodilators alone
may not be adequate to control asthma in many patients. Early consideration should be
given to adding anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., corticosteroids).
Deterioration of Asthma: Asthma may deteriorate acutely over a period of hours or
chronically over several days or longer. If the patient needs more doses of AccuNeb than
usual, this may be a marker of destabilization of asthma and requires reevaluation of the
patient and the treatment regimen, giving special consideration of the possible need for
anti-inflammatory treatment (e.g., corticosteroids).
Fatalities have been reported in association with excessive use of inhaled
sympathomimetic drugs and with the home use of nebulizers. It is, therefore, essential
that the physician instruct the patient in the need for further evaluation, if his/her asthma
becomes worse.
Cardiovascular Effects: AccuNeb, like other beta-adrenergic agonists, can produce a
clinically significant cardiovascular effect in some patients as measured by pulse rate,
blood pressure, and/or symptoms. Although such effects are uncommon for AccuNeb at
recommended doses, if they occur, the drug may need to be discontinued. In addition,
beta-agonists have been reported to produce ECG changes, such as flattening of the T-
wave, prolongation of the QTc interval, and ST segment depression. The clinical
significance of these findings is unknown. Therefore, AccuNeb like all other
sympathomimetic amines, should be used with caution in patients with cardiovascular
disorders, especially coronary insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypertension.
Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions may
occur after administration of albuterol as demonstrated by rare cases of urticaria,
angioedema, rash, bronchospasm, and oropharyngeal edema.
PRECAUTIONS
General: Large doses of intravenous albuterol have been reported to aggravate pre
existing diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis. As with other beta-agonists, inhaled and
intravenous albuterol may produce a significant hypokalemia in some patients, possibly
through intracellular shunting, which has the potential to produce adverse cardiovascular
effects. The decrease is usually transient, not requiring potassium supplementation.
Information for Patients: The action of AccuNeb may last up to six hours, and
therefore it should not be used more frequently than recommended. Do not increase the
dose or frequency of medication without consulting your physician. If you find that
treatment with AccuNeb becomes less effective for symptomatic relief, your symptoms
become worse, and/or you need to use the product more frequently than usual, you should
seek medical attention immediately. All asthma medication should only be used under the
supervision and direction of a physician. Common effects with medications such as
AccuNeb include palpitations, chest pain, rapid heart rate, tremor, or nervousness.
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If you are pregnant or nursing, contact your physician about the use of AccuNeb.
Effective and safe use of AccuNeb includes an understanding of the way it should be
administered.
If the solution in the vial changes color or becomes cloudy, you should not use it.
The drug compatibility (physical and chemical), clinical efficacy, and safety of AccuNeb
solution, when mixed with other drugs in a nebulizer, has not been established.
See illustrated Patient's Instructions for Use.
Drug Interactions: Other short-acting sympathomimetic aerosol bronchodilators or
epinephrine should not be used concomitantly with AccuNeb.
AccuNeb should be administered with extreme caution to patients being treated with
monoamine oxidase inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants or within 2 weeks of
discontinuation of such agents, since the action of albuterol on the vascular system may
be potentiated.
Beta-receptor blocking agents not only block the pulmonary effect of beta-agonists, such
as AccuNeb, but may produce severe bronchospasm in asthmatic patients. Therefore,
patients with asthma should not normally be treated with beta-blockers. However, under
certain circumstances (e.g., prophylaxis after myocardial infarction), there may be no
acceptable alternatives to the use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents in patients with
asthma. In this setting, cardioselective beta-blockers should be considered, although they
should be administered with caution.
The ECG changes and/or hypokalemia that may result from the administration of non-
potassium sparing diuretics (such as loop or thiazide diuretics) can be acutely worsened
by beta-agonists, especially when the dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the
clinical significance of these effects is unknown, caution is advised in the co
administration of beta-agonists with non-potassium sparing diuretics.
Mean decreases of 16% to 22% in serum digoxin levels were demonstrated after single
dose intravenous and oral administration of albuterol, respectively, to normal volunteers
who had received digoxin for 10 days. The clinical significance of these findings for
patients with obstructive airway disease who are receiving albuterol and digoxin on a
chronic basis is unclear. Nevertheless, it would be prudent to carefully evaluate the serum
digoxin levels in patients who are currently receiving digoxin and albuterol.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Impairment of Fertility: In a 2-year study in
Sprague-Dawley rats, albuterol sulfate caused a significant dose-related increase in the
incidence of benign leiomyomas of the mesovarium and above dietary doses of 2 mg/kg
(approximately equivalent to the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose for
AccuNeb on a mg/m2 basis). In another study, this effect was blocked by the co
administration of propranolol, a non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist.
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In an 18-month study in CD-1 mice, albuterol sulfate showed no evidence of
tumorigenicity at dietary doses up to 500 mg/kg (approximately 140 times the maximum
recommended daily inhalation dose of AccuNeb on a mg/m2 basis). In a 22-month study
in Golden hamsters, albuterol sulfate showed no evidence of tumorigenicity at dietary
doses up to 50 mg/kg (approximately 20 times the maximum recommended daily
inhalation dose of AccuNeb on a mg/m2 basis).
Albuterol sulfate was not mutagenic in the Ames test or a mutation test in yeast.
Albuterol sulfate was not clastogenic in a human peripheral lymphocyte assay or in an
AH1 strain mouse micronucleus assay.
Reproduction studies in rats demonstrated no evidence of impaired fertility at oral doses
of albuterol sulfate up to 50 mg/kg (approximately 30 times the maximum recommended
daily inhalation dose of AccuNeb on a mg/m2 basis).
Pregnancy: Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category C: Albuterol has been shown to
be teratogenic in mice. A study in CD-1 mice given albuterol subcutaneously showed
cleft palate formation in 5 of 111 (4.5%) fetuses at 0.25 mg/kg (less than the maximum
recommended daily inhalation dose of AccuNeb on a mg/m2 basis) and cleft palate
formation in 10 of 108 (9.3%) fetuses at 2.5 mg/kg (approximately equal to the maximum
recommended daily inhalation dose of AccuNeb on a mg/m2 basis). The drug did not
induce cleft palate formation when administered subcutaneously at a dose of 0.025 mg/kg
(less than the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose of AccuNeb on a mg/m2
basis). Cleft palate formation also occurred in 23 of 72 (30.5%) fetuses from females
treated subcutaneously with 2.5 mg/kg isoproterenol (positive control). A reproduction
study in Stride rabbits revealed cranioschisis in 7 of 19 (37%) fetuses when albuterol
sulfate was administered orally at 50 mg/kg (approximately 60 times the maximum
recommended daily inhalation dose of AccuNeb on a mg/m2 basis).
A study in which pregnant rats were dosed with radiolabelled albuterol sulfate
demonstrated that drug-related material was transferred from the maternal circulation to
the fetus.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of the use of albuterol sulfate in
pregnant women. Albuterol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit
justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
During worldwide marketing experience, various congenital anomalies, including cleft
palate and limb defects, have been reported in the offspring of patients being treated with
albuterol. Some of the mothers were taking multiple medications during their
pregnancies. Because no consistent pattern of defects can be discerned, a relationship
between albuterol use and congenital anomalies has not been established.
Labor and Delivery: Oral albuterol has been shown to delay pre-term labor in some
reports. There are presently no well-controlled studies that demonstrate that it will stop
pre-term labor or prevent labor at term. Because of the potential for beta agonist
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interference with uterine contractility, use of AccuNeb for relief of bronchospasm during
labor should be restricted to those patients in whom the benefits clearly outweigh the risk.
Albuterol has not been approved for the management of pre-term labor. The benefit:risk
ratio when albuterol is administered for tocolysis has not been established. Serious
adverse reactions, including pulmonary edema, have been reported following
administration of albuterol to women in labor.
Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because
of the potential for tumorigenicity shown for albuterol in some animal studies, a decision
should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into
account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness of AccuNeb 1.25 mg and 0.63 mg have been
established in pediatric patients between the ages of 2 and 12 years. The use of AccuNeb
in these age groups is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies
of AccuNeb in children age 6 to 12 years and published reports of albuterol sulfate trials
in pediatric patients 3 years of age and older. The safety and effectiveness of AccuNeb in
children below 2 years of age have not been established.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Clinical Trial Experience: Adverse events reported in >1% of patients receiving
AccuNeb and more frequently than in patients receiving placebo in a four-week double-
blind study are listed in the following table.
Table 1: Adverse Events with an Incidence of >1% of Patients Receiving AccuNeb and
Greater than Placebo (expressed as % of treatment group)
1.25 mg AccuNeb 0.63 mg AccuNeb Placebo
(N=115) (N=117) (N=117)
Asthma Exacerbation 13 11.1 8.5
Otitis Media 4.3 0.9 0
Allergic Reaction 0.9 3.4 1.7
Gastroenteritis 0.9 3.4 0.9
Cold Symptoms 0 3.4 1.7
Flu Syndrome 2.6 2.6 1.7
Lymphadenopathy 2.6 0.9 1.7
Skin/Appendage Infection 1.7 0 0
Urticaria 1.7 0.9 0
Migraine 0.9 1.7 0
Chest Pain 0.9 1.7 0
Bronchitis 0.9 1.7 0.9
Nausea 1.7 0.9 0.9
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There was one case of ST segment depression in the 1.25 mg AccuNeb treatment
group.
No clinically relevant laboratory abnormalities related to AccuNeb administration
were seen in this study.
Postmarketing Experience: Metabolic acidosis has been reported after the use of
albuterol sulfate inhalation solution. Because this reaction is reported voluntarily from a
population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate its frequency or
establish a causal relationship to drug exposure..
OVERDOSAGE
The expected symptoms with overdosage are those of excessive beta-adrenergic
stimulation and/or occurrence or exaggeration of symptoms such as seizures, angina,
hypertension or hypotension, tachycardia with rates up to 200 beats per minute,
arrhythmias, nervousness, headache, tremor, dry mouth, palpitation, nausea, dizziness,
fatigue, malaise, insomnia, and exaggeration of the pharmacological effects listed in
ADVERSE REACTIONS. Hypokalemia may also
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