Questionnaire——调查问卷

nullQuestionnaire Questionnaire What is a questionnaire?What is a questionnaire?Criteria for a good questionnaireCriteria for a good questionnaireFor questionnaire items Valid, reliable and clear For questionnaire format Reader-friendly Having a professional outlooknullTypes of questionsTypes of questions 1. Factual questions gender / age /name /date of birth 2. Behavior questions (What does a respondent do?) Actions / feelings 3. Attitudinal questions (What does a respondent think?) opinions / beliefs /preferences/reasons 4.Format open format or closed nullIndividual-item-based questionnaire describe the frequency and mean of one isolated item Category-based questionnaire describe the mean of a category that contains three or more questionnaire items Structure of a questionnaireStructure of a questionnaireA general explanation Background information Instructions/directions Questionnaire items Thanks Order of the questionsOrder of the questionsBackground information first General questions first Easy questions first Questions of the same category must be spread out Question formatQuestion formatMultiple-choice questions Dichotomous questions Scales Scaling techniquesScaling techniquesLikert scales are widely used in questionnaire design simple, reliable and versatile 3, 5, or 7 options form a continuum. Frequency scaleFrequency scaleDo you guess the meaning of new words when reading English novels for pleasure? 1 = Never 2 = Occasionally 3 = Sometimes 4 = Often 5 = Very oftenDegree of agreement scaleDegree of agreement scale1 = Strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Uncertain 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly agree Semantic differential scale How much do your parents encourage you to study French? Not at all __: __: __: __: __: __: __ Very muchSemantic differential scale How much do your parents encourage you to study French? Not at all __: __: __: __: __: __: __ Very much We also use a similar method to find out the subject's impressions of French people from France: Interesting __: __: __: __: __: __: __ Boring Brave__: __: __: __: __: __: __ Cowardly Handsome__: __: __: __: __: __: __ Ugly Considerations in Questionnaire DesignConsiderations in Questionnaire DesignAdvantages of open or closed formatAdvantages of open or closed format1) Open format Allows exploration of the range of possible themes arising from an issue Can be used even if a comprehensive range of alternative choices cannot be compiled 2) Closed (forced choice) format Easy and quick to fill in Easy to code, record, and analyze results quantitatively Easy to report results Sensitive issues Sensitive issues What do you think of the following question? "Have you ever copied other students' answers in a final exam?" It is likely to produce either no response or negative responses. Possible Solutions Possible Solutions 1. Casual approach: "By the way, do you happen to have copied other students' answers in a degree exam?" 2. Numbered card approach: "Please tick one or more of the following items which correspond to how you have answered degree examination questions in the past." In the list of items, include "copy from other students" as one of many items. 3. Everybody approach: "As we all know, many students have copied other students' answers in degree exams. Do you happen to be one of them?" 4. Other people approach. "John copies answers in a degree exam from Jean. Do you feel John is wrong, what penalty should be imposed for John, and have you done or would you consider doing the above?" ClarityClarityIn asking a question about frequency, rather than supplying choices that are open to interpretation such as: 1.Very Often 2.Often 3.Sometimes 4.Rarely 5.Never It is better to quantify the choices, such as: 1.Every Day or More 2.2-6 Times a Week 3.About Once a Week 4.About Once a Month 5.Never Leading QuestionsLeading QuestionsA leading question is one that forces or implies a certain type of answer. A closed format question must supply answers that not only cover the whole range of responses, but that are also equally distributed throughout the range. All answers should be equally likely. What is the problem for the following? A) Superb B) Excellent C) Great D) Fair E) Not so Great Or Or Q: Is this the best CAD interface you have every used? The negative response covers too wide a range of opinions. A better way would be to ask the same question but supply the following choices: 1. Totally Agree 2. Partially Agree 3. Neither Agree or Disagree 4. Partially Disagree 5. Totally disagreePhrasing/WordingPhrasing/WordingMost adjectives, verbs, and nouns in English have either a positive or negative connotation. Examples can be made with verbs that have neither strong negative or positive overtones: 1. Do you agree with the Dean's plan to oppose increased learning hours of electives? 2. Do you agree with the Governor's plan to support decreased learning hours of electives? They will likely produce different data. It is impossible to predict how the outcomes will vary. A method to counter this is to be aware of different ways to word questions and provide a mix in your questionnaire. Double questionDouble question"Are your teacher’s lectures and tutorials enjoyable and easy to understand?" 1. Yes 2. No Students may find the lectures in a subject easy but the tutorials more difficult, or find both easy to understand but do not enjoy them. Pilot studyPilot studyTo check whether there is any ambiguity or misunderstanding To examine whether the preconceived categories can meet the statistical requirement The end The end