全新版大学英语综合教程4(第二版)课后全答案

Unit 1 Part II Reading task Comprehension Possible answers to content questions 1. It refers to the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter. 2. He expected the conquest of Russia in five weeks. 3. Instead of fighting, they retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went. They let the Russian winter fight the war for them while they bided their time. 4. Napoleon discovered that the occupation of the city was an empty victory because the Russians fled their capital leaving him almost nothing at all. 5. They suffered heavy losses as a result of the extreme cold and the Russians' hit-and-run attacks. 6. Napoleon abdicated and went into exile. 7. Hitler began his invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 without a declaration of war. He expected the campaign to last no longer than three months by using the so-called "lightning war" tactics. 8. No, he wasn't. He instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders. 9. The people of Leningrad refused to surrender and put up a heroic, stiff resistance. 10. An early, severe, cold winter, to a large extent, slowed down the German advance on Moscow. 11. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over. 12. The author concludes that the elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Text Organization 1. Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas Part One Paras 1-2 Introduction —Both Napoleon's and Hitler's military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter. Part Two Paras 3 -11 Napoleon's military campaign against Russia Part Three Paras 12-20 Hitler's military campaign against the Soviet Union. Part Four Para 21 Conclusion —The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. 2. Sections Paragraphs Main Ideas Section One Paras 12 -13 Hitler's blitzkrieg against Russia and Stalin's scorched-earth policy. Section Two Paras 14 -18 The battles fought at Leningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad. Section Three Paras 19-20 The Russian counter-offensive and the outcome of the war. Language Sense Enhancement 1. 1) the fierce resistance 2) the long march 3) the devastating enemy 4) bleak 5) launched 6) military might 7) mowed down 8) campaign 9) a painful lesson 10) the aid Vocabulary I. 1. 1) alliance 2) at the cost of 3) stroke 4) limp 5) minus 6) regions 7) declarations 8) siege 9) raw 10) bide his time 11) have taken their toll 12) in the case of 2. 1) is faced with 2) get bogged down 3) is pressing on/pressed on 4) drag on 5) get by 6) dine out 7) have cut back 8) get through 3. 1) The rapid advance in gene therapy may lead to the conquest of cancer in the near future. 2) Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials due to the dock workers' strike. 3) Sara has made up her mind that her leisure interests will/should never get in the way of her career. 4) Obviously the reporter's question caught the foreign minister off guard. 5) The introduction of the electronic calculator has rendered the slide rule out of date/obsolete. 4. 1) Being faced with an enemy forces much superior to ours, we had to give up the occupation of big cities and retreat to the rural and mountainous regions to build up our base. 2) Unity is crucial to the efficient operation of an organization. Failure to reckon with this problem will weaken its strength. In many cases, work may be brought to a halt by constant internal struggle in an organization. 3) The Red Army fought a heroic battle at Stalingrad and won the decisive victory against the Germans. In fact, this battle turned the tide in the Second World War. During this famous battle, the Soviet troops withstood the German siege and weakened the German army by launching a series of counterattacks. II. 1 During the First World War, battles occurred here and there over vast areas. Some of the most dramatic fighting took place in the gloomy trenches of France and Belgium . 2 Elizabeth made careful preparations for the interview and her efforts/homework paid off. 3 I spent hours trying to talk him into accepting the settlement, but he turned a deaf ear to all my words. 4 Pneumonia had severely weakened her body, and I wondered how her fragile body could withstand the harsh weather. III. 1 fall ill 2 lay dead at home for two weeks 3 dropped dead from a heart attack 4 fell asleep. 5 marrying young 6 to sit still for longer than a few minutes Comprehensive Exercises I. Cloze 1． 1) invasion 2) stand in the way 3) Conquest 4) catching (Stalin) off his guard 5) launching 6) declaration 7) campaign 8) drag on 9) reckon with 10) bringing (the German advance) to a halt 2． 1) allow 2) reckoned 3) highly 4) forecasts 5) rapidly 6) instant 7) delivery 8) advantage 9) observing 10) powerful II. Translation 1. 1) Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm. 2) We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticated weapons. 3) Having been out of a job/Not having had a job for 3 months, Phil is getting increasingly desperate. 4) Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in his judgement. 5) Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of pollution, the village neighborhood committee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs. 2. The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy at night and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to cross marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. Lucky enough, thanks to the severely cold weather which made the marchland freeze over, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered. Part III Home Reading Task Comprehension Check 1. d 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. d Translation 1. 6月5日被选定为进攻开始日，其用意是留下一个安全系数，以防万一进攻需要推迟。 2. 然而，当年春夏之交大风暴异乎寻常地多，希望在这个时候天气会出现一个适合进攻的风平浪静的间隙，可能性微乎其微。 3. 要是在原定地区登陆的话，德军海岸炮群无疑会拼命抵抗并给盟军造成惨重伤亡。在新登陆区的登陆几乎没有遭到任何抵抗。 4. 尽管困难重重，艾森豪威尔在与恶劣天气的赌博中赢得了胜利。 Language Practice 1. 1) d 2) h 3) b 4) a 5) f 6) e 7) c 8) g 2. 1) boast 2) obstacles 3) was concerned 4) call (it) off 5) paid off 6) was pinned down 7) contesting 8) prior to 9) hold out 10) objective 11) responsible for 12) in case Part IV Comprehensive Language Practice Model paper Can Man Triumph over Nature? When people talk of man triumphing over nature, many things come to mind. One thinks of successes in medicine in the fight against disease, such as the invention of antibiotics and the promise held out by advances in biogenetic engineering. On a broader scale, one thinks of man's success in harnessing new forms of energy from steam power through oil to nuclear power. Yet, nature has often hit back in unexpected ways to these attempts to tame it. New forms of disease that are resistant to antibiotics are constantly developing. Burning fossil fuels has led to fears of global warming; while nuclear power has produced dangerous waste that will remain a hazard for generations to come. However, perhaps to talk of man triumphing over nature is the wrong way to look at the matter. We need to find ways to work with nature rather than forever fighting against it. (154 words) Unit 2 Part I Listening Task Script for the recording: We're going to see more and more automation as time goes on. Making a car that goes more than 100 km/h isn't a huge engineering problem — but human drivers can't respond fast enough to make those speeds safe. Personally, I'm all in favor of letting the car drive itself. I'd much rather trust my life to the efforts of engineers and programmers than the angry, sleepy, distracted, incompetent, drunken people who are behind a lot of wheels now. It's often been said that anyone could have predicted the automobile, but only a science-fiction writer could have predicted the traffic jam. Well, here I am predicting the end of traffic jams: computer-controlled cars won't get in each other's way, and they won't slow down as their drivers gaze at accidents — in part because there will be many fewer accidents, and in part because the passengers in the car will be able to get a decent look without the car going at a slower speed. There really are a lot of pluses to the self-driving car: you can sleep, drink, read, watch TV, do work — whatever you want — while getting safely and efficiently to your destination. For my money, we can't make the transition soon enough. "Road rage" will be a thing of the past; there's no reason driving should be frustrating, or why car accidents should be the leading cause of death of men under the age of 25. Still, there will be a desire to get out on the open highway and just drive — people do enjoy that, and it won't entirely disappear. But in the future when we talk about hybrid cars we'll mean cars that can be both self-driven and controlled by a driver; the terms "manual" and "automatic" won't refer to transmissions but the totality of operating the vehicle. So, yeah, you can get out on the highway when the mood strikes you — but most of the other vehicles will still be driving themselves. After Listening 1. the efforts of engineers and programmers 2. traffic jams 3. the leading cause of death 4. a hybrid Part II Reading task Comprehension Possible answers to content questions 1. The automobile industry ranked as among the most lucrative and powerful industries of the twentieth century. 2. Cars and roads will be revolutionized in the twenty-first century. 3. Because it is sensors that will enable vehicles and roads to be able to see, hear, feel, smell, talk, and act. 4. Sensors can sense if a driver is drunk and refuse to start up the engine. 5. The radars hidden in the bumpers can scan for nearby cars. If you make a serious driving mistake the computer will sound an immediate warning. 6. If the driver's eyelids close for a certain length of time and his or her driving becomes erratic, a computer in the dashboard could alert the driver. 7. GPS makes it possible for smart cars to determine their location on the earth to within about a hundred feet. 8. With the price of microchips dropping so drastically, future applications of GPS are virtually limitless. 9. It is expected to put smart cars on smart highways. 10. They are installing an MIT-designed system which will introduce the "automated driver". 11. They have great hopes for its future. By 2010, telematics may well be incorporated into one of the major highways in the United States. By 2020, telematics could be adopted in thousands of miles of highways in the United States. 12. Smart highways could be an environmental boon, saving fuel, reducing traffic jams, decreasing air pollution, and serving as an alternative to highway expansion. Text Organization 1. Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas Part One Paras 1-3 New technology will have a dramatic impact on cars and highways in the 21st century. Part Two Paras 4–9 With the aid of advanced technology, smart cars will be so designed that they can help eliminate traffic accidents, determine their own precise locations and warn of traffic jams. Part Three Paras 10 – 13 GPS and "telematics" will make it possible to build smart highways, which will benefit us in a number of ways. 2. 1) Smart cars can see, hear, feel, smell, talk, and act. 2) They can eliminate most of car accidents; 3) They can alert the police and provide precise location of your car if stolen; 4) They can monitor one's driving and the driving conditions nearby; 5) They can alert the driver who feels drowsy; 6) They can locate your car precisely and warn of traffic jams. Language Sense Enhancement 1. 1) cure 2) impact 3) orbiting satellites 4) warn of 5) location 6) At any given time 7) vibrate 8) detected 9) calculate 10) converted Vocabulary I 1. 1) expansion 2) automated 3) vapor 4) take control of 5) hazards 6) satellite 7) vibrated 8) magnetic 9) bunched 10) in the air 11) got/was stuck in 12) approximately 2. 1) send out 2) stand up for 3) pass for 4) were closing in on 5) starting up 6) went through 7) fill out 8) fall into 3. 1) The new car design incorporates all the latest safety features 2) To suspend our hammock, we need to find two trees ten feet apart. 3) Jason faces up to 10 years in prison for offering bribery money to the US navy official responsible for awarding lucrative contracts to his construction firm. 4) Manufacturers usually begin by building the prototype of a new model before they set up a factory to make the cars. 5) Medical evidence shows that smoking and lung cancer are correlated in all racial groups. 4. 1) In the 1980s the notion that a car would drive itself was science fiction; today with the application of telematics and remote control, it almost has turned into a reality. Presently lots of the world’s leading automobile companies are poised to launch new smart cars. 2) Sounds are produced by objects that vibrate in the air at a rate that the ear can detect. This rate is called frequency and is measured in hertz, or vibrations per second. 3) Reflective devices are more visible at night and are used in some locations to mark lanes and other significant places on the road. What's more, automated vehicle-control technologies are presently under development to improve highway safety. These devices are mounted in the vehicle and can alert a driver to an impending hazard or, in an emergency, override the actions of the driver. II. Word Formation Clipped words Blends kilo kilogram Medicare medical care memo memorandum email electronic mail gym gymnasium comsat communications satellite lib liberation newscast news broadcast doc doctor skyjack sky hijack vet veterinarian Eurodollar European dollar prep preparatory brunch breakfast and lunch auto automobile telecast television broadcast flu influenza Oxbridge Oxford and Cambridge III. Usage 1. swimming pool 2. drawing board 3. enriched Middle English 4. disturbing change 5. fully developed prototype 6. Canned foods 7. working population 8. puzzling differences Comprehensive Exercises I. Cloze 1. 1 ) computerized 2) start up 3) be poised to 4) alert 5) hazards 6) monotonous 7) take control of 8) steer 9) lane 10) decrease 11) calculate 12) eliminate 13) getting stuck in 14) mounted 15) detect 16) vapor 2. 1) generates 2) related 3) revolutionized 4) enabled 5) opportunities 6) overall 7) manufacturing 8) dependent 9) interact 10) fatalities II. Translation 1. 1）There was an unusual quietness in the air, except for the sound of artillery in the distance. 2） The expansion of urban areas in some African countries has been causing a significant fall in living standards and an increase in social problems. 3）The research shows that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are closely correlated with global temperatures. 4）The frequency of the bus service has been improved from 15 to 12 minute recently. 5）The diver stood on the edge of the diving board, poised to jump at the signal from the coach. 2. Automobiles have, since their invention, revolutionized transportation, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. On the other hand, they have brought hazards, especially highway fatalities. However, today the application of computer technology and electronic sensors in designing and manufacturing cars makes it possible to eliminate most of traffic accidents. For example, electronic sensors mounted in your car can detect alcohol vapor in the air and refuse to start up the engine. They can also monitor road conditions by receiving radio signals sent out from orbiting satellites and greatly reduce your chances of getting stuck in traffic jams. Part III Home Reading Task Comprehension Check 1. a 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. b Translation 1. 这类系统易受气候变化的影响，提供的数据不够精确，但它们不需要特别的道路设施，只需要将车道标志维护好就行了。 2. 然而，不用多久，其成本就能为广大车辆拥有者和驾驶者所接受，尤其是目前不少可以应用的技术已经走向市场，开始了批量生产。 3. 电子驾驶应用的最大障碍可能在于一种普遍的观念，认为这一技术的应用比实际情况更困难，更昂贵。 4. 考虑到所有这些运用安全自动化交通运输系统的经验，开发由自动控制系统操纵的公路车辆算不上什么大的飞跃。 Language Practice 1 1) c 2) a 3) e 4) b 5) f 6) g 7) d 8) h 2 1) en route 2) matures 3) equivalent 4) feasible 5) in cooperation with 6) exposure 7) At the start of 8) thereby 9) implemented 10) realistic 11) component 12) by means of Part IV Comprehensive Language Practice Sample Résumé Hong Qin Rm. 316, New College Dormitory Xuanwu University, 2270 Zhongshan Road Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009 Tel: (025) 89709399 Email: hqin@yahoo.com.cn Employment Objective Reporter position with a major newspaper or magazine Education Bachelor of Arts in Journalism, Xuanwu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, July 2010 ? Graduated Magna Cum Laude with a GPA of 3.6 on a 4.0 scale ? Proficient with MS Office, Lotus Notes, Windows XP and the Internet ? Courses taken included: Reporting Public Affairs Feature Writing Computer Assisted Reporting Theories of Mass Communication Writing for Mass Communication Advertising and Public Relations World Press Systems Advanced Newspaper Design Employment Experience Reporter Internship with the Yangtze Evening Post, 101 South Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210005, June 2009 to August 2009 ? Researched information for stories for the Transportation and Tourism columns ? Interviewed contributors both over the phone and in person ? Met every daily deadline successfully, with 100% completion of all assigned reports by specified deadlines Assistant Editor/Reporter with Jinling Evening News, 53 Jiefang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210016, July, 2008 — present ? Responsible for reporting student activities at Xuanwu University ? Developed fortnightly stories without missing a single deadline Awards Second Place in the News Writing Competition for Students of Journalism in Nanjing, 2009 Xuanwu Award for Excellence in Journalism, 2008 Professional Interests Member of the Journalists’ Association of Jiangsu Province Vice chairman of the Student Union at Xuanwu University Proficient in both Chinese and English Personal Data Date of Birth: June 27, 1987 Place of Birth: Jinan, Shandong Province, China Nationality: Chinese Sex: Male Health: Excellent Hobbies: Photography, music, chess References and writing samples available upon request. Unit 3 Part I Listening Task Script for the recording: As you battle the competitive job market, your résumé is going to be the key weapon you use to get hired. For better or for worse, this is your calling card to the recruiting directors of the business world. There is one key piece of advice that seems to get lost on most people, one of the most important things you can do when applying for a job. And it is this: Target your résumé. People, we work in advertising. What do you think your résumé is? It’s just an ad for you. Just like a good ad targets its consumer, a good résumé hits the target right between the eyes and says, “You have to hire me.” In this case, the consumer is the recruiting director at the company where you’d like to work. Never forget that. Here’s what I mean: Recruiting directors are a practical lot. They want to find the “easiest” possible person to hire. That is, someone who fits their job description perfectly. If the job description says they are looking for an account director with, at least, 5 years of experience and a background in package goods, that’s exactly who they want to hire. Now, that doesn’t mean they won’t consider anyone else, but where do you think they are going to start? If you have more than five or so years of experience, you can start your résumé with a summary. A summary captures about four or five bullet points that show why you’re a perfect match for the job. In our example above, that first bullet point would say something like: Account director with more than 5 years