09词汇教案PPT（第六章）

null第六章第六章 词义关系 主重要研究词的同义关系、 反义关系，下义关系 和分类关系一、同义关系 一、同义关系 What is synonyms? Synonyms are traditionally defined as words different in sound and spelling but identical or similar in meaning. But in fact, there are no two words in English that are interchangeable in all contexts. Moreover most English words are polysemic words. It is impossible that polysemic words could be synonymous in all their meanings. Therefore we can define synonym as: “The term synonym is used in semantics to refer to a major type of sense-relation between lexical items. The lexical items which have the same meanings are synonyms, but it does not mean that they should be identical in meaning or interchangeable in all contexts and with identical connotations. null绝对同义词 绝对同义词(absolute synonyms) are very few in English. These synonyms may be found in scientific terms. Eg. scarlet fever------ ------scarlatina word-formation----------word building mother tongue -----------native language fatherland-motherland—-mother country 2. (相对同义词) Relative synonyms2. (相对同义词) Relative synonyms(相对同义词)在英语中为数很多，在每组同义词中， 它们具有共同的基本意义，但有文体、语义和用法上的差别。 如1. finish –complete –fulfill 2. convince ---persuade 3. let----allow---permit 4. be able to----be capable of ask—inquire----question answer—reply---respond bear—stand—endure ----put up with boat—ship--- composition—article—essay—thesis cold—cool—chilly—frigid doctor—physician—surgeon—dentist excuse—pardon---forgive foolish---silly---stupid habit—custom hope---expect—wish journey—trip—voyage—travel gathering—meeting—conference----congress quiet—calm—still---silent sound—noise---voice---tone speak—talk---say---tell有些同义词的聚合是地域性的同义词。由于地域性的差别，美国英语和英国英语在词汇方面有些差别，美国英语和英国英语有时用不同的词表示同一个概念。如：有些同义词的聚合是地域性的同义词。由于地域性的差别，美国英语和英国英语在词汇方面有些差别，美国英语和英国英语有时用不同的词表示同一个概念。如：Britain English Autumn Luggage Biscuit Flat Lift Railway Ring Rubbish Sofa Sweets TapAmerican Fall Baggage Cracker Apartment Elevator Railroad Call Garbage Couch Candy Faucet/spigot英语中有些同义词只有在一定的情况下才可以互换，在大多数情况下是不能互换的，因为它们各有各的‘选择限制’，它们有不同的搭配限制。这些同义词的位置分布相同，句法功能相同，但搭配不同。英语中有些同义词只有在一定的情况下才可以互换，在大多数情况下是不能互换的，因为它们各有各的‘选择限制’，它们有不同的搭配限制。这些同义词的位置分布相同，句法功能相同，但搭配不同。如：deep ----- profound。均有‘深’的含义，但只有在与 sympathy 等少数词搭配时可以互换： 1.We all have deep/profound sympathy for him（我们对他深表同情） 2.He used to live in the deep forest. ( 深处的 ) 3.He is trying to explain a profound theory. ( 深奥的 ) Young-----new 均有幼小的含义。但它们一般是不能互换的，young 用指生命的(animate) 人或物，new 用指无生命 (inanimate) 的物 Young-----new 均有幼小的含义。但它们一般是不能互换的，young 用指生命的(animate) 人或物，new 用指无生命 (inanimate) 的物 4. We young people are happy today 5. He has a young dog. 6. We have planted many young trees. 7. He has bought a new computer. 但是，new 构成复合词时，有时既可以指有生命的人和物，也可以指无生命的人和物。 8. This is a new-born baby. （ 新生的） 9. This is a new-blown flower.（新开的） 10.This is a new-built library. （新建的） 有些同义词聚合的句法功能相同，与之搭配的词也相同，但是句法分布有差别 有些同义词聚合的句法功能相同，与之搭配的词也相同，但是句法分布有差别 Living—alive sleeping ----asleep wake---awake 10. He is the greatest living poet in China. 11.He is the greatest poet alive in China,有些同义词在‘语义的外延’（denotation） 存在差别，它们指的对象或强调的 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 不同。有些同义词在‘语义的外延’（denotation） 存在差别，它们指的对象或强调的内容不同。 empty----vacant---hollow---bare 1.This is an empty house. 2. Most of the hotel rooms are vacant. 3.There is an old hollow tree in front of the church. 4. The wall of the classroom is bare.有些同义词聚合在‘语义的内涵’（connotation ）上有差别，有的词汇具有褒义（commendatory connotation）， 有的具有贬义（derogatory connotation ）。要在具体的语境中才能确定其准确的含义。有些同义词聚合在‘语义的内涵’（connotation ）上有差别，有的词汇具有褒义（commendatory connotation）， 有的具有贬义（derogatory connotation ）。要在具体的语境中才能确定其准确的含义。e.g. statesman----politician Resolute-----obstinate---, stubborn有的多义词能与不同意义的词构成同义聚合或反义聚合。如；有的多义词能与不同意义的词构成同义聚合或反义聚合。如；反义关系与反义聚合反义关系与反义聚合 What are antonyms? Antonyms are traditionally described as words opposite in meaning. Types of Antonyms Types of AntonymsMorphological classification Antonyms can be divided into two groups according to morphology: root antonyms and derivative antonyms.（以词根和派生为依据的传统划分 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ----也叫绝对反义词）nullRoot antonyms clear----vague large----small up ----down Derivative antonyms; Pleasant------unpleasant formal---informal Polite-------impolite honest----dishonest Useful----useless prewar-----postwar Legal-----illegal regular-----irregular Semantic classification（ 以语义对比为依据来划分的现代标准）Semantic classification（ 以语义对比为依据来划分的现代标准）1.相对反义词（contrary terms or gradable antonyms ,or relative antonyms） 相对反义词指的是语义相对，形成两极。 Eg. wide ----narrow, old-----young, Big-----small hot--------cold Beautiful---ugly excellent---terrible2.互补反义词）有的语言学家把它们叫做‘矛盾词’（contradictory terms）‘二元反义词’(binary antonyms)或 ‘互补反义词’(complementaries)2.互补反义词）有的语言学家把它们叫做‘矛盾词’（contradictory terms）‘二元反义词’(binary antonyms)或 ‘互补反义词’(complementaries) (complementary)是由John Lyons 提出的。反义词的互补性是指非此即彼. We may say : If John is not married, he is single. And if John is not single, he is married. E.g. dead----alive boy----girl man-----woman brother ---sister male---female (complementary)是由John Lyons 提出的。反义词的互补性是指非此即彼 We may say : If John is not married, he is single. And if John is not single, he is married. E.g. dead----alive boy----girl man-----woman brother ---sister male---female (complementary)是由John Lyons 提出的。反义词的互补性是指非此即彼 We may say : If John is not married, he is single. And if John is not single, he is married. E.g. dead----alive boy----girl man-----woman brother ---sister male---female 2.Conversives (换位反义词) Conversives denotes not only the oppositeness of meaning, but also an interdependence of meaning. That is to say, one member of the antonyms is always found in words concerning social and spatial relationships. 2.Conversives (换位反义词) Conversives denotes not only the oppositeness of meaning, but also an interdependence of meaning. That is to say, one member of the antonyms is always found in words concerning social and spatial relationships. e.g. husband----wife parent----child teacher-----student debtor-----creditor fiancé------fiancée widow------ widower sell-------buy give------receive lend-----borrow 由于英语中的一词多义和一词多性的特征，其反义词不可能是固定不变的一个词，由于不同的语境，要用不同的反义词。由于英语中的一词多义和一词多性的特征，其反义词不可能是固定不变的一个词，由于不同的语境，要用不同的反义词。