罗宾斯管理学讲义03

nullnullL E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic Define the omnipotent and symbolic views of management. Contrast the action of manager according to the omnipotent and symbolic views. Explain the parameters of managerial discretion. The Organization’s Culture Define organizational culture. Explain what the definition of culture implies. Describe the seven dimensions of organizational culture. Define a strong culture.L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.The Organization’s Culture (cont’d) List the factors that influence the strength of an organization’s culture. Discuss the impact of a strong culture on organizations and managers. Explain the source of an organization’s culture. Describe how an organization’s culture continues. Explain how culture is transmitted to employees. Describe how culture affects managers. Describe how managers can create a culture that supports diversity.L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.Current Organizational Issues Facing Managers Explain how a strong culture affects whether an organization is ethical. Describe the characteristics of an ethical culture. List some suggestions for creating a more ethical culture. Describe the characteristics of an innovative culture. Explain six characteristics of a customer-responsive culture. Discuss the actions managers can take to make their cultures more customer-responsive. Define workplace spirituality.L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.Current Organizational Issues Facing Managers (cont’d) Define workplace spirituality. Explain why workplace spirituality seems to be an important concern. Describe the characteristics of a spiritual organization. Discuss the criticisms of spirituality. The Environment Define the external environment an specific and general environment. Describe the components of the specific environment.L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.The Environment (cont’d) Describe the components of the general environment. Define and discuss environmental uncertainty and its two dimensions. Define stake holders. Identify the most common organizational stakeholders. Explain why stakeholder relationship management is important.The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic?The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic?Omnipotent View of Management Managers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure. The quality of the organization is determined by the quality of its managers. Managers are held most accountable for an organization’s performance yet it is difficult to attribute good or poor performance directly to their influence on the organization.The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic?The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic?Symbolic View of Management Much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside of managers’ control. The ability of managers to affect outcomes is influenced and constrained by external factors. The economy, customers, governmental policies, competitors, industry conditions, technology, and the actions of previous managers Managers symbolize control and influence through their action The Organization’s CultureThe Organization’s CultureOrganizational Culture A system of shared meanings and common beliefs held by organizational members that determines, in a large degree, how they act towards each other. “The way we do things around here.” Values, symbols, rituals, myths, and practices Implications: Culture is a perception. Culture is shared. Culture is descriptive.Strong versus Weak CulturesStrong versus Weak CulturesStrong Cultures Are cultures in which key values are deeply held and widely held. Have a strong influence on organizational members. Factors Influencing the Strength of Culture Size of the organization Age of the organization Rate of employee turnover Strength of the original culture Clarity of cultural values and beliefsBenefits of a Strong CultureBenefits of a Strong CultureCreates a stronger employee commitment to the organization. Aids in the recruitment and socialization of new employees. Fosters higher organizational performance by instilling and promoting employee initiative.Organizational CultureOrganizational CultureSources of Organizational Culture The organization’s founder Vision and mission Past practices of the organization The way things have been done The behavior of top management Continuation of the Organizational Culture Recruitment of like-minded employees who “fit.” Socialization of new employees to help them adapt to the cultureHow Employees Learn CultureHow Employees Learn CultureStories Narratives of significant events or actions of people that convey the spirit of the organization Rituals Repetitive sequences of activities that express and reinforce the values of the organization Material Symbols Physical assets distinguishing the organization Language Acronyms and jargon of terms, phrases, and word meanings specific to an organizationHow Culture Affects ManagersHow Culture Affects ManagersCultural Constraints on Managers Whatever managerial actions the organization recognizes as proper or improper on its behalf Whatever organizational activities the organization values and encourages The overall strength or weakness of the organizational culture Simple rule for getting ahead in an organization: Find out what the organization rewards and do those things.Organization Culture IssuesOrganization Culture IssuesCreating an Ethical Culture High in risk tolerance Low to moderate aggressiveness Focus on means as well as outcomesCreating an Innovative Culture Challenge and involvement Freedom Trust and openness Idea time Playfulness/humor Conflict resolution Debates Risk-takingOrganization Culture Issues (cont’d)Organization Culture Issues (cont’d)Creating a Customer-Responsive Culture Hiring the right type of employees (ones with a strong interest in serving customers) Having few rigid rules, procedures, and regulations Using widespread empowerment of employees Having good listening skills in relating to customers’ messages Providing role clarity to employees to reduce ambiguity and conflict and increase job satisfaction Having conscientious, caring employees willing to take initiativeSpirituality and Organizational CultureSpirituality and Organizational CultureWorkplace Spirituality The recognition that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community. Characteristics of a Spiritual Organization Strong sense of purpose Focus on individual development Trust and openness Employee empowerment Toleration of employees’ expressionBenefits of SpiritualityBenefits of SpiritualityImproved employee productivity Reduction of employee turnover Stronger organizational performance Increased creativity Increased employee satisfaction Increased team performance Increased organizational performanceDefining the External EnvironmentDefining the External EnvironmentExternal Environment The forces and institutions outside the organization that potentially can affect the organization’s performance. Components of the External Environment Specific environment: external forces that have a direct and immediate impact on the organization. General environment: broad economic, socio-cultural, political/legal, demographic, technological, and global conditions that may affect the organization.How the Environment Affects ManagersHow the Environment Affects ManagersEnvironmental Uncertainty The extent to which managers have knowledge of and are able to predict change their organization’s external environment is affected by: Complexity of the environment: the number of components in an organization’s external environment. Degree of change in environmental components: how dynamic or stable the external environment is.Stakeholder RelationshipsStakeholder RelationshipsStakeholders Any constituencies in the organization’s external environment that are affected by the organization’s decisions and actions Why Manage Stakeholder Relationships? It can lead to improved organizational performance. It’s the “right” thing to do given the interdependence of the organization and its external stakeholders.Managing Stakeholder RelationshipsManaging Stakeholder RelationshipsIdentify the organization’s external stakeholders. Determine the particular interests and concerns of the external stakeholders. Decide how critical each external stakeholder is to the organization. Determine how to manage each individual external stakeholder relationship.