匈文字母

78 PART X: USE AND ADAPTATION OF SCRIPTS Uralic languages Europe's Uralic literary languages, Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian, all have high and mid front rounded vowels, Finnish and Estonian also [ae], represented ortho- graphically by an umlaut—except that Finnish, like Swedish, uses y rather than u. Al- though archaic and rural varieties of standard Hungarian distinguish low and mid front unrounded vowels, they are not distinguished orthographically (or in current ur- ban speech). All three languages have distinctive vowel and consonant length. Consonant length is shown by doubling the consonant (or the first element of a digraph in Hun- garian, e.g. ssz for long sz [s]). Doubling is also used for vowel length in Finnish and Estonian; but Hungarian uses an acute accent, and combines umlaut and acute to give the distinctive diacritic in o ii. Estonian has a distinction between light and heavy stressed syllables, involving a combination of tenseness, segment length, and pitch, but this is usually not shown orthographically. However, for long intervocalic obstruents (except [s]) Estonian writes /?, t, k,f, s in light stressed syllables, andpp, tt, kk.ff, ss in heavy stressed syl- lables, e.g. kapi [kappi] 'cupboard (genitive)', kappi ["kappi] 'cupboard (illative)', where ["] symbolizes heavy stress. The short obstruents are written b, d, g, z word- PART X: USE AND ADAPTATION OF SCRIPTS TABLE medially and -finally (short [f] does not occur here), but p, t, k, f, s word-initially, as in kabi [kapi] 'hoof . Finnish uses the digraph ng to represent [q] (which occurs only long and intervo- calically, other than through assimilation of /n/ to a following velar), this being the only use of ^ in native words. Estonian has an extra vowel [y], written 3, and also has phonemically distinct (pre-)palatalized [t^, [n^, [s^, and [V] in very restricted environments, the palataliza- tion not being shown orthographically. Hungarian has a more complicated consonant inventory, including palatals and affricates, and like Polish it makes widespread use of digraphs: [ts] is represented by c, as in most central and eastern European languages. A digraph with y represents a palatal in the case of gy [j], ty [c], ny [pj; ly originally represented a palatal lateral, but has now merged with [j]. A digraph with s represents a palatal in the case of cs [tj] and zs [3]. Among the voiceless fricatives, Hungarian has s for [J] but the digraph sz for [s]—a unique distribution among the modem languages of central and eastern Eu- rope, but one found elsewhere in earlier periods. All languages have basically non- phonemic stress, though Estonian has exceptions in words of foreign origin; stress is not indicated orthographically. Finnish and Estonian show Scandinavian influence in placing the special vowel letters at or near the end of the alphabet. Hungarian 1. Hungarian: Szeretnok, ha 2. Transcription: S8retn0:k ho J. Gloss: we.would.like.it if 1. tortenetenek buvarai, hanem nepiink szeles retegei is 2. t0rtein£te:nek buivairoi hanem neipynk seilej reitegei ij S. of.its.history its.investigators but our.people broad its. strata also 1. tudataban lennenek annak a hosi kiizdelemnek, melyet 2. tudataibon lenneinek onnok d h0:Ji kyzdelemnek mejet S. in.its.consciousness would.be of.that the heroic of.struggle which nemcsak 73 Uralic languages Benko, Lorand, and Imre Sadiu, Practica 134). The Hague Galdi, Laszlo, et al., comp. 197 add. Kurman,, George. 1968. The Uralic and Altaic Series Lehikoinen, Laila, and Silva Kjiuru ish]. Helsinki: Helsingin Ravila, Paavo. 1965. Finnish Mouton. Sulkala, Helena, and Merja Tauli, Valter. 1973. Standard (Acta Universitatis Upsal eds. 1972. The Hungarian Language (Janua Linguamm Series Mouton; Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. Petofi-szotdr [Petofi dictionary], vol. i. Budapest: Akademiai Ki- 93), Development of Written Estonian (Indiana University Publications . Bloomington: Indiana University; The Hague: Mouton. 1989. Kirjasuomen kehitys [The development of written Finn- Yliopiston Suomen Kielen Laitos. Literary Reader Bloomington: Indiana University Press; The Hague: Karjalainen. 1992. Finnish. London: Routledge. ^tonian Grammar, part i : Phonology, Morphology, Word-Formation iensis, Studia Uralica et Altaica UpsaUensiaS). Uppsala. THE WORLD'S WRITING SYSTEMS Edited by Peter T. Daniels William Bright