![Osprey [MAA] 276.-.Austrian.Army.1740-80.(2).Infantry（奥地利军队2）](https://swf.iask.com/ec0ZQ0gWyLj_all.svg?ssig=%2Fz99Y%2FmmvK&Expires=1718481446&KID=sina,ishare&range=0-2187726)
l!mm
MILITARY \IE~-~lT-~\R\IS SERIES 276
THE AUSTRIAN ARMY
1740-80: 2 INFANTRY
1'1111.11' II \\ ""OR'\TII\\ \1'11. BILL \Ol ,\(i1ll "B \ '\f)
THE AUSTRIAN ARMY 1740-1780 (2)
THE EMPIRE AND
ITS INFANTRY
The composition of Ihe Habsburg Empire and ils
mililar~ forces is summarized in the fir~t parI ufthis
stud~, Tilt! .lustruUl .·Jm~)' 17-10 I i80 (I): C(/,l.'It1ry
(~IAA 271). The present \olumc I;ollccrn:-Ihc hull.
part orthe arm~, the infantr~.
At the accession uf .\laria Thcn:ssia in 1742), but frum lhe llUlOno-
mous Slates of the Hol~ Roman Empire and bc~ol1d.
When rcgimt.'ntal numbc~ \\cre a..signcd perma-
lir-emdicrs. c. 1;"&:1
fUintill~. ptT:Sum.,bl..
h-onlli(c. b., I)'B id
.\loner. teft: Regl. Los
Rios(no. 9): II hire uniform
_ilhpttn (udn~_.. und
_lIisfco.". bllffbrfT'C"hcs.
JdJo_ bUUtllls; (':1/' II ith
pttrl oog.•, dloll or gold
I:I~ ilnd f:ISSCI, unlrc:
Rerl. 1I11!dcc.-k (no, .15):
I,,"hitt uni(orm \I illl S('Ilr/N
/iJdngs (but .. lIire IlIpds
lind rurnb:lcJ.s). n'ffou
hlIllOnS. elll' wiri, bmss
plprt lI;,h ydlow or !luld
jllcx uncI tl/s~'f, R;lolht:
Rer', n·urmbmnd(no. 50):
IIhitt II il.h SOlrJ(" filcings,
IIhitt hUllons, rcd Cli/' bill!
lI·i,h IIhile or sifn'rlll('t"
brass oodge 0" w·nisr
pouch, Onl} 'hCC"Cnfrill
IiXUrthuSli rnJ SlOe!, tht:
others blucJ.; nolt: the
&dng-colourt'fl rollllrs,
1M nlrit4 lur""llcmcrll of
buttons lind differcnf
f»"ansofhelt, lind the
narrn,,'slrnp for ,h(' ":list
poudJ ofRql,
II urmhr.md. (The R 0.'":11
cml«lion ( l/tor H:ljcsl.'
fMQ!J«n)
nell1l~ in 1769. Ih(,rt., \\ere 57 regular regiments.
including 11 Ilung-Jrian, the :-':elhcrl:lIldish and t\\O
Italian. Prior to that date one rt."g"imenl e:aeh had OCcn
disb;mded from the 'etherlamb., I.umbard~, and
S\\;t7.erl:lIld, There \\ere in addition the Grm::. or
border infantr~ reg;mem.s (to be cm ernl ;n Part:; of
this stud~).
\ s;gnilic;llli change \1 hich tH.:curred during Ihis
perio(\ I\a.' the increase in the proportion of regi-
ments r:tised in Ilung;lry, the gmernment of Ihat
st:lle (of \1 hidl ~l:iria Theresa \\as Il1Ieen) h:l\ ing
from 1741111a(\e their l.:olllrihutiolllllore in "eeping
\\ilh the e'Ullpantli\e sizes of the \:triolls Ifahsburg
terriloric~. ·\lthou~h Ihe I hlllbrari:lIl regiments \1 ere
part of all intcgr:lled Illililar~ ,,~slem. Ilungar~ re-
mained a '>t'par:u(' J,.ingdom, p:lrI of the empire onl~
b~ reason of the llabshurg possession oflhe lTO\\ n of
Hun~rar~: for this reason all non-llung-J.ri:1lI units
\Iere cummonl~ st~lcd 'Germ:Ill', irn"I)I;(,ti\e of
their actu:11 place oforigin.
'Foreign' personnel, including man~ offkcr!l,
J
Gn:nadiers.. e. 'NS: a
pain/in/! b..-fJ."II·jd JloriIT.
IIIhieh inc1udc..-s Rq,rt.
L"jnir.d (no. ~). rilfhl.
III ellring ehllrllctt·r;." Tbe "ther
grc'lIadiers h:ll'(' sc..'tlrkl
Clln:i:ln army.
Fr.IIl:' \Iurit;, 1~IC~ (1725-1!'l01) \\:I~ burn in 51.
Petersburg, Inc son of an ("\ill' of 1690 \\ho had a
distinguished career in Ihe Ru~~ian ~lrm~. Carl
Claudius O'Dollllell (1715-i I), count ofTyrconnell,
also came from an Irish cllligrant lamil~ and \\:I~ a
kinsman of Ihe Spanish field-marshal I h:nr~ Joseph
O'Donnell (1769-18.H).
Ahhough Ihe nalurc uf .!tome memocrs uf Ihe
Austrian army ,\as Ilut as -foreign' as Iheir namL'S
might suggest, il is interesting 10 note lhal of the
II/hubers (colonel-proprielors) of inf~lnlr~ n.:gilllents
during the period li-W-liSO, :llmo~1 half had 1I0n-
German namL'S. amllhe proportion of'foreig:ncn.' 10
Austrians is c\"Cn gn.':ller \\ hen Ih(' Gcrman~ origi-
n:lling from outside Ihe I-bb...burg: bnds arc con:.id-
ered. (I\lore th~1Il l\\elH~ 11I!lII!Jas bore Hungarian
names, a simibr number had names suggesling ~l
French or Nelherlands origin, U had Ilalhm nalll\."S,
nine Irish and Ihr('e Scoui...h).
Recruiling
Ih:l,:l'uiling: \\a:-; (oll(hU:lnl pl'imaril~ b~ Ihe regi-
menlS. ill\lll\ing: hlllh \Olunl:lr~ enli... llllent and eUll-
...eriplion. \'Olullh.'1:r... \\erc :IlITal'led b~ L";ISn \)(lUn-
liL,:>, \Iith inf:mlr~ !>tJlllclimc... offered onl~ half Inc
alllouni the L";I\alr~mCIl r(':l"('i\ed. Ill(' moulll('d regi-
Illl'nts t hu:,> h:l\ ing the pid, of recruits. \ I:ln~ rCl"l'uils
came rrom outside the I bh:.burg dUl11~lins; e\ell
during: 11ll' hrief pl:riOlI \1 hen Ihe imperial ero\\ n
pa",sl'd from Ihe hands of the Ilabshurg: lamil~ 10
Ihn...", ofeharlcs :\Ibert of lJ~l\ ,Iria (Emperor eh,lrle...
\ II). I hu~ dcpri\ ing Ih(' .-\ u... lri,1ll recruileN ofacn ...
to Illuch of til(' empire, Ihe recruil" frolll 110n-
Il:Ihsburg ll'l'riturie... slill rcpresellll'd :llmoSI one-
liflh of Ihe 101;11. onida I l'l:cruiling-gruunds \\ithin
Ihe empire \1 ('rt.' nOI :I ......ignl·d tt) regimenl" unlil Ii66,
but Ix'furL' Ihal date mall\ mai11laincd a 'national'
Grmadirrs, C. , i4S; II
p:linti".~b.l IJ:ll"id Morit·r.
The /t,f'-}II111d figlln" tIJ
~·hich 11/1 irh·lI/if." OrRt1t'.
IJrmnw ("0. .16) 1I:ls bt,t,,,
uscrilxd, hilS gn:c1J
6cings. ~-hilC'bIJUC}fJ5, IJO
bpds. red slOd., and IIpon
1M M-:list polich a M hite
mrtul coal ofarms IlIId
sq,.'1t'JHc grcfllldcs ,If the
sides. 'rhe t~lJ' h,"IS:1 gn't'"
pf:uc with II"hi't'l/Iell,1
border IIncl bnlss gn'"mh',
IltId u gn'CtI b:li! M-ilh II hilt,
M siJno,. It.C'C'. Tht· right
lund figure has scu,.lt,t
fucinp. -,"dloll btJtw"s
and poIICh-gn·tladc. bll"'"
,noe". and Ii sc:,rlC't ClIp
1m!! ",ilh yd/ow ur goM
Ince. (The Roml CofJt·t'lioll
/-Ier Mllit''';.'· ll,t, QlIl·t·fI)
5
Gn·l!:u/hT.... ,'. , NtJ;"
paillting by IJIII/iel .\Iori,·r.
Tllisckpit,t;ollof
/lflilk", iliNI n:J!;m,·"ls
illt:Judt'S" ..,igllifinmt sick
I';ell' uftlle !frellmlier e,,1'
(III.J/{· "Isu ,1", gn·"t kngtll
ofql"·lJt'j. Tile Idi I."ml
figure Ims briglll bllR'
fi,cim!s 11m! bn'ed,,'s, Mil,'
C"Jl !;;,g wit II .1'1'11/111' or
goM/acc, yC'lIow !wttOlIS
'1Il11 rI'cl srrx;J,;: rill'
t!rI'mldhT m ril!11I hm.'
:..ear/N eoll"r ';IJ(I C'lIn;,. 110
ItIpds, wllit(, IlIr"h:n'J,;s,
MI.d'stock. Hilll n'el ";11'
bllg lI'itl, ydlull' or goM
IIIC;e, .vole how d"lIrh' the
II-I,il" ,..rocking......110 u: wiIII
euloured hre,'c:h,'s (leti),
,,1/11 Ihe !OlIllle lif!lIn' lIlso
"l'lx'a,." to ...ho lI' the us,' o[
rci"fiJrel'd or Il'IIlhl'r
!!:Iiu:r-lOl's, (T"e Roya'
CoJlcc'I;OI' I' I kr l\1;ljesl,\
tile Quec'/I)
identity by drawing recruits fi'om ;I particular uea.
Nol until Septcmber 1756 were lhe Netherlandish
and Italian regiments permitted 10 ;Kcept recruits
from any part of the empire, and only from January
1758 \I'cr(~ Hung-,Irian regiments ;l11owed to enrol
for('i~ll('rs ;lIld deserters of any nation;llit~.
Enlistment was initially for life, but to enmurage
a superior grade of reeruil limited service \I',IS intro-
duced from j\ lay 1757, by which nwn could cnlist for
unl~ six years or the duration of host ilit ies: e\'cnl uall~
up 10 one-third of all rC(ruits enlisled under these
terms. Voluntary enlistment was supplemented by:\
limited form of conscription, but this :lpplicd only to
the f\ustrian and Bohemian lands, :md produced only
limited numbers of recruits who were not alwa\'s of
the best qU:llit~. A wider conscription was dc\·ised at
the end of ,\ Iari:l Theresa's reign, by which men were
tmincd for t\IO years and then permiH('d 10 relllrn
home lor ;111 but six wceks' annual tr:llning; but this
system ne\"er extended to h,lly or the Netherlands
and only hiler 10 I-Iungar~ and the Tyrol, coming into
,
effect in 17SI. 'I'he tmditiunal method of forming
1-lungari,\11 units was b~ ,I feudal le\'y or 'Insurrec-
lion', but the regimcnts r.lised for thc army were
organized on the s;\nu: system as those from the
'German' parts of the empire,
The ollieer corps was nOI so 1lluch the aristu-
cratic elite as it was in some armies, it being possible
for an ofllcer of humble origin to rise by his own
mcrits; but an otlil'er with aristocratic conncctlons, or
\\ealth, could achieve aecc1eralClI promotion. Al-
though there was no ollidal system of purchase of
r:lI1k, the cmpirc's council of war (I-/ofl.:ril'gsra(h)
demanded;\ pa~ment fiw each prnmOlion, ahhough
c;llldidatcs for higher r;ll1k had 10 have been deemed
worthy in the first place, F;unily influence was an
undoubted ad\"amagc. For e'ample. the distin-
guished field-marshal Leopold Daun (1705-66) had
been intended for the church, but \\ilh:l father :Illd
gr.mdf:uher who \\crc bOlh general omcen. it \\as
probabl~ ine\"itable th:1I he should make his l"':lreer in
his father's regimenl. I-Ie sened \\ilh it in Sieil~ in
1718, :lnd duly rose Iu command il. (This regimenl,
numbered 56 in 1767, \\ ~IS fin~lll~ named :lfler him in
1888).
There was no prejudice ag-Jinsl foreign oflicers.
I:\'en those who came to Auslrian scn icc from :111-
olher arnly: Ihe career of Em.,,1 Gideon I.oudon
(1717-90) being one oflhc mosl distinguished c,am-
pies. Born in Li\onia ofa Sconish famih \\ho had
senlcd Ihere in the l·hh cemur~, he sen"ed first in the
Russian army before applying 10 Frederick the Gre.1I
for a Prussian commission. This \\as refused (il \\.1.'1
said becausc Frederick remarked, 'The ph~ siognom~
oflhis man docs nOI plC'JSC me'!), M) instl~.ld Loudon
joined Trend's Pandours in Ihe :\ustrian amn. If
lhe- slor~ is true. il is intcresling 10 reflect UI){)l\ the
consequences of Frederick's dislike of Loudon's face,
for in I:ucr campaigns he became one of the Prussian
ling's sternest opponenls.
An incident in I.oudon·s c:lTeer dCmOnSIT:lIeS lhe
leadership expected of Auslrian otlieers. Atlhe siege
of Iklgr:ldl' in 1789 he assembled his st:lfr at the first
parallel amI infllrmnlth,,'m thatlhe~ mu."t not retreat
onc stcp: 'Here is the Spol \\here \\e must either
....omluer or dil" ... I i>h:llln·crI m~ utmost enims to
attain thl" proposed end. bUI I alslI desire that e\er~
one do his dut~" I \\ish C\"Cr~ one 10 prep:lre for
\'il.:tor~ or dealh. and I(ll.:tlflsidcr IhallHllle of us \Iere
burn nO( 10 die.'
REGIMENTAL
ORGANIZATION
Eaell regiment \Ia~ hcaded b~ its fllfUl!ll'ror ·....utoncl-
proprietor'. I\ho cnjoyed almusl eomplele contrul
0\ er Ihe regiment's tinances. lrain ing. recruil ing, and
0\ er the appointml"m .lIul promulion of its ollil.:er."
(nul until 1765 did Ihe lIojl:nl.'gmlllt assume the
appointing of field ollicers)..-\hhough the rights and
influencc of the f"ltll/1(r dcrlined during the period
under re\ic\\. and although actual command of Ihe
regiment was \-esled in the colonel \\ho led it, thc
fllltu!ll.'r remained much more Ihan rnercl~ a titular
colonel-in-....hief. ami e"en g' shu...
dc"rl." rlg:limif ,lIe n'el
IJrccdl<:ll, (1"/1(' R,,)"al
Colln'liun <0 l-kr ,\I;1;('SI.I'
rill- {JUl'l'll)
regimen! of the senior 11I1ItIba the prcli\ ':\It' ;Jnd
Ihat oflhl' junior 'Jung' ~ hence 'Jung-\\'olfellbilltcl'
(no, 10) ami ';\It-\\'olfl'nbullel' (no, 29), btllh
Inlruhrn being memocrs of th:ll sl;lle'~ ruling famil~,
Considcr"'J.blc difterences in the \pelling of names
ma~ be encountered in contcmp0r"'J.r~ <;ouro,.'S, l'Spc-
ciall~ non-German names, c.g. Lj\:lr~i ur Cj\ar~,
Kokemesd~ or KoL:cnyesd~, L:ll:~ or Las(:~, ete.; but
similar \ariations ma~ be found l'\CIl in the case of
German names, e.g. B:lden or Baaden, Deutsch-
mcistcr or Teutschmeister. In sume cases spellings
changed during the period: the famil~ name of
Gidl'Oll I.oudlln \\as orten spelled '1.:lUdon' or
'J...audohn' b~ GerJ11:ln-speal.ers, the Ialter being
used by his f:llllily, until in 1751) he rnerled tll lhe
origin:ll Scottish 'I ,oudon '.
Throughout the period nllll. structure remained
reason:lbl~ conSI:1I11. Bclow the II/III/fur \\:lS Ihe eolo-
ncl-comm:mdant or ObriJf (a cllntemp~Jr:lr~ spelling
of the modern Oberst: Ihe Illllllln'r \I:I~ somelimes
st~led Olmst-llIlllIha). The other field rJ.nl.s "erc
those of Ohmilielliellont or lieuIl'nalll-t'olonci (simi-
larly, 'lieutenant' was used in place of the more
modern Il'IiUWIII), and Oh"Sflruc"tmt'lSIrr, rl'-named
,HaJor from about 1757. Other onicen. \\ere the
compan~ C':J.plain (I-IUIlPI",tlll1l or /lul/pllellle), ,,-ith
his subaherns Ihe l.it'lIlemlllt and Full/me" (or
FanJruhr, an ensign). In 1759 Ihe ranI. of PlUmr,,"
(Cornrl in the lOl\ airy) was replaced b~ L'III('r-lul/tell-
anI, \\ilh Llt'IIlemU/ls being Sl~ led Ober-I/(,/(/l'IIlIlItS.
As field officers nominall~ retained eumlll:lTHI of a
compan~, the new rank of CUpllti'lt-III'I(//'I/((/1I \\as
introduced ill 1748 for Ihe ofllcers \Iho :ICIU:llh
commanded field officers' eumpanies. Below the
tOlllmissioned of11cers were cadets of variuus gra'!l-s,
serving with regimellls in prep:lr:llion fur recei\'ing a
commission: the senior of these \1 ere st ~ led Fli"lllt('//-
CatMtII. From 1752 onl~ !I\D-thirds uf nC\1 otlicers
entered b~ Ihis route: the rem:lining \:tc:lI1cies were
rcsen'ed for 1,......J.duatcs of the militar~ alOldem~ at
Wiener l':eustadl.
The senior XeD rank \\as lhal of company
serge-J.IlI-major or Fr/tbl'iihel (Felthl'~hel is Ihe more
familiar modern spclling).lkIO\\ him \\as Ihe Fiiltrer,
\\ho frcquentl~ carried Ihe mlours, and Ihe l'Ompan~
clerk or FOlmer, 100:\"elher responsible for Ihe com-
pany aecoullls and musler rolls. Thl'Se lhree mnh
were I.nO\\ll as the P"II/a PlaNfI, from their n:llnl'~
I
•
l
Rn;ru; fill}: fill' :. fin.' : :Ill sea :11 It''''''''' 10 " ..-nu;."..·;t
...j, ; li:l" tu t·fl/;_~I. (I~rilll ,.{tc:r R. I on 01 U'II (('leI)
appearing ori!!"inall~ on Ihe first page of Ihe musler
roll. Beneath Ihl'lll \\ere the Ctlrptlrtlls,lu,Jch rl'~I)()ns
ib!l- for one of Iht, compan~'s ClJrpfJrtllsdllljim or
platoon~, and the lancc-corporJ.l~or Gejrt'llt'n; :1150
jl:lrt ofeach COlllpan~ , though nOI of xeo r"'J.nk. was
the Ft:ltIsdlt'r or llleditOlI orderl~, aTHI usuall~ 1\10
batmen (FfIIlrll'rSrltiiIZt:II). The number tlf ufllcers
:md ;'\'CO:- in l':lch cllmpan~ \\:I~ le~s lhan those
prm ided in some othcr .trJuies,:1I :1 ellst in cllll.:iency
lU the '\ustl'i:1I1 l'eginll:ms.
AltllllUgh n:gimellt:t1 org,llIizalioll remained rea~
sonabl~ st:m
本文档为【Osprey [MAA] 276.-.Austrian.Army.1740-80.(2).Infantry（奥地利军队2）】，请使用软件OFFICE或WPS软件打开。作品中的文字与图均可以修改和编辑，
图片更改请在作品中右键图片并更换，文字修改请直接点击文字进行修改，也可以新增和删除文档中的内容。
该文档来自用户分享，如有侵权行为请发邮件ishare@vip.sina.com联系网站客服，我们会及时删除。
[版权声明] 本站所有资料为用户分享产生，若发现您的权利被侵害，请联系客服邮件isharekefu@iask.cn，我们尽快处理。
本作品所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权，请谨慎使用。
网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽..)目的在于配合国家政策宣传，仅限个人学习分享使用，禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。
浙公网安备 33021202002483