高中英语课件

nullIntroductionIntroductionPresented by Zhang JunjunMain contentMain content1.1 the concept of Constructions 1.2 a brief introduction to Construction Grammar 1.3 an alternative account: Lexicosemantic Rules 1.4 advantages of the Construction Account 1.5 traditional motivations for lexical rules1.1 the concept of Constructions 1.1 the concept of Constructions Constructions- form-meaning correspondences that exist independently of particular verbs. Constructions in traditional grammar/in the early stages of transformational grammar Two goals of the monographTwo goals of the monograph1. to bring constructions back to their rightful place on central stage by arguing that they should be recognized as theoretical entities. 2. to explicate the semantics associated with particular clausal patterns.nullDifferences in complement configuration are often associated wit differences in meaning. Examples ………… In the monograph: argument structure constructions are a special subclass of constructions that provides the basic means of clausal expression in a language.5 argument structure constructions are to be discussed in the monofraph5 argument structure constructions are to be discussed in the monofraph1. Ditransitive X CAUSE Y to RECEIVE Z Subj V Obj Obj2 Pat faxed Bill the letter. 2. Caused Motion X CAUSE Y to MOVE Z S V O O1 Pat sneezed the napkin off the table. 3. Resultative X CAUSE Y to BECOME Z S V O Xcomp She kissed him unconscious. 4. Intrans. Motion X MOVES Y S V O1 The fly buzzed into the room. 5. Conative X DIRECTS ACTION at Y S V O1at She kicked at Bill. According to Construction Grammar, a distinct construction is defined to exist if one or more of its properties are not strictly predicable from knowledge of other constructions existing in the grammar. Phrasal patterns/morphemesConstructions vs. the “listemes” Constructions vs. the “listemes” The entities of grammar are listed. …………………………….1.2 a brief introduction to Construction Grammar 1.2 a brief introduction to Construction Grammar The basic tenet of Construction Grammar is that traditional constructions are the basic units of language. Theorists working within this theory share 2 interests: 1. characterizing the entire class of structures that make up language 2. accounting for the conditions under which a given construction can be used felicitously.Similarities and differences between Construction Grammar and the others Similarities and differences between Construction Grammar and the others Where is it from? Has grown largely out of work on frame semantics (Fillmore) and an experientially based approach to language (Lakoff), the approach to semantics that is adopted by the theory is one that crucially recognizes the importance of speaker-centered “construals” of situations in the sense of Langacker.Rejecting 2 strict divisionRejecting 2 strict divisionNo strict division is assumed between the lexicon and syntax. lexicon vs. syntax. Semantics vs. pragmatics Construction Account vs. Lexicosemantic Rules 1.3 an alternative account: Lexicosemantic Rules1.3 an alternative account: Lexicosemantic RulesIn any given language the syntactic subcategorization frames of verb may be uniquely predictable from the verb’s lexical semantics. 1. over complement structure appears to be predictable by general linking rules that map semantic structure onto syntactic form. 2. the same verb stem often occurs with more than one complement configuration.1.4 advantages of the Construction Account1.4 advantages of the Construction Account1.4.1 implausible Verb Senses Are Avoided Examples…………… The whole is not built up from the lexical items in a straightforward way, by postulating a construction that is itself associated with meaning.1.4 advantages of the Construction Account1.4 advantages of the Construction Account1.4.2 Circularity Is Avoided Examples…………1.4 advantages of the Construction Account1.4 advantages of the Construction Account1.4.3 Semantic Parsimony The full expressions are different whenever a verb occurs in a different construction. But the differences need not be attributed to different verb senses: they are more parsimoniously attributed to the constructions themselves.1.4 advantages of the Construction Account1.4 advantages of the Construction Account1.4.4 compositionality is preserved 1.4.5 supportive evidence from sentence processing 1.4.6 supportive evidence from child language acquisition1.5 traditional motivations for lexical rules 1.5 traditional motivations for lexical rules 1. many alternation seem to be sensitive to lexical items, particularly verbs. 2. the lexicon is viewed as the receptacle of all idiosyntactic information 3. cross-linguistically, many alternations are accompanied by morphological marking on the verb. 4. “output” verbs undergo word information processes, which are generally supposed to be a result of lexical rules.nullThank you!