初高中英语总复习语法专项知识点大全

初中英语复习专辑（1）——名词 名词的数 1、可数名词与不可数名词 A、不可数名词，初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water ; meat ; rice ; bread ; milk ; tea ; orange(桔汁) ; fruit ; air ; snow ; chalk; work ; paper(纸) ; time(时间); music ; weather ; grass ; news ; food ; fish(鱼肉); coke ; porridge ; cake(可数或不可数). 不可数名词应注意以下几点： 1)前无数、冠，后无复数；作主语为三单. 2)表量用约数some /any ; much ; a lot of 或用of短语 eg. There is ____ bread on the table. [C] A. a B. one C. a piece of D. many There is some_______ on the plate. [B] A. apple B. fish C. milks D. deer 2、可数名词的复数 A、不规则变化： man—men ; woman—women ;child—children policeman—policemen Englishman—Englishmen Frenchman—Frenchmen foot—feet ; tooth—teeth mouse(鼠)—mice B、规则变化 1）s; sh; ch; x 结尾加 es 读 [iz] 2) ce; se; ze; (d)ge 结尾加 s eg. boxes [b ksiz] blouses [blauziz] 3)f (fe) 结尾则变f(fe)为v加es---读[vz] eg. knives [naivz] 4) “辅+y”结尾变y为i加es 清就清[s] 5)一般加s 浊就浊[z] eg. books[buks] pens[penz] babies[beibiz] 但注意以下几点： ① potato—potatoes ; tomato—tomatoes ② 单复同形: fish ; sheep ; deer ; Chinese ; Japanese ③ 由man , woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数 man doctor — men doctors ④ reef—reefs ⑤ “某国人”的复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面. eg. German—Germans ⑥ people , police 常用单数形式表示复数概念 The police are looking for the missing boy. 3、名词所有格：名词’s (意思是 “……的”) A.有生命的名词所有格，一般在后加“’s”但注意： 1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s” Lucy and Lily’s father 露西和莉莉的父亲 Lucy’s and Lily’s fathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲. 2)以s结尾的词只加“ ’ ” eg. 1) the boys’ books 2) James’ father 3)无生命的名词所有格用of来引导 eg. the leg of the desk 4)双重所有格：a friend of my father’s a friend of mine ( √ ) a friend of my( × ) 初中英语复习专辑（2）——冠词 1、不定冠词a, an a用在辅音音素开头的词前 eg. a book a useful book a “u” [ju:sful] [ju:] an用于元音开头的词前. eg. an apple an hour an “F” [au ] [ef] 2、定冠词the 1)特指某人/某物 The book on the desk is mine. 2)世上独一无二的事物前 the sun , the moon, the earth, the sky 3)形、副最高级及序数词前 The third boy is the tallest of all. (但当这些词前已有其他限定词，如物主代词、所有格、指示代词时，则不能再用the) He is my first English teacher. 4)the + 姓的复数表示 “某家人”或“某夫妇”。 the Greens 格林一家/ 格林夫妇 3、不用冠词的几种情况： 1)在星期、月份、季节前不用冠词 2)学科名词前 3)球类运动及早、中、晚三餐名词前（但：①当三餐名词前有修饰词时，则要加适当的冠词. ②表乐曲演奏的名词前应加the） 1) He went to school after he had a quick breakfast. 2) play the violin / piano 初中英语专辑（3）——代词 （一）指示代词：this , that , these , those. this , that一般与可数名词的单数连用，而不与不可数名词连用（但that可单独指代不可数名词）。 that apple ( √ ) that meat ( × ) The weather in Sichuan is not so hot as ______ in Guangzhou. [that] (二)人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 1）人称代词：主格、宾格（作主语为主格， 作宾语为宾格; 介+宾格） eg. 1)I thank you 2)You thank me. 2）物主代词：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 一变(my—mine); 二留(his—his its—its) 三加s(your—yours ; our—ours ; her—hers ; their—theirs) 用法：有名不名，无名是名 eg. This is _____（我的）book. This book is ______（我的）. [ my ; mine] 3）反身代词：某某自己；亲自 单数 复数 yourself yourselves myself ourselves himself themselves herself itself 反身代词的常见搭配： 1.enjoy oneself 玩得高兴；过得愉快 2.hurt oneself 伤着自己 3.teach oneself = learn… by oneself 自学 4.(all) by oneself （完全）独立地 5.help oneself to 请自便；随便吃… 6.look after oneself 自理；照顾自己 7.leave one by oneself 把…单独留下 8.lose oneself in 陶醉于…；沉浸于… （三）不定代词 1)some与any 一般情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句、疑问句（但表邀请、建议的问句中可用some—此类句型常以could , would开头） 2) many + 可数 = a lot of : 许多 much + 不可数 （但a lot of不能用于否定句） 3) few , a few ; little , a little 表否定 表肯定 可数 few(几乎没有) a few(几个；一些) 不可数 little(几乎没有) a little(一点儿少许) ①.The story is easy to read. There are ____new words in it. [few] ②.Hurry up! There is_____ time left. [little] 4) everyone / anyone 不加of no one 不加 of none of ( )____ of us wants to read the book. [B] A. Everyone B. Every one C. Nobody D. No one 5）other ,another , others 单数 复数 泛指 another 三者以上的另一个 定语 主语、宾语 other some…others 特指 one…the other 一个…另一个 the others =the other+复名(另外的人或物) ①.We study _____ subjects besides Chinese. ②.May I have ___________ apple ? ③.These cups are clean. ________ are dirty. ④.I have two pens. One is red , ________ is blue. [ other ; another ; others ; the others] 另外注意：one another (三者以上的)相互 each other (两者的)相互 We should learn from each other(说明we指两个人) They help one another (说明they指三个人以上) 6) 二者与三者 复数 单数 单数 二者 both(都) neither(都不) either(任何一个) 三者 all(都) none(都不) any(任何一个) 注意： ①.both 否定 neither all 否定 none ②.both , all 不但作主语为复数，且被修饰的词也为复数；neither , none作主语为单数，但none of + 复名，neither of + 复名 ( )1.____ of my parents is a teacher. [B] A. None B. Neither C. Both D. All ( )2.There are many trees on ____ side of the river. [C] A. both B. any C. either D. all every one / any one of 7) each: (二者以上的)每个——作主、宾、定） every: (三者以上的)每个——只作定语） ①.____ student in the class likes English. ②.___ of the students studied hard. [Every ; Each] 四、数词 数词分为基数词和序数词。用于表示事物数目的词称为基数词，表示事物顺序的词称为序数词。 1.基数词(1000以内的基数词的读法) 365—three hundred and sixty-five 505—five hundred and five 2.基数词变序数词的方法： 基变序，有规律；词尾要加th。 一二三，特殊记；词尾分别tdd。 八去t ，九去e ；ve则以f替。 ty 则变作 ti ; 后面还有一个e。 要是遇到几十几；只将个位变成序。 eg. one—first two—second three—third eight—eighth nine—ninth twelve—twelfth twenty—twentieth twenty-one –-twenty-first 3.数词的应用： A、时刻表达法： a. 整点：基数词 + o’clock eg. It’s eight o’clock now. b. 几点几分： 1．直接表达法：先小时后分 eg. 3:25 three twenty-five 2.间接表达法：先分后小时 1)(<30分钟)用past ：分钟past 小时 eg. 3:25 twenty-five (minutes) past three 2) (>30分钟)用to：(60-分钟数) to (小时数+1) eg. 3:35 twenty-five (minutes) to four 3) 30分钟 = half 15分钟 = a quarter eg. 3:30 three thirty = half past three 3:15 three fifteen = a quarter past three. 3:45 three forty-five = a quarter to four B、日期表达法：月日，年（或日月年） 1949年10月1日 : October1st , nineteen forty-nine =the first of October, nineteen forty-nine 2000年: the year two thousand =twenty hundred 2001年: twenty o one 3月1日: March the first = the first of March C、表编号： 第207房间：Room 207 第五课： Lesson 5 = the fifth lesson D、序数词与不定冠词(a; an)连用表“又一；再一” eg. You’ve done it three times. Why not try a fourth time? E、分数的表达：分子（基数）、分母（序数） eg. one third 三分之一 two thirds 三分之二 注意：1.分子超过1时，分母加s 2.含分数的短语作主语由分数后的词决定谓语 eg.1)One third of the students are girls. 2)One third of the milk is mine. 3.分数的特殊形式 1)one third = a third 2)one fourth = a quarter three fourths = three quarters 3)one second = a half F、一些数词的复数 + of表约数： hundreds of ; thousands of ; millions of 五、介词 1.in; on; at用在时间词前，表“在” 1)at + 具体时刻 2)on + 具体某天（具体某天的上、下午等；星期词；以及上、下午词前有修饰词时） 3)in + 年、月、季节及一天中的某部分 但注意：at night= in the night at noon at this / that time at Christmas eg. 1.___ the morning 2.___ Monday morning 3. ___ a rainy evening 4. ___3:50 5.__ 2002 6.___ the morning of April 10 7.___ spring 8.___ night 9.___ this time 10. ___ March 另外注意：在时间词（morning , afternoon , evening ; Sunday…）前有last, next , this , that时，不再用介词. tomorrow, tonight前也不用介词。 eg. I will go(A) to the cinema(B) in(C) this evening. ______________ 2. in , on , at 表地点： at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如： eg. 1)He arrived ___Shanghai yesterday. 2)They arrived ___a small village before dark. 3)There is a big hole ____ the wall. 4)The teacher put up a picture ____ the wall. 3.in , on , to表方位 in(范围内)；on(范围外且接壤)；to(范围外但不接壤)。可表示为下图的位置关系 eg.1)Taiwan is in the southeast of China. 2)Hubei is on the north of Hunan. 3)Japan is to the east of China. cross: 动词“跨过，越过”=go across 4. across: （表面）跨过 through: （内部）穿过，贯穿 介词 eg. 1)Can you swim _____ the river? 2)The road runs __________ the forest. 3) _____ the bridge, you’ll find a cinema. 5. in + 时间段：与将来时连用 after + 时间段：与过去时连用 但after + 时间点：可与将来时连用。 1) I’ll leave _______ three o’clock.. That is, I’ll leave ________ about ten minutes. 2)They left _______ two weeks. 6. in the tree(外加在树上的事物) on the tree(树上自身具有的花、果、叶等) in the wall(镶嵌在墙内部的事物) 7. on the wall(墙表面的事物) 1) There is a map ___ the wall 2) There are four windows ___ the wall. 8.by bike / bus / car / ship (单数且无冠词) 但当这些交通工具名词前有其它修饰词时，则应使用相应的介词。 eg. by bike = on a(the; his) bike by car = in a(the ; her) car on: 在…（表面）上——接触 9. over: 在…的正上方 above: 在…的斜上方 未接触 1) The moon rose ______ the hill. 2) There is a bridge _____ the river. 3) There is a book ______ the desk. 10. between: 在（两者）之间 among :在（三者以上）之间 1)A big crowd of people were waiting for Li Lida on the beach. ________ them were his parents. 2)Tom sits ________Lucy and Lily. 11.on与about : 关于 on用于较正式的演讲、学术、书籍等 about用于非正式的谈话或随便提及 eg. He gave a talk ____ the history of the Party 12. in front of :在…前面/方（范围外）= before in / at the front of:在……前部（范围内） 1)There is a big tree _______ of the classroom. 2)A driver drives _________ of the bus. 类似区别：at the back of与behind 13.with和in: 表示“用“ with: 指“用工具、手、口等” in: 指“用语言、话语、声音等” 1) Please write the letter ____ a pen. 2) Please speak ____ a loud voice. 14. on a farm ; in a factory ; the girl in the hat ; leave for: 动身前往某地 15.一些固定搭配： （1）介词与动词的搭配 listen to , laugh at, get to, look for; wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…, 等。 （2）介词与名词的搭配 on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on one’s way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。 （3）介词与形容词的搭配 be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。 六、连词: 从属连词和并列连词 （一）从属连词：用于连接各种从句的连词 （二）并列连词： 并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有： 1.表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。 2. 表选择关系的or, either…or等。 3. 表转折关系的but, while（然而）等。 4.表因果关系的for, so等。 5. and: “和”在肯定句中表并列 or: “和”在否定句中表并列 另外：1)or “或者”用于选择疑问句 2)or “否则” eg. ①.Which do you like better, tea or milk? ②.Hurry up, or you’ll be late for school. 6.but “但是”表转折 eg. I listened, but I heard nothing. 注意：1)though(虽然), but(但是)不能连用 2)not … but 不是…而是 eg. This book isn’t mine but yours. both… and : 既…又（连接主语为复数） neither…nor: 既不…也不 连接两主 7. either…or: 或者…或者 语后者决 not only … but also:不但…而且 定单、复 eg.1)Both he and I are students. 2)Neither he nor I am a student. 七、形容词、副词的比较等级 1.原级：表示A与B在某方面相同。 句型：1) A + 谓 + as + 原级 + as + B 2) A + 谓(否定) + as/so + 原级 + as + B A与B在某方面不同 注意：not as / so… as = less than 不及；不如 eg. 1)This girl is as beautiful as that one. 2)You don’t eat so much as I 3)This book isn’t as interesting as that one = This book is ___ ________ _____ that one 2.比较级：两者进行比较（常与than连用） 1)I am cleverer than you 我比你聪明。 2)He runs faster than Jim 他比Jim跑得快。 3)I picked more apples than Jim.我比你摘的苹果多。 4)Which is more interesting, this one or that one? 哪本书更有趣，这本还是那本？ 3.最高级：三者（或三者以上）进行比较（常与表范围的in , of短语连用） ( 注意：of + 个体名词单数 in + 集合名词 ) eg. 1)Shanghai is the biggest city in China. 2)He runs fastest in our class. 3)He is the tallest of the three boys. 4)Which is the easiest, Lesson1, Lesson2 or Lesson3 ? 4.形、副比较等级的其他用法 1) “比较级and 比较级” 表示 “越来越……” eg. lazier and lazier 越来越懒 (但注意：如果多音节词用此结构时应为 more and more + 形、副) eg. more and more beautiful 越来越漂亮 2) “the比较级，the比较级” “越……，越……” eg. the more, the better 多多益善 _________ you are, _______ you will get. 你越懒，收获越少。 3) “the比较级of +二者” “二者中较……的一个” eg. 1) Lucy is the younger of the twins. 2) Of(A) the two books(B) this one(C) is thicker(D). _________ 4)表示二者相差多少用 “具体数量 + 比较级” eg. He’s a head taller than me. My brother is two years older than me 5)表示“是……几倍”时用“twice; three times等 + as…as” eg. 1)This book costs twice as much as that one. 这本书的价钱是那本书的两倍。 2)He has four times as many books as I have 他拥有的书是我拥有的四倍。 6)区别older / elder与farther / further older（年龄较老的） elder（指兄弟姐妹中排行在前的） eg. My ______ brother is ______ than me. farther (指距离“较远的”) further(指抽象事物的“更进一步的”) eg.1)He went abroad for ________ studies. 2)Fusun is _________ from our school than Zhaohua. 形、副比较等级还应注意 1.比较级前用a little ; much / a lot ; even / still来加强语气，表示“……一点儿；……得多 ； 更……” eg. 1) a little bigger 大一点儿 2)much more 多得多 3)even heavier更重 但注意：不能在比较级前加so; too; very; quite等。 2.比较级必须是同类事物相比（即as; than后的词应与主语是同类事物），注意常用漏的代词有：that; those; one; ones eg. 1)The apples (A) in this basket (B) are redder (C) than in that basket(D). _________ 2)This knife (A) isn’t (B) so (C) new as that (D). _______________ 3)Our classroom (A) is (B) bigger (C) than Lily(D). _______________ 3.个体与整体相比，不能包括个体，常用“any other + 单数名词”来进行比较。 eg.1）Betty(是个体) is cleverer than any student in her class(是整体). ( × ) 正：Betty is cleverer than any other student in her class. =Betty is cleverer than anybody else in her class. =Betty is the cleverest in her class. (特别注意以上三种句型的转换) 2)China is bigger than any country in Africa. 中国比非洲的任何一个国家都大。 3) China is bigger than any other country in Asia. 中国比亚洲的任何一个其他国家大。 *4.使用最高级时应把主语包括在范围内。 eg. Mary is the tallest of all her sisters.( × ) (all her sisters已排除了Mary) 改：Mary is the tallest of all the sisters. 5.表示“第二、第三……”时，可在最高级前加“second , third, …”（但“第一”不能用first） eg. The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China. 改错：________________ 附：形、副比较级和最高级的变化规则 A、规则变化 1.“辅 + y”结尾，变y为i加er , est (但“形 + ly ”构成的副词除外) 2.双写加er , est 3.直接加 er , est / r, st 4.在多音词前加more , most (以“形 + ly ”构成的副词也在前加more , most) B、不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best many/much more most bad/ill/badly worse worst little less least old older/elder oldest/eldest far farther further farthest furthest 另外： 1) 以-er , -ow , -ble , -ple结尾的双音节词加er, est / r, st. narrow ________ ________ simple _________ _________ able _______ _______ 2) tired__________ __________ pleased ___________ ____________ 3) often ________________ _____________ friendly_______________ ____________ 4)在形容词的最高级前一般加the, 副词的最高级前一般不加the (但当形容词最高级前有物主代词、所有格时则不再加the)。 eg. Lily is my the best friend.(改错) ________ 5)形容词作表语、定语，修饰名词(但部分形容词不能作定语，只能表语：ill ; alone ; asleep ; afraid ; interested ; excited ; surprised ). 副词作状语，修饰动词。 附Ⅰ——动词的四种形式 A、动三单的变法 1) “辅+y”结尾, 变y为i加es 2) “以s; sh; ch; x; o结尾, 加es 3)直接加s 但have----has B、现在分词的变法 1)去e加ing (e不发音) 2)双写加ing (“辅元辅”结尾且重读,y;w列外) 3)直接加ing 写出下列动词的现在分词 1.see_______2.come ________3.stop_______ 4.open _______5.listen_______6.drop ______ 7.prefer________8.fix_______ 9.relax ______ 10.die _______11.tie _______12.lie _______ C、动词的过去式和过去分词 （一）不规则变化（见课本不规则变化表P255） （二）规则变化 1) “辅+y”结尾，变y为i加ed 2)双写加ed 3)直接加ed 写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词 1.drop ______ _______2.stop ______ ______ 3.prefer ________ _________ 4.study ______ ______5.try ______ ____ 6.fix _____ ______ 7.relax ______ ______ 附Ⅱ——情态动词（can/ could; may/ might; must; should）+动原 1.must(必须)——needn’t(不必) may(可以)——mustn’t(不许；不准；不可以) 2.注意几个题： 1)—May I go with you? —No, you _________. 2)—Must I turn off the light now? —Yes, you ______/ No, you _________ 附Ⅲ——动词不定式与动名词 A、动词不定式作宾补 1)tell / ask / want sb to do ______________ 否定式：tell/ask/want sb not to do __________ ____________________ 2)省to不定式作宾补 即：(l, m, n, 3h, 2看, 1f) sb do l—let; m—make; n—notice; 3h—hear, have, help; 2看—see, watch; 1f—feel 但注意：1)help sb (to) do (to可省、可不省) 2)在改作被动语态时省去的to应还原 eg. Someone heard him sing in the room. He was heard to sing in the room. B、动词不定式与动名词的区别 1.(hope; learn; want=would like; decide) to do 2.(enjoy; finish; keep; mind; practise) doing EMBED Equation.3 8.介词+doing eg. 1)What/ How about doing 2)be good at doing 附Ⅳ——宾语从句与状语从句中的时态 1.状语从句中的时态： 主句 时间、条件句 1）一般将来时 2）祈使句 3）情态动词原形 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般过去时 eg.1)I’ll call you as soon as he ______ (come) back. 2)He won’t go to bed until he _________ (finish) his homework. 3)I’ll help you if I _____ (be) free tomorrow 2.宾语从句中的时态： 主句 宾语从句 一般现在时 一切时态 一般过去时 过去范畴的某一时态（一般过去时；过去进行时；过去完成时；过去将来时） 但当宾语从句是指客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象时，则只能用一般现在时。 eg.1)He said his father _________(come) back in two days. 2)The teacher said light ________(travel) faster than sound. 附Ⅴ——主谓一致 1.表“时间、距离、金钱、长度”的名词短语做主语时应看作一个整体，视为三单 eg. Two months is quite a long time. 2.people; police形单实为复，作主为复 eg. The police are looking for the missing boy. 3.maths, news, physics形复实为单，作主为单 4.family; class看作整体时作主语为单数；看作整体中的各成员时则为复数。 eg. 1)My family is a big one. 2)My family are watching TV. 5.由with, except, as well as连接的两名词作主语，谓语由前者决定 eg. The teacher with his students is going to Beijing tomorrow. 6.由neither…nor; either…or; not only…bout also连接的两名词作主语，谓语由后者决定 eg. Neither he nor I am a teacher. 7.不定代词（something; anything; nothing; someone; anyone; everyone…）作主语为三单 Nobody knows it except me. 8.One of + 复名… 作主语为单数 eg. One of my friends is a computer engineer. 9.“the +姓的复数”作主语为复数 eg. The Lius are watching TV now. 10.sheep; deer; fish单复同形，注意区别作主语是单还是复 eg. 1)There are many sheep on the hill. 2)Milk ____ white, and sheep ______ white, too. (be填空) 11.there be结构中，如果有两个以上的名词作主语，则be应与最接近的那个名词一致。（即：靠近原则）eg. 1)There ____a box and some pens on the desk. 2)There ____some pens and a box on the desk. 12. either, neither, each作主语为三单 eg. Neither of the twins ______(like) drawing. 13.由两部分构成的事物名词（trousers, glasses, chopsticks）作主语为复数，但当前面有pair短语修饰时，则谓语由pair的单复数来决定谓语。 eg.1)Where ____(be) my glasses? 2)That pair of trousers ____(be) Mr. Green’s 附Ⅵ——“短命”动词与“长命”动词之间的转化 buy—have ; borrow—keep ; die—be dead ; leave—be away (from); come back—be back; fall asleep—be asleep ; open—be open ; catch a cold—have a cold; go /get out—be out; arrive (reach / get to / come to) +地点—be in +地点；join—be in +集体（或be + 成员）； turn on—be on; turn off—be off ; get a letter from—have a letter from. end /finish—be over ; get up—be up ; 1) He has (A) bought (B) the fridge (C) for (D) two years. _________ 2)How long (A) may (B) I borrow (C) the (D) book? _________ 3)The film (A) has begun (B) for five minutes(C). _________ 4)Tom has got (A) the letter (B) from (C) Jim for two days (D). __________ 5)I have (A) caught (B) a cold since two years ago (C). ____________ 6)He has (A) come to (B) Beijing for ten years(C) ___________ 7)My brother (A) has joined (B) the army (C) for (D) five years. ___________ 十、被 动 语 态 英语的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态的主语是动作的执行者；被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 eg. We use a knife for cutting (主动句). A knife is used for cutting (被动句)。 一、构成：be + 过去分词 eg. 1)The work is finished by him. 2)Chinese is spoken by people in China. 二、被动语态的时态 1.一般现在时：am/ is/ are + 过去分词 eg. English is spoken by Englishmen. 2.一般过去时：was/ were + 过去分词 eg. The machines were made in China. 3.一般将来时:will/shall/be going to be+过去分词 eg. A sports meeting will be held in our school next week. 4.现在完成时：have/ has been + 过去分词 eg. The work has been done by them. 5.现在进行时：am/ is/ are being + 过去分词。 eg. A new school is being built in our village. 6.过去进行时：was/ were being + 过去分词 eg. My TV set was being mended at that time. 综上所述：被动语态的时态只涉及be动词的变化（即：be动词的各种时态） 另外注意以下几点： 1.含情态动词的被动语态： can / may / must / should + be + 过去分词 eg. He may be sent away from school. 2.带动词不定式的被动语态 eg. My bike needs to be mended. 3.在使用被动语态时，如需要指出动作执行者时，应用“by + 动作的执行者(宾格)” eg. He was called Mike by us 4.不及物动词无被动语态（take place/ happen ; last ; rise ; sink ; fall等） eg. The accident was happened two days ago (改错) _________ 5.当宾语补足语是省to不定式时，在改作被动语态之后，应将省去的to还原。 eg.The boss made the workers work 12 hours. →The workers were made to work 12 hours. 6.注意短语动词的完整性（即：主动句的谓语动词若由v + prep / adv构成，变被动语态时，不能将这些介词、副词遗漏。 eg. We must take care of the baby. →The baby must be taken care of. 十一、状语从句 （一）时间状语从句：由when, while, before, after, since, as soon as, till / until引导的从句 1）when与while eg.1)I’ll tell her the good news _____he comes back. 2)Aunt Wang came in while we were watching TV 3)since:自从……以来(since从句常用一般过去时) 注意主句通常用现在完成时，但当主句表示一种状态，用一般现在时 eg.1)He has lived there since he came to China 2)It is two years since her mother died. （二）条件状语从句：由if (如果)引导的从句 eg.I will go t