高中英语语法权威解析

高中 高中语文新课程标准高中物理选修31全套教案高中英语研修观课报告高中物理学习方法和技巧高中数学说课稿范文 英语语法权威解析 目录: 第01章 名词性从句 第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 第03章 高中英语语法中的省略现象 第04章 主谓一致 第05章 动词不定式 第06章 倒装结构 第07章 定语从句 第08章 被动语态 第09章 祈使句 第10章 感叹句 第11章 疑问句 第12章 名词 第一章 名词性从句 　　在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一． 主语从句 　　主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.　我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.　谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.　是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是… (3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… It appears that… 似乎… (4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句 It is reported that… 据报道… It has been proved that… 已证实… It is said that… 据说… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： （1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely? 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如： a) What you said yesterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation 二．宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。 (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： a) She did not know what had happened.　她不知道发生了什么。 b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.　我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。 (3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation.　她对我说她会接受我的邀请。 2. 作介词的宾语，例如： Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.　我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。 3. 作形容词的宾语，例如： I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.　我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。 注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. it 可以作为形式宾语 it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。 5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词 这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如： 正确表达：I admire their winning the match. 错误表达：I admire that they won the match. 6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： 正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man. 错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. 7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如： I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。 三. 表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如： 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people. 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四. 同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如： 1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。 (2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语） 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分） 高一英语名词性从句专项练习 1．____he does has nothing to do with me. A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If 2. The manager came over and asked the customer how____ A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about 3. Energy is ____makes thing work.. A. what B. something C. anything D. that 4. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as 5. This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed. A. there B. in which C. where D. when 6. They have no idea at all____. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone 7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease. A. that B. which C. of which D. of that 8. The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning. A. that ;had to leave B. that; should leave C. /; must leave D. when; should leave 9. ___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match. A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether 10. The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 11. Is _____he said really true? A. that B. what C. why D. whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where 13. It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray. A. while B. if C. that D. for 14. ???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen. A. Whether B. This C. who D. If 15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us. A. What B. That C. Whether D. If 16. ____you don’t like him is none of my business. A. What B. That C. Who D. How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded. A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what 18. ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much. A. What B. It C. All that D. That 19. It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer. A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped 20. ____caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where Keys: 1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA 第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 　　"It" 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下： 　　一、It用作实词 　　表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象…… 二、It用作形式主语 　　替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。 It 作形式主语的常见句型： 1. 代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为 (1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth. 此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous… 例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license. (2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth. 此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy. 例 It's kind of you to help me with the problem. (3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型 It's no good/use doing… It's (well)worth doing… It's (well)worth one's while doing/to do… It's (well)worth while doing/ to do 例 It's no use crying over spilt milk. 2. It替代作主语的从句常见句型 (1) It is + noun +从句 例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office. (2) It is adj. +clause It's surprising that… (should)………竟然…… It's a pity/shame that…(should)………竟然…… 例 It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.) (3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze /bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb. that… 例 It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.) (4) It verb (to sb.) that…= sb/sth verb to do (verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out) 例 It (so) happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.) (5) It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do (verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know） 例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.) (6) It is v-ed that … (should)… (verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend 例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question. 三、It作主语的句型 1. It takes sb. … to do…(=sb takes…to do…)某人用多长时间做某事 例 It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.) 2. It's (just)(un)like sb. to do…（不）像某人做某事的风格 例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us. 3. It's (about/high) time that… should /v-ed…是该做某事的时候了 例 It's(about/high) time that we should take action. 4. It's the x-th time (that) … have v-ed…第几次做某事了 例 It's the third time that he has failed the driving test. 5. It is/has been… since …continuous v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多长时间不发生了 例 It's 10 years that he lived here 6. It was(not)… before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了 例 It was not long before they arrived. 四、It 作形式宾语 用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。 It 作形式宾语的常见句型： 1. verb+ it+ adj./noun (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…) 例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own. 2. verb+it+adj./noun (one's) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…) 例 I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret. 3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that … (should)… verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)… (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…) 例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference. 4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view) 例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture. 5. v. +it + prep. + that… owe it to sb. that…把…归功于… leave it to sb that…把…留给某人去做 take it for granted that …想当然 keep it in mind that… 例 Don't bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out. 6. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后 例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't. 7. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外） 例 I'm for it that you will follow their advice. 五、强调句型 It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)… 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。 在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点： 1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句 例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？ 2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句 例 It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday. 3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上 例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother. 4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别 例 It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型) It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句) 六、It 常用的固定搭配 1. make it (1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达 例 It's hard to make it to the top in show business. (2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间” 例 —Shall we meet next week? —OK. We just make it next Saturday. 2. as it is (1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……” 例 We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week. (2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样” 例 Leave the table as it is. 3. as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说” 例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes. 4. if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是……，要不是……” 例 If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today. 5. that's it (1). 相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了” 例 You can have one more sweet, and that's it. (2). 相当于 That's right.表示“对啦” 例 — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A” —That's it. 6. catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚” 例 We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again. 7. have it (1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说” 例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced. (2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉” 例 I had it from John that she was going abroad. 8. have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件” 例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star. 9. so it seems / appears. 10. Keep at it! (Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃” 例 My teacher asked me to keep at it. 11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞 12. Now you have done it! (You have done sth. wrong.) 13. Now you'll catch it! (You'll be punished.) 14. As it happened, … 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾” 例 As it happened, they were out. 15. As it turned out,…在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是” 例 As it turned out, his statement was false. 16. Such as it is(they are) 在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值” 例 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is. 17. Take it/things easy. 相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气” 例 Take it easy! He will do it well. 18. Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保” 例 You can take it from me that he will make it this time. 19. For what it is worth…在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何” 例 Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth. 20. Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做” 例 Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it. 21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你” 例 Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday. 22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃 例 That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it. 23. It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来” 例 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday? —It/That all depends. 24. It's up to sb. 在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定，由……负责，取决于……” 例 —Shall we go out for dinner? —It's up to you. “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练 1. Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that B.while C.in which D.then (88) 2. Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this B.that C.it D.he (89) 3. I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. A.this B.that C.its D.it (91) 4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it (91) 5. It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star. A.when , that B.until , that C.until , that D.when , then (92) 6. I was disappointed with the film. I had expected ______ to be much better. A.that B.this C.one D.it (93) 7. It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began. A.while B.which C.that D.since (94) 8. ______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A.There B.This C.That D.It (95) 9. It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty. A.until B.that C.then D.so (97) 10. I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full. A.it B.that C.these D.them (98) 11. It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are. A.one B.that C.what D.it (2000) 12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (2004) A. this B. that C. it D. one 13. —Do you like ___ here? —Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.(全国卷) A. this B. These C. That D. it 14. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ___ from some wood. (全国卷) A. it B. One C. Himself D. another 15. The foreign Minister said, " _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace."(2004北京) A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is 16. _____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. (2004北京) A. It B. As C. That D. What 17. — How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津) — ________, but usually once a week. A. Have no idea B. It depends C. As usual D. Generally speaking 18. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed. (2004浙江卷) A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up 19. — What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game. —________. Whatever you want to do is fine with me. A. It just depends B. It's up to you C. All right D. Glad to hear that 20. It was ____ back home after the experiment. A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn't go C. not until midnight that he went D. until midnight when he didn't go KEYS: 1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA 11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC 第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象 　　在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某