Lesson One 虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示所说的话只是一种主观愿望、假设或建议等。
虚拟语气的重点是:虚拟语气的特殊形式,即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式,含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气和表示愿望的虚拟形式等。
1. 虚拟语气的常见句型
(1) 由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气:
① 用wish表示对现在的愿望时,它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:过去式(be动词用were)。
② 用wish表示对将来的愿望时,它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:would, could, might + 动词原形。
③ wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时,宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为:had + 动词过去分词或could/would + have + 动词过去分词。
(2) had hoped 引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:would + 动词原形,表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。
(3) would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner 和would prefer 所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况,表示希望或婉转的责备。
例如:
I' d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这主立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn' t stay there too long. 我倒希望他不要在那儿呆得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday. 我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
(4) It' s (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式,即动词要用过去式。
例如:
It' s very late. It' s time we had to go. 天太晚了,我们得走了。
2. 特殊形式的虚拟语气
(1) should (可省略) + 动词原形用于如下结构中的that从句中。
① 用于表示意愿、建立、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中。
例如:
He ordered that parking be prohibited on Main street during the rush hour. 他下令在(交通)高峰期间禁止在大街上停车。
Tom insisted that his leadership be recognized by all the boys. 汤姆坚持让所有男孩接受他的领导。
这类动词还有:
ask 要求
advise 建议
arrange 安排
beg 请求
command 命令
decide 决定
demand 要求
desire 渴望
determine 决定
insist 坚持
intend 打算
maintain 坚持,主张
move 建议,动员
propose 提议
object 反对
order 命令
prefer 建议
require 需要
request 要求
resolve 下决心
recommend 推荐
suggest 建议
stipulate 约定,
规定
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urge 强调,促进
vote 公认,提议
decree 颁布(法令)
pray 请求
② 用于It is + 形容词或过去分词 + 主语从句中。
例如:
It is appropriate that some time be devoted to thorough study of the results of the Apollo mission.
拿出时间对阿波罗登月计划的结果做详细研究是恰当的。
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.
这是他们的决议:要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。
这类形容词或分词有:
advisable 适当的
decided 决定的
crucial 关键的
important 重要的
determined 确定的
commanded 命令的
arranged 安排的
desired 渴望的,向往的
complied 遵照
anxious 焦急的
imperative 迫切的
natural 自然的
desirable 合意的
better 较好的,更好
insistent 坚持的
urgent 紧迫的
keen 渴望的
incredible 难以置信的
adamant 坚定不移的
possible 可能的
insisted 坚定的
necessary 必要的
suggested 暗示性的
pity 可惜,憾事
ordered 命令的
shocked 震惊的
vital 极其重要的
shame 羞愧,耻辱
strange 奇怪的
preferable 更可取的,更好的
required 必需的
essential 紧要的,基本的
proposed 提议的
requested 请求的
probable 可能的
recommended 被推荐
resolved 决定的
appropriate 恰当的
③ 表示建议、要求、命令,请求等含义的名词引导表语从句和同位语从句。
例如:
The motion is that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.
该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。
这类名词常见的有:
advice 劝告
decision 决定
demand 要求
desire 要求、愿望
insistence 坚持
motion 提议
necessity 必要性
order 命令
preference 偏爱,选择
proposal 提议
pray 恳求
recommendation 推荐
request 请求
requirement 要求
resolution 决心
suggestion 提议,建议
(2) 虚拟语气用于as if (though) 引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中,其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。
例如:
She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.
她常常发出发自内心的微笑,而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样,常常流露出来。
They talked as if they had been friends for years. 他们交谈着,就好像他们是多年的老朋友一样。
She looks as if she would cry. 她看起来好像要哭了。
(3) 由连接词in case, so that, unless, lest, for fear that 引起的状语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟形式,即should (might, would) + 动词原形。
例如:
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿的身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
3. 含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄虚拟条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句,而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有:
(1) 介词或介词短语,如but for, but that, without, in case of, under, under more favourable condition等。
(2) 连词,如:so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided (倘若……),for fear that (惟恐),in order that, on condition that, if only (要是……就好了)等。
(注:lest, for fear that 和in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should + 动词原形,但可以不用虚拟语气,而用动词的陈述语气形式。)
例如:
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.
在使用此法时要小心谨慎,以免会发生溢流现象。
例析
例1 Maggie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though _____ out of the meeting hall.
A. went
B. gone
C. to go
D. would go
答案:C.
解析 as though或as if 引导的状语从句中,从句主语和主句主语相同时,从句中可省略主语和部分谓语,如:①She paused, as if to let the painful memories pass. (省略she wanted) ②From time to time Jason turned round as though searching for someone. (省略he were) 由此可见,本题省略she wanted。
句意 麦琦愤怒地盯了老板一眼并转过身去,似乎想走出会议室。
例2 I' d rather you _____ by train, because I can' t bear the idea of you being in an airplane in such bad weather.
A. would go
B. should go
C. went
D. had gone
答案 C.
解析 主语 + would rather 后接宾语从句,从句中谓语须用虚拟语气:用一般过去时表示希望现在或将来实现的行为或状态,用过去完成时表示希望过去实现的行为或状态。本题中原因状语从句用一般现在时,暗示希望现在或将来发生的行为动作,故选C. went。
句意 我宁愿你乘火车,因为我无法想像在如此恶劣的天气你呆在飞机里的情形。
例3 _____ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
A. Had it not been
B. Were it no
C. Be it not
D. Should it not be
答案 A.
解析 本题测试交错时间的虚拟语气。从句是表示过去时间的虚拟条件,if省略,主语it与助动词had倒装。虚拟条件句也可写成这样:If it had not been for the timely investment from the general public. 这是重点句型,在各类测试中常考。
句意 要不是老百姓的及时投资,我们的公司不会像现在这样兴旺。
例4 The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _____ all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose
B. would have lost
C. might lose
D. ought to have lost
答案 B.
解析 从句是省略if的虚拟条件句,谓语部分倒装,故主句谓语为would have + 过去分词。
句意 所涉及到的数百万次计算,如果用手工操作,到它们完成时已失去全部实用价值。
例5 A safety analysis _____ the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.
A. would identify
B. will identify
C. would have identified
D. will have identified
答案 C.
解析 过去时间的虚拟语气表示过去要做而没有做的事。
句意 一次安全隐患分析本来会确认这个目标是潜在的危险,不幸的是,这样的分析从未做过。
例6 In the past men generally preferred that their wives _____ in the home.
A. worked
B. would work
C. work
D. were working
答案 C.
解析 因为prefer (宁愿)是欲望动词,其后所接的宾语从句中谓语需用 (should) + 动词原形。
句意 过去男子一般都愿意他们的妻子在家里工作。
例7 When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people _____ all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honour of this great man.
A. turn off
B. turned off
C. would turn off
D. had turned off
答案 A.
解析 propose 是欲望动词,后接的宾语从句或主语从句中谓语要用虚拟语气:should + 动词原形或直接用动词原形。
句意 爱迪生去世时,有人建议,为纪念这位伟人美国人民应关掉家中、街上和工厂里的全部电源几分钟。
例8 I apologize if I _____ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend
B. had offended
C. should have offended
D. might have offended
答案 B.
解析 本题测试交错时间的虚拟条件句。was暗示,事情发生在过去,所以虚拟条件句中的谓语动词应该用表示过去时间的虚拟形式。
句意 假如我曾经冒犯过你,我现在向你道歉,但我向你保证,这不是故意的。
例9 The board deemed it urgent that these files _____ right away.
A. had to be printed
B. should have been printed
C. must be printed
D. should be printed
答案 D.
解析 因为urgent是欲望形容词,在句中作形式宾语“it”的补足语,所以宾语从句中的谓语需用虚拟语气:(should) + 动词原形(主动态或被动态)。
句意 董事会认为,迫在眉睫的是马上把这些档案印现来。