历年八级考试翻译题（汉译英）

【1996年8级测试英译汉】 Four months before Election Day1, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters2 and reviewed an oversize calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o’clock in the morning the rest of the office was practically deserted3. Even so, the men kept the door slut and the drapes carefully drawn. The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting4. Their aim was to devise a strategy5 that would guarantee Ronald Reagan’s resounding reelection to a second term in the White House. It should have been easy. They were battle-tested veterans6 with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential politics7 as well as any in the country. The backdrop8 of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation’s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed9, with plenty of money for a top-flight staff10, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills11. Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America—a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government12. 【概述】 本文是一篇典型的关于美国政治的时事杂文，用词色彩强烈，修饰语具有极端性和渲染性的特点。翻译这类文章时，伸缩性较大，适宜文采的容忍度较大。翻译中涉及被动语态译法、转译法等。 【翻译要点评析】 1.Election Day ：美国的总统“选举日”。 2.Reagan-Bush headquarters：里根—布什竞选总部。 3.the rest of the office was practically deserted：“desert”意为离弃、放弃，此句为被动表达方式，翻译时如不特别强调施动者，一般译为主动句，即“其他办公室几乎没有人”。 4.critical meeting：“critical”有“批评的、危机的、决定性的”意思，此处为“决定性的”，译为“重要会议”。 5.devise a strategy：“devise”意为“想出、 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 、发明”，此处根据“strategy”一词译为“制定策略”。 6.battle-tested veterans：久经沙场的老将；在战场上受过考验的老将。 7.presidential politics：总统竞选的套路。 8.backdrop：意为背景、大环境，此处译为“条件”。 9.the campaign itself was lavishly financed：该句为被动句，翻译时应该转为主动语态，即“这次竞选筹到了充裕的资金”。 10.a top-flight staff：top-flight=best, first rate, staff 此处指“竞选班子”。 11.a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills：此句为名词性短语，作Ronald Reagan的同位语，若直译即“一位极具个人魅力和沟通技巧的总统。”但考虑到中文不易用修饰成份过长的表达方式，可将此同位语转译为一个单独的 句子 关于阅读的唯美句子关于古风的唯美句子执行力的经典句子鼓励人努力奋斗的句子用沉默代替一切的句子 ，即“他极具个人魅力，精通沟通技巧。” 12.a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government：译法同上，可转译“国家军事力量复兴，国人积极进取，政府机构精简。” 【参考译文】 离选举日还有四个月，五个人聚集在里根—布什竞选总部的一个小型会议室里，看着一张硕大的日历，1984年总统竞选剩下的日子清晰地标了出来。这是六月份的最后一个星期六，早晨10点，其他办公室几乎无人。即使这样，他们仍紧闭大门，严拉窗帘。三个主要人物和两个副手从全国各地赶来，聚在这里召开一个重要会议，旨在制定出一套策略，以确保里根再次当选总统，入主白宫。 再次当选应该不是件难事。他们久经沙场，跟随里根多年，为共和党干的时间更长，没有谁比他们更熟悉总统竞选那一套儿。另外，竞选条件也十分有利，很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美国上下一片和平，经济这一永恒的竞选要素也在经过一段时间的衰退之后开始强劲反弹。此外，这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助，足以支付一流竞选班子、巡回演讲以及电视广告的费用。最重要的是，他们的候选人是罗纳德 · 里根，他极具个人魅力，精通沟通技巧。自约翰 · F · 肯尼迪总统以来，里根最成功地勾勒出美国蓝图：国家军事力量复兴，国人积极进取，政府机构精简。 【1997年8级测试英译汉】 Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable.1 But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we abdicate society’s power of choice. 2 We can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it. 3 The question is: why should we? Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defense, health and education. 4 But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. 5 The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental. 6 In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones7 for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire; they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another.8 【概述】 这是一篇典型的关于美国政治的时事杂文，用词色彩强烈，修饰语具有极端性和渲染性的特点。翻译这类文章时，伸缩性较大，适宜文采的容忍度较大。这篇文章理解起来不难，但翻译时却发现不好用贴切的汉语表达，因此在处理这样表面看起来比较容易但难翻译的文章时，注意一定不要拘泥于英文的表达形式。本文翻译中涉及长句译法、定语从句译法，以及增词法、转译法等。 【翻译要点评析】 1.Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable：若直译即“歌剧很贵，那种贵不可避免。”但读者要问“是听歌剧很贵还是演歌剧很贵？”因此，在“歌剧”前要加具体动词，根据上下文，可以看出“听歌剧”比较恰当。 2.But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we abdicate society’s power of choice：province意为“领域、范围”；abdicate意为“放弃”。society’s power of choice如果直译，即“社会的选择权”，但这样翻译有些抽象，可采用意译法，即“社会左右选择的力量”。 3.We can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it： to make something accessible to someone使某人也能得到某事（物），因此全句可译为“使歌剧和其他形式的高消费文化也能让那些作为个体消费不起的人们所享受。” 4.Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defense, health and education：the imperatives of food, shelter, defense, health and education意思为“食物、居所、防护、健康与教育这些必需的事物”，翻译时可将imperatives名词词性转为动词，即“食物、居所、防护、健康与教育缺一不可”。全句直译即“没有人否认食物、居所、防护、健康与教育的不可或缺性”。但这是英文表达，英译汉时必须将其用通顺的汉语表达方式，因此翻译时可采用正话反说，反话正说法，即“食物、居所、防护、健康与教育缺一不可，这一点人人认可。” 5.But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw：此句用了“not just…, but also…”固定表达，一般译为“不仅……，而且……”。 6.The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental：此句为典型的英语主语部分过长的句子，为了避免头重脚轻，翻译时可将主语部分独立出来，即变成外位语的形式，同时运用转译法，将fundamental形容词词性转为名词词性即“人性的根本”。 7.touchstones：试金石。 8.They are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire; they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another：这两句都包含一个定语从句，第一句的定语从句可以按照原结构直译，即“人类思想和想象力可及程度的试金石”，但第二句的定语从句需要用分译法分译出来，即“它们承载着最深刻的信息，使之在人类成员之间传播。” 【参考译文】 聆听歌剧，无疑昂贵至极。但是，昂贵的东西并不是非富人莫属，除非我们放弃社会的选择权。我们可以做出选择，使歌剧和其他形式的高消费文化也能让那些作为个体消费不起的人们所享受。但问题是，有必要这么做吗？食物、居所、防护、健康与教育缺一不可，这一点人人认可。即便史前，住在洞穴中的人类伸出手来，不仅为了吃饭、喝水或搏杀，也为了作画。对于文化的冲动，对于通过形象思维和再现手段来表达并探索世界的欲望，这是人的本性。在欧洲，这一欲望反映在音乐、绘画、文学和戏剧之类的艺术杰作之中。这些杰作是我们全部成果的试金石，是人类思想和想象力可及程度的试金石。它们承载着最深刻的信息，使之在人类成员之间传播。 【1998年8级测试英译汉】 I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They do over-phrase1 their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive over-phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. 2 But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. 3 Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent—e. g. in painting and music—they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an “English tradition” after all. To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step4. At any given moment5 the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. When I refer to American habit, thoughts, etc., I intend some sort of qualification to precede the word, for frequently the difference between America and Europe (especially England) will be one of degree, sometimes only of a small degree. The amount of divergence is a subtle affair, liable to perplex6 the Englishman when he looks at America. He is looking at a country which in important senses grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own — and which is yet a foreign country.7 There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship yields to a sudden alienation, as when we hail a person across the street, only to discover from his blank response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend. 8 【概述】 本文是一篇典型的学术型语篇，属于半口语型的学术语言。用词正式，句法简单，同时又口语感很强，读起来朗朗上口。对于这类语篇的理解，一般需要一定的专业知识。 【翻译要点评析】 1.over-phrase：过分渲染，言过其实；over作为前缀意为“过分地”，如overestimate过高估计，表示过低用under，如underestimate低估。 2.And Americans do swing from aggressive over-phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference：此句翻译的关键在于正确理解原句意思，因此需要对原文结构进行改写，即“Americans do swing from aggressive over-phrase of their literature to imitative deference, which is an equally unfortunate.”其中swing from … to意为摇摆不定，忽左忽右，可译为“要么…要么…”；根据改写后的原句结构，我们可以将原句译为 “美国人确实也走极端，要么咄咄逼人，对本国文学大肆渲染，要么亦步亦趋，对别国文学顶礼膜拜。这两种做法同样的不幸。” 3.But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals：But then表示语气的转折，这类词语很难处理，翻译时要格外小心，如果没有非常大的把握，宁可不译。此处根据上下文译为“不过”或“话又说回来”。insular意为超然物外的，孤立的，此处译为“孤陋寡闻”。 4.keet step：指“步伐一致，协调一致” 。 5.At any given moment：given一词可以不翻，将此短语直接译为“任何时候”。 6.liable to perplex：容易使…困惑不解。 7.He is looking at a country which in important senses grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own — and which is yet a foreign country：此句带有3个定语从句，根据汉语表达习惯，应将country作为句子的主语部分，句子的主语变为谓语部分，因此用句子成分转译法，即“他所看的那个国家，从某些重要的意义上来说，脱胎于他自己的国家，并在某些方面与他自己的国家相差无几——然而，它却实实在在是一个异邦。”。 8.There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship yields to a sudden alienation, as when we hail a person across the street, only to discover from his blank response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend：此句若直译，即“两者间存在着某些古怪的交替重迭，以及令人甚感突兀的陌生感；亲缘关系已让位于一种突如其来的异化与疏远，这种情景仿佛就像我们隔着马路向另一个人打招呼，结果却从这个人漠无表情的反应中发现，我们原来竟将一个陌生人误认为我们的熟人。”读起来有些生硬、拗口，所以用意译能较好地表达作者的意图，即“两个国家，既有重叠，也有陌生，重叠使人颇感奇怪，陌生令人觉着突如其来：亲戚一下子变做陌生路人。犹如我们向马路对面的某个行人打招呼，结果出乎意料，那人表情默然，原来，我们误把陌路当友人。” 【参考译文】 在一定程度上，我赞同这位虚构的英国读者的观点。美国的文学史工作者也许惯于过分狭隘地看待本国文坛，误将显著当独特。他们的确过分渲染本国文学，至少对二流的作家肯定会吹捧。美国人确实也走极端，要么咄咄逼人，对本国文学大肆渲染，要么亦步亦趋，对别国文学顶礼膜拜。这两种做法同样的不幸。话又说回来，英国人自己在文学鉴赏方面也显得有些孤陋寡闻。而且，在诸如绘画音乐这些本国没有杰出成就的领域里，他们也走极端，要么吹嘘本国的作品，要么模仿大陆上的作品。试想，有多少幅英国画试图做得让人看上去像是在巴黎绘的；我们又有多少次读到他们的作品真正代表着一种“英国式的传统”呢？ 说到美国文学，并非意欲断言，它与欧洲文学全然不同。广而言之，美国与欧洲一直步伐一致。任何时刻，旅行者在两地均能看到同样的建筑，款式相同的服饰，相同的书籍。思想如同人员与货物往来一样，自由地横跨大西洋，不过有时会稍微慢一些。当我说美国习惯、美国思想等时，我只想在这一词汇前加上某种修饰语，因为，欧美（尤其是英美）之间的差异往往只是程度上的差异，而且有时候微乎其微。差异的多少至精至细，很容易使英国人对美国迷惑不解。他所看的那个国家，从某些重要的意义上来说，脱胎于他自己的国家，并在某些方面与他自己的国家相差无几——然而，它却实实在在是一个异邦。两个国家，既有重叠，也有陌生，重叠使人颇感奇怪，陌生令人觉着突如其来：亲戚一下子变做陌生路人。犹如我们向马路对面的某个行人打招呼，结果出乎意料，那人表情漠然，原来，我们误把陌路当友人。 【1999年8级测试英译汉】 In some societies people want children for what might be called familial reasons1: to extend the family line or the family name2, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family3. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powerful indeed in other places. In addition, one class of family reasons shares a border with the following category4, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife5, to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way6. The point is underlined by its converse7: in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce. 8 Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself.9 To many people, husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family—they need children to enrich the circle, to validate its family character, to gather the redemptive influence10 of offspring. Children need the family, but the family seems also to need children, as the social institution uniquely available, at least in principle, for security, comfort, assurance, and direction in a changing, often hostile, world. To most people, such a home base, in the literal sense, needs more than one person for sustenance and in generational extension. 【概述】 本文是一篇典型的议论型语篇，用词正式，句法复杂，逻辑严谨，读起来很不顺口。这类文章很难理解，一般需要较高的推理能力。翻译时，要特别注意整篇文章的逻辑关系，特别注意语篇的连贯和衔接。 【翻译要点评析】 1.familial reasons：家族原因。 2.to extend the family line or the family name：就是汉语的传宗接代，延续香火。 3.to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family：字面意思为“使那些涉及到家庭的宗教仪式得以正常进行”，但这样的译文读起来很生硬，可以意译为“维系礼仪”。 4.to share a border with sth：与…有联系。 5.occupy the wife：occupy此处意为使忙碌，即“使妻子忙碌，让妻子有事可做”，不可直译为“占有妻子”。 6.to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way：英语善用名词或名词短语，但汉语喜用动词，因此翻译时用转译法将 the assumption译为“多生孩子，因为他们认为，多子才能多福”。 7.The point is underlined by its converse：underline 显示（其重要性），整句译为“这一点从相反的方面更易显现。” 8.in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce：and在此处表示递进的关系，译为“也，而且”，全句译为“不生孩子（或不生男孩）不仅是婚姻的一种威胁，还成为离婚的便当理由。” 9.Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself.：beyond all that意为除此以外；institution 和 family是同位关系，其意义并不是“风俗习惯”或“ 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 ”，而是人类社会长期以来就有的社会机构或部门。因此institution of the family itself.这个短语译为“家庭自身这个机构或部门”。 10.redemptive influence：赎救作用。该用法与基督教的教义有关，认为生孩子可以赎罪，可以了却罪孽，因为人类的共同祖先亚当和夏娃因吃禁果而有了罪孽。 【参考译文】 在有些社会，要孩子只是为了所谓的家族原因：传宗接代，延续香火，安慰祖辈，维系礼仪。在现代世俗社会中，这类原因似显苍白，但在其他地方，这些原因确实强劲有力。 　　此外，有一类家族原因与下面一组原因共通，即生儿育女是为了维系或改善婚姻：能拴住丈夫或者让妻子有事可做；修复或重振婚姻；之所以多生孩子是因为他们认为多子多福。反过来说：在某些社会中，不生孩子（或不生男孩）不仅是婚姻的一种威胁，还成为离婚的便当理由。 此外，更为重要的是，孩子对于家庭这一机构自身尤为重要。对许多人来说，夫妻两人还不算一个真正意义上的家庭——他们需要孩子来丰富两人小天地，使它具有家庭特征，并使他们自己从中获得赎救。 孩子需要家庭，家庭似乎也需要孩子。在一个变幻莫测、常常是充满敌意的世界中，家庭作为一种社会机构，以其特有的方式，至少在原则上，需要在孩子身上获得某种安全感、慰藉、保障和指望。对于多数人来说，这种原本意义上的家的基地，需要不止一个人来维持，使其代代相传，生生不息。 【2000年8级测试英译汉】 If people mean anything at all by the expression “untimely death”1, they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others2. Death in old age is rarely called untimely—a long life is thought to be a full one3. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead4 and the measure of that life was still to be taken. 5 History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths6, one recalls those of MariLyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. 7 Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year.8 The idea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue. 9 【概述】 本文是一篇典型的议论型语篇，用词正式，逻辑严谨，哲理性强。要很好理解这类文章，需要有一定的推理能力。翻译时，要特别注意整篇文章的逻辑关系，特别注意语篇上下文的衔接。 【翻译要点评析】 1.untimely death：早逝；早死；过早的死去。 2.run on a better schedule than others：更符合（死亡）时间表的安排。该时间表存在于人间习俗之中，与宿命论中的“天意”、“上天的安排”没有关系。 3.a full one：圆满的一生。 4.the best years lay ahead：根据上下文可以译为“才华尚未施展”。 5.the measure of that life was still to be taken：意为生命价值有待估量，可翻译为“前途无可限量”。 6.summer deaths：英年谢世者；在风华正茂时死去的人；在事业鼎盛时期而死的人。 7.whose lives seemed equally brief and complete：此句为MariLyn Monroe and James Deans的定语从句，翻译时可采用分译法，即“此二人生命虽短，却依然完美无缺。” 8.Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year：这又是一个关于同位语翻译的句子，可以在the fact 前面加上“这个”、“这座”等词语，即“约翰·济慈年方26便溘然长逝这一事实”；另外，这个句子蕴涵的内容比较丰富，不可以用简单的一句话表达清楚，因此要用增词法，即调整句子结构，补充隐含的内容，可翻译为“诗人约翰·济慈26岁与世长辞，众多作家难以接受，半开玩笑地说，他们自己的生命即便超过26岁，也不过失败二字。” 9.The idea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue：同上，翻译为“生命短暂即人生未成，这种想法逻辑欠通，因为，生命的价值尺度是它留在世间的痕迹，是它的质量和美德。” 【参考译文】 如果“早逝”另有所指的话，那一定是人们相信，有些人死得更合“时宜”，而另一些人则“死不逢时”。年迈去世很少被称作“早逝”，因为长寿就是圆满。反之，如果是年轻人谢世，人们会认为这位年轻人才华尚未施展，前途无可限量。 　　当然，历史否定这一点。在诸多杰出的“英年早逝者”当中，我们不会忘记玛丽莲·梦露与詹姆斯·迪恩斯。此二人生命虽短，却依然完美无缺。诗人约翰·济慈26岁与世长辞，众多作家难以接受，半开玩笑地说，他们自己的生命即便超过26岁，也不过失败二字。视英年早逝为不圆满，这一观念有悖于逻辑，因为衡量生命的尺度乃是留给世界的印记，是生命的力度及其美德。生命短暂即人生未成，这种想法逻辑欠通，因为，生命的价值尺度是它留在世间的痕迹，是它的质量和德行。 【2001年8级测试英译汉】 Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau’s idea of the low levels1. The active discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high2. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts. Effort is the gist of it3. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties4. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “The pleasure of taking pains”5. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless6. We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard of the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty7. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun. 【概述】 这是一篇说理性的议 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 ，文章评论美国19世纪哲学家、思想家、作家亨利·大卫·梭罗对人生幸福的看法。用词正式，逻辑严谨，哲理性强。译好这类文章有一定难度，但在近年的8级考试中出现的概率较高，不可忽视。翻译时要注意整篇文章的逻辑关系，特别注意语篇的连贯和衔接。 【翻译要点评析】 1. Thoreau: Henry David Thoreau (1817 — 1862), 美国哲学家、作家、“一个人的乌托邦”的倡导者和实践者，年轻时代师从美国“先验论者”爱默生，其论著在美国有一定影响。idea of the low levels和idea of the high, 是梭罗所理解的“低层次境界”和“高层次境界”。 2. active discipline: 主动律己；heightening one’s perception: 提高自己的感悟能力；what is enduring in nature: 自然界永恒存在之物；在his idea of the high短语中，后边省略了levels,与上句idea of the low levels相对应。 3. gist: 与essence同义，意为“精要；精髓”。此句可译为“全力以赴，便是其精髓所在”。 4. short of: 除……之外。short of the impossible 可译为“除了不可能做的事情之外”。Yeats:William Butter Yeats, 叶芝（1865 — 1939）爱尔兰诗人及剧作家，曾获1923年诺贝尔文学奖。as Yeats put it: 正像叶芝说得那样。 5. Robert Frost: 罗伯特·弗罗斯特（1874——1963），美国著名诗人，曾4次获得美国普利策诗歌奖。taking painbs: 吃苦；努力。例如：It takes pains to learn a foreign language well.学好一门外语非吃苦不可。 6. mortal flaw: 致命的缺陷。advertised 应理解为popular, made known, 即“世人宣扬的”，“世俗的”。Purport:意味着；大意是……。 7. arbitrary imposition of difficulty: 任意施加难度于；人为设定难度。 【参考译文】 梭罗所理解的“低层次境界”是，为了拥有而去拥有，或与所有的邻居明争暗斗而致拥有。他心目中的“高层次境界”，则是这样一种积极的人生戒律，即要使自己对自然界永恒之物的感悟臻于完美。对于从低层次上节省下来的时间和精力，他可以将其致力于对高层次的追求。勿庸置疑，梭罗不赞成忍饥挨饿，但在饮食方面所投入的精力仅裹腹而已，只要可确保他能去从事更为重要的事务，除此，别无他求。 努力才是其精髓。没有磨砺， 何来幸福。 叶芝说过，除了难以可为的事情，人生的幸福大小就在于所选择的难度高低。罗伯特•弗罗斯特也有“以苦为乐”之类的说法，他与叶芝英雄所见略同。世人所宣扬的那种幸福观，其致命错误就在于它认为，幸福似乎可以唾手可得。 甚至于游戏也离不开难度。没有了难度也就没有了游戏。游戏之道恰恰在于难中作乐。游戏规则就是人为设定的难度。不依规则便叫人意兴阑珊。下棋时随心所欲、信马由缰会赢得很爽但没劲儿。唯有进退有尺有度方才趣味横生。不难便无趣儿。 【2002年8级测试英译汉】 The word “winner” and “loser” have many meanings1. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society2. Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence, and manipulating others3. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable4. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge5. They can separate facts from opinions and don’t pretend to have all the answers6. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them7. Winners do not play“helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game8. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives. 【概述】 这是一篇议论文，议题讨论人生的核心问题——成功与失败。虽然涉及的题目人人皆知，但对其真实内涵却仁者见仁，智者见智。该文语言精炼，讲究修辞，采用对比、排比等手法加强语气。翻译时应注意上下文的逻辑关系，注意修辞格的翻译技巧。 【翻译要点评析】 1. “winner”和“loser”这两个词是该文的关键词，一开头能否正确选择好词义将影响到整篇文章的翻译。一