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The Nervous System 1

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The Nervous System 1 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn1 Zhang Zhongfang, MD Department of Physiology, SUMC 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn2 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn3 A system that controls all of the activities of the body. 3/...

The Nervous System 1
3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn1 Zhang Zhongfang, MD Department of Physiology, SUMC 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn2 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn3 A system that controls all of the activities of the body. 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn4 • Central or CNS -- brain and spinal cord • Peripheral or PNS – nerves connecting CNS to effectors 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn5 The primary functional unit of the nervous system. Neurons respond to stimuli and transmit impulses. 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn6 Cell body is the metabolic center of the neuron. Axons conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body. Dendrites conduct impulses toward the cell body. 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn7 Functional categories of neurons 感觉神经元 中间神经元 运动神经元 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn8 • Sensory neurons are also called afferent neurons. They serve to carry information from receptors into the CNS. • Motor neurons are also called efferent neurons. They transmit the final information from the CNS out to the effectors. • Interneurons lie within the CNS,responsible for transmission of the impulses. 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn9 Astrocyte Oligodendroglia Microglia 神经胶质细胞 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn10 突触后膜 神经递质 突触间隙 突触后神经元 轴突末梢 突触小泡 受体位点 突触 突触前神经元 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn11 synapse 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn12 The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and the spinal cord. 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn13 An organ that controls your emotions, your thoughts, and every movement you make. 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn14 Inside the Brain 胼胝体 沟 回 大脑 脑膜 小脑 小脑幕 脊髓 中央管 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn15 Four Main Regions of the Brain – Cerebrum 大脑 – Diencephalon 间脑 – Brain stem 脑干 • Midbrain 中脑 • Pons 脑桥 • Medulla 延髓 – Cerebellum小脑 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn16 • Gray matter 灰质 • White matter 白质 • Corpus callosum 胼胝体 • Hemispheres – Left brain – language – Right brain – special skills 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn17 额叶 顶叶 颞叶 枕叶 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn18 • The frontal lobe influences personality, judgement, abstract reasoning,social behaviour, language expression and movement. • The temporal lobe controls hearing, language comprehension, and storage and recall of memories. • The parietal lobe interprets and integrates sensations, including pain, temperature, and touch. • The occipital lobe functions primarily to interpret visual stimuli. 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn19 Sulci and Gyri • Sulci – grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres • Gyri – twisted ridges between sulci • Prominent gyri and sulci are similar in all people 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn20 延髓 midbrain 中脑 脑桥 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn21 • The midbrain connects dorsally with the cerebellum and extends from the pons to the hypothalamus. It contains large voluntary motor nerve tracts running between the brain and spinal cord. • The pons connnects the cerebellum with the cerebrum and links the midbrain to the medulla oblongata. • The medulla oblongata serves as an autonomic reflex center to maintain homeostasis, regulatory respiratory, vasomotor, and cardiac functions. 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn22 * The cerebellum is the second largest area part of the brain. It functions to maintain muscle tone, coordinate muscle movement, and control balance. 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn23 Thalamus --relay station Hypothalamus --homeostasis, biological rhythms, satiety, drives 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn24 • Runs through the vertebral canal • Extends from the foramen magnum to the level of the vertebra L1 or L2 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn25 白质 腹侧角 前根 背根 背根 神经节 脊神经 背侧角 灰质 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn26 Cerebellum Frontal lobe Medulla oblongata Occipital lobe brainstem Parietal lobe Spinal cord Temporal lobe 1.______ 2.______ 3.______ 4.______ 5.______ 6.______ 7.______ 8.______ 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn27 The PNS consists of the cranial, spinal and automonic nerves. PNS Nerves Motor nerves Sensory nerves Mixed nerves 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn28My Brain Hurts! (A Review of the Cranial Nerves) Olfactory (I) 嗅神经 Optic (II) 视神经 Oculomotor (III) 动眼神经 Trochlear (IV)滑车神经 Trigeminal (V) 三叉神经 Abducens (VI) 外展神经 Facial (VII) 面神经 Acoustic (VIII) 听神经 Glossopharyngeal (IX) 舌咽N Vagus (X) 迷走神经 Hypoglossal (XII) 舌下N Accessory (XI) 副神经 Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn29 • Human Nervous System: – Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral levels – Innervation of body is segmented (dermatomes 皮区) • Each spinal nerve consists of afferent and efferent fibers. Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn30 Tendon reflex * Reflex is an automatic reaction that happens without thinking about it. * A reflex happens quickly in less than a second. 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn31 Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn32 Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn33 ANS Sympathetic & Parasympathetic • Control involuntary functions – heartbeat – blood pressure – respiration – perspiration – digestion 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn34 The covering of the CNS 硬脑膜 软脑膜 蛛网膜 Meninges: Cover and protect the CNS. Consist of 3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater. 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn35 Cerebrospinal Fluid, CSF • CSF is a colorless fluid that arises from plasma. • It cushions the brain and spinal cord, nourishes cells and transports metabolic waste. 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn36 Brain Brainstem Cervical nerves Cranial nerves Lumbar nerves Sacral nerves Spinal nerves Thoracic nerves 1.______ 2.______ 3.______ 4.______ 5.______ 6.______ 7.______ 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn37 Effector Gray matter Interneuron Motor neuron receptor Cell body Central canal Dorsal horn Dorsal root Dorsal ganglion Sensory neuron Spinal nerve Ventral horn Ventral root White matter 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn38 1. Neuron 2.Cerebellum 3.Cerebral cortex 4.Brain stem 5.Gyri 6.ANS 7.CSF 8. Afferent neurons 9.The olfactory nerve 10.The subarachnoid space 3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn39 Cerebrospinal fluidFrontal lobeHypothalamus Subarachnoid spaceVagus nerveThalamus Sympathetic NEfferent NSpinal cord Parasympathetic N Afferent NBrain stem Postsynaptic membrane NeurotransmitterReceptor Medulla oblongataSynapseReflex Trigeminal nerveAxonCerebellum Occipital lobeBasal nucleiCerebrum Parietal lobeMeningesNeuroglia Temporal lobeCerebral cortexNeuron
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