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Zhang Zhongfang, MD
Department of Physiology, SUMC
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A system that controls all of the
activities of the body.
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• Central or CNS --
brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral or PNS –
nerves connecting CNS to
effectors
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The primary functional
unit of the nervous
system.
Neurons respond to
stimuli and transmit
impulses.
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Cell body is the metabolic center of the neuron.
Axons conduct nerve impulses away from the
cell body.
Dendrites conduct impulses toward the cell body.
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Functional categories of neurons
感觉神经元
中间神经元
运动神经元
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• Sensory neurons are also called afferent
neurons. They serve to carry information
from receptors into the CNS.
• Motor neurons are also called efferent
neurons. They transmit the final
information from the CNS out to the
effectors.
• Interneurons lie within the CNS,responsible
for transmission of the impulses.
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Astrocyte
Oligodendroglia Microglia
神经胶质细胞
3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn10 突触后膜
神经递质
突触间隙
突触后神经元
轴突末梢
突触小泡
受体位点
突触
突触前神经元
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synapse
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The Central Nervous System is made
of the brain and the spinal cord.
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An organ that controls your
emotions, your thoughts, and
every movement you make.
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Inside the Brain
胼胝体 沟
回
大脑
脑膜
小脑
小脑幕
脊髓
中央管
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Four Main Regions of the Brain
– Cerebrum 大脑
– Diencephalon 间脑
– Brain stem 脑干
• Midbrain 中脑
• Pons 脑桥
• Medulla 延髓
– Cerebellum小脑
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• Gray matter 灰质
• White matter 白质
• Corpus callosum 胼胝体
• Hemispheres
– Left brain – language
– Right brain – special skills
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额叶
顶叶
颞叶
枕叶
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• The frontal lobe influences personality,
judgement, abstract reasoning,social
behaviour, language expression and
movement.
• The temporal lobe controls hearing,
language comprehension, and storage
and recall of memories.
• The parietal lobe interprets and
integrates sensations, including pain,
temperature, and touch.
• The occipital lobe functions primarily
to interpret visual stimuli.
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Sulci and Gyri
• Sulci – grooves on the surface of the
cerebral hemispheres
• Gyri – twisted ridges between sulci
• Prominent gyri and sulci are similar in all
people
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延髓
midbrain
中脑
脑桥
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• The midbrain connects dorsally with the
cerebellum and extends from the pons to the
hypothalamus. It contains large voluntary motor
nerve tracts running between the brain and
spinal cord.
• The pons connnects the cerebellum with the
cerebrum and links the midbrain to the medulla
oblongata.
• The medulla oblongata serves as an autonomic
reflex center to maintain homeostasis,
regulatory respiratory, vasomotor, and cardiac
functions.
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* The cerebellum is the second largest area part
of the brain. It functions to maintain muscle tone,
coordinate muscle movement, and control balance.
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Thalamus
--relay station
Hypothalamus
--homeostasis,
biological rhythms,
satiety, drives
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• Runs through the
vertebral canal
• Extends from the
foramen magnum to
the level of the
vertebra L1 or L2
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白质
腹侧角
前根
背根
背根
神经节
脊神经
背侧角
灰质
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Cerebellum
Frontal lobe
Medulla oblongata
Occipital lobe
brainstem
Parietal lobe
Spinal cord
Temporal lobe
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
8.______
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The PNS consists of the cranial, spinal
and automonic nerves.
PNS Nerves
Motor nerves
Sensory nerves
Mixed nerves
3/30/2009 7:10 AM zhongfangzhang@stu.edu.cn28My Brain Hurts! (A Review of the Cranial Nerves)
Olfactory (I) 嗅神经
Optic (II) 视神经
Oculomotor (III) 动眼神经
Trochlear (IV)滑车神经
Trigeminal (V) 三叉神经
Abducens (VI) 外展神经
Facial (VII) 面神经
Acoustic (VIII) 听神经
Glossopharyngeal (IX) 舌咽N
Vagus (X) 迷走神经
Hypoglossal (XII) 舌下N
Accessory (XI) 副神经
Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs
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• Human Nervous System:
– Divided into cervical,
thoracic, lumbar and
sacral levels
– Innervation of body is
segmented (dermatomes
皮区)
• Each spinal nerve consists
of afferent and efferent
fibers.
Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs
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Tendon reflex
* Reflex is an
automatic
reaction that
happens without
thinking about it.
* A reflex happens quickly in less than
a second.
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Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
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Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
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ANS
Sympathetic &
Parasympathetic
• Control involuntary
functions
– heartbeat
– blood pressure
– respiration
– perspiration
– digestion
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The covering of the CNS
硬脑膜
软脑膜
蛛网膜
Meninges:
Cover and protect the CNS.
Consist of 3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater
and pia mater.
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Cerebrospinal Fluid, CSF
• CSF is a colorless fluid that
arises from plasma.
• It cushions the brain and spinal
cord, nourishes cells and
transports metabolic waste.
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Brain
Brainstem
Cervical nerves
Cranial nerves
Lumbar nerves
Sacral nerves
Spinal nerves
Thoracic nerves
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
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Effector
Gray matter
Interneuron
Motor neuron
receptor
Cell body
Central canal
Dorsal horn
Dorsal root
Dorsal ganglion
Sensory neuron
Spinal nerve
Ventral horn
Ventral root
White matter
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1. Neuron
2.Cerebellum
3.Cerebral cortex
4.Brain stem
5.Gyri
6.ANS
7.CSF
8. Afferent neurons
9.The olfactory nerve
10.The subarachnoid space
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Cerebrospinal fluidFrontal lobeHypothalamus
Subarachnoid spaceVagus nerveThalamus
Sympathetic NEfferent NSpinal cord
Parasympathetic N Afferent NBrain stem
Postsynaptic
membrane
NeurotransmitterReceptor
Medulla oblongataSynapseReflex
Trigeminal nerveAxonCerebellum
Occipital lobeBasal nucleiCerebrum
Parietal lobeMeningesNeuroglia
Temporal lobeCerebral cortexNeuron
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